Interventions for sexual dysfunction following treatments for cancer in women

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2016, Issue 2, 2016, Pages

  Candy, Bridget ^a   Jones, Louise ^a   Vickerstaff, Victoria ^a   Tookman, Adrian ^b   King, Michael ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b Marie Curie Hospice   (United Kingdom)

^c ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ESTROGEN; PLACEBO; TESTOSTERONE; AGENTS USED INTRAVAGINALLY; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR;

ACNE; ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER THERAPY; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL EVALUATION; DATA BASE; DISEASE REGISTRY; FEMALE; FEMALE GENITAL TRACT CANCER; HAIR LOSS; HEADACHE; HETEROSEXUAL FEMALE; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLE TRAINING; PERIPHERAL EDEMA; PH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOEDUCATION; PSYCHOTHERAPY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SEXUAL FUNCTION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VOICE DISORDER; ADULT; BREAST NEOPLASMS; GENITAL NEOPLASMS, FEMALE; INTRAVAGINAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS;

ADMINISTRATION, INTRAVAGINAL; ADULT; BREAST NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; GENITAL NEOPLASMS, FEMALE; HUMANS; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; TESTOSTERONE; UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS; VAGINAL CREAMS, FOAMS, AND JELLIES;

EID: 84969533806     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005540.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Aktas D, Terzioglu F. Effect of home care service on the sexual satisfaction of patients with gynecologic cancer. Sexuality and Disability 2015;33(2):243-52. [10.1007/s11195-014-9370-8]
2. Barton DL, Wender DB, Sloan JA, Dalton RJ, Balcueva EP, Atherton PJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial to evaluate transdermal testosterone in female cancer survivors with decreased libido; North Central Cancer Treatment Group Protocol N02C3. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2007;99:672-9.
3. Baucom DH, Porter LS, Kirby JS, Gremore TM, Wiesenthal N, Aldridge W, et al. A couple-based intervention for female breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology 2009;18:276-83.
4. Classen CC, Chivers ML, Urowitz S, Barbera L, Wiljer D, O'Rinn S, et al. Psychosexual distress in women with gynaecologic cancer: a feasibility study of an online support group. Psycho-Oncology 2013;22:930-5.
5. Lee YK, Chung HH, Kim JW, Park NH, Song YS, Kang SB. Vaginal pH-balanced gel for the control of atrophic vaginitis among breast cancer survivors: a randomised controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011;117:922-7.
6. Marcus AC, Garrett KM, Cella D, Wenzal L, Brady MJ, Fairclough D, et al. Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for survivors of breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology 2010;19:923-32.
7. Rowland JH, Meyerowitz BE, Crespi CM, Leedham B, Desmond K, Belin TR, et al. Addressing intimacy and partner communication after breast cancer: a randomised controlled group intervention. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2009;118:99-111.
8. Schover LR, Rhodes MM, Baum G, Harned Adams J, Jenkins R, Lewis P, et al. Sisters Peer Counseling in Reproductive Issues After Treatment (SPIRIT). Cancer 2011;117:4983-92.
9. Schover LR, Yuan Y, Fellman BM, Odensky E, Lewis PE, Marinetti P. Efficacy trial of an internet-based intervention for cancer-related female sexual dysfunction. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 2013;11:1389-97.
10. Öster I, Tavelin B, Thyme KE, Magnusson E, Isaksson U, Lindh J, et al. Art therapy during radiotherapy - a five-year follow-up study with women diagnosed with breast cancer. The Arts in Psychotherapy 2014;41:36-40.
11. Svensk A-C, Öster I, Thyme KE, Magnusson E, Sjodin M, Eisemann M, et al. Art therapy improves experienced quality of life among women undergoing treatment for breast cancer: a randomized controlled study. European Journal of Cancer Care 2009;18:69-77.
12. Yang EJ, Lim JY, Rah UW, Kim YB. Effect of a pelvic floor muscle training program on gynaecologic cancer survivors with pelvic floor dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial. Gynecologic Oncology 2012;125:705-11.
13. Badger T, Segrin C, Meek P, Lopez AM, Bonham E, Sieger A. Telephone interpersonal counselling with women with breast cancer: symptom management and quality of life. Oncology Nursing Forum 2005;32:273-9.
14. Barber MD, Visco AG, Wyman JF, Fantyl JA, Bump RC. Sexual function in women with urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists 2002;99:281-9.
15. Barrett CE, Timmons C, Young R, Wiita B. Interim safety analysis of a two-year study comparing oral estrogen-androgen and conjugated estrogens in surgically menopausal women. Journal of Women's Health 1996;5:593-602.
16. Berman JR, Berman LA, Toler SM, Gill J, Haughie S. Safety and efficacy of sildenafil citrate for the treatment of female sexual arousal disorder: a double-blind, placebo controlled study. Journal of Urology 2003;170:2333-8.
17. Boesen EH, Karlsen R, Christensen J, Paaschburg B, Nielsen D, Bloch IS, et al. Psychosocial group intervention for patients with primary breast cancer: a randomised trial. European Journal of Cancer 2011;47:1363-72.
18. Brotto LA, Erskine Y, Carey M, Ehlen T, Finlayson S, Heywood M, et al. A brief mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral intervention improves sexual functioning versus wait-list control in women treated for gynecologic cancer. Gynecologic Oncology 2012;125:320-5.
19. Burstein HJ, Gelber S, Guadagnoli E, Weeks JC. Use of alternative medicine by women with early-stage breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 1999;340:1733-9.
20. Chow KM, Chan CWH, Chan JCCY, Choi KKC, Siu KY. A feasibility study of a psycho-educational intervention program for gynaecological cancer patients. European Journal of Oncology Nursing 2014;18:385-92.
21. Christensen DN. Postmastectomy couple counselling: an outcome study of a structures treatment protocol. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 1983;9:266-75.
22. Davis C. Psychosocial needs of women with breast cancer: how can social workers make a difference?. Health and Social Work 2004;29:330-4.
23. Decruze SB, Gutherie D, Magnai R. Prevention of vaginal stenosis in patients following vaginal brachytherapy. Clinical Oncology 1999;11:46-8.
24. Dennerstein L, Burrows GD, Hyman GJ, Sharpe K. Some clinical effects of oestrogen-progestogen therapy in surgically castrated women. Maturitas 1979;2:19-28.
25. Doorenbos A, Given B, Given C, Verbitsky N. Effect of behavioural intervention for symptoms among individuals with cancer. Nursing Research 2006;55:161-71.
26. Floter A, Nathorst-Boos, Carlstrom K, von Schoultz. Addition of testosterone to estrogen replacement therapy in oophorectomized women: effects on sexuality and well-being. Climacteric 2002;5(4):357-65.
27. Ganz PA, Greendale GA, Petersen L, Zibecchi L, Kahn B, Belin TR. Managing menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors: results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2000;92:1054-64.
28. Given C, Given B, Rahbar M, Jeon S, McCorkle R, Cimprich B, et al. Effect of a cognitive behavioral intervention on reducing symptom severity during chemotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2004;22:507-16.
29. Goetsch MF, Lim JY, Caughey AB. Locating pain in breast cancer survivors experiencing dyspareunia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2014;123:1231-6.
30. Hasenbring M, Schulz KF, Hennings U, Florian M, Linhart D, Ramm G, et al. The efficacy of relaxation/imagery, music therapy and psychological support for pain relief and quality of life: first results from a randomized controlled clinical trial [abstract]. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999;23:166.
31. Huang G, Basaria S, Travison TG, Ho MH, Davda M, Mazer NA, et al. Testosterone does-relationships in hysterectomised women with or without oopherctomy: effects on sexual function, body composition, muscle performance and physical function in a randomised trial. Journal of the North American Menopause Society 2013;21:612-23.
32. Izuo M, Fujimori M. Studies on hormonal treatment for mastopathy, particularly its dose-response relationship. Endocrinologia Japonica 1967;14:27-33.
33. Jefferies SA, Robinson JW, Craighead PS, Keats M. An effective group psycho-educational intervention for improving compliance with vaginal dilation: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 2006;65:404-11.
34. Jones RB, Pearson J, Cawsey AJ, Bental D, Barrett A, White J, et al. Effect of different forms of information produced for cancer patients on their use of the information, social support and anxiety: randomised trial. BMJ 2006;332:942-8.
35. Jong-Hoon K, Park CY, Sung-Jae L. Effects of Sun Ginseng on subjective quality of life in cancer patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 2006;31:331-4.
36. Juraskova I, Jarvis S, Mok K, Peate M, Meiser B, Cheah BC, et al. The acceptability, feasibility, and efficacy (phase I/II study) of the OVERcome (Olive Oil, Vaginal Exercise, and MoisturizeR) intervention to improve dyspareunia and alleviate sexual problems in women with breast cancer. International Society for Sexual Medicine 2013;10(10):2549-58.
37. Kylstra WA, Leenhouts GHMW, Everaerd W, Panneman MJM, Hahn DEE, Weijmar-Schultz WCM, et al. Sexual outcomes following treatment for early-stage gynaecological cancer: a prospective and cross-sectional multi-center study. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 1999;9:387-95.
38. Lengacher CA, Johnson-Mallard V, Post-White J, Moscoso MS, Jacobsen PB, Klein TW, et al. Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for survivors of breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology 2009;18:1261-77.
39. Lepore SJ, Revenson TA. Randomised controlled trial of expressive writing and quality of life in men and women treated for colon or rectal cancer. Psychology and Health 2015;30:284-300.
40. Loprinzi C, Balcueva EP, Liu H, Sloan JA, Kottschade LA, Stella PJ, et al. A phase III randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled study of pilocarpine for vaginal dryness: NCCTG study N04CA. Journal of Supportive Oncology 2011;9:105-12.
41. Marsden J, Baum M, A'Hern R, West A, Fallowfield L, Whitehead M, et al. The impact of hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer patients' quality of life and sexuality. Journal of the British Menopause 2001;7:85-91.
42. Moore RA. Livial: a review of clinical studies. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999;106:1-21.
43. Morales L, Neven P, Timmerman D, Christiaens MR, Vergote I, Van Limbergen E, et al. Acute effects of tamoxifen and third-generation aromatase inhibitors on menopausal symptoms of breast cancer patients. Clinical Report 2004;15:753-60.
44. Mulhall JP. Neuromodulatory drugs in a radical pelvic surgery patient. Journal of Sexual Medicine 2006;3:77-9.
45. Munarriz R, Talakoub L, Flaherty E, Gioia M, Hoag L, Kim NN, et al. Androgen replacement therapy with dehydroepiandrosterone for androgen insufficiency and female sexual dysfunction: androgen and questionnaire results. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 2002;28 Suppl 1:165-73.
46. Munstedt K, Milch W, Reimer C. Epicutaneous breast forms after mastectomy. Support Care Cancer 1998;6:295-9.
47. Narvaez A, Rubinos C, Cortes-Funes F, Gomez R, Garcia A. Rating of the effectiveness of group therapy cognitive image in body, self-esteem, sexual distress, and anxiety and depression in breast cancer patients. [Spanish]. Psicooncologica 2008;5:93-102.
48. Nho JH. Effect of PLISSIT model sexual health enhancement program for women with gynecologic cancer and their husbands. Journal of the Korean Academy of Nursing 2013;43(5):681-9.
49. Nieman LK. Management of surgically hypogonadal patients unable to take sex hormone replacement therapy. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 2003;32:325-36.
50. Nikander E, Kilkkinen A, Metsa HM, Adlercreutz H, Pietinen P, Tiitinen A, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial with phytoestrogens in treatment of menopause in breast cancer patients. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 2003;101:1213-20.
51. Northouse LL, Walker J, Schafenacker A, Mood D, Mellon S, Galvin E, et al. A family-based program of care for women with recurrent breast cancer and their family members. Oncology Nursing Forum 2002;29:1411-9.
52. Northouse LL, Mood DW, Schafenacker A, Kalemkerian G, Zalupski M, LoRussi P, et al. Randomised clinical trial of a brief and extensive dyadic intervention for advanced cancer patients and their family caregivers. Psycho-Oncology 2013;22:555-63.
53. Park HY, Kim JH, Choi S, Kang E, Kim JY, Kim SW. Psychological effects of a cosmetic education programme in patients with breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer Care 2015;24:493-502.
54. Pietrzak L, Bujko K, Nowacki MP, Kepka L, Oledzki J, Rutkowski A, et al. Quality of life, anorectal and sexual functions after preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: report of a randomised trial. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2007;84:217-25.
55. Pitkin RM, VanVoorhis LW. Postirradiation vaginitis. Therapeutic Radiology 1971;99:417-21.
56. Ponzone R, Biglia N, Jacomuzzi ME, Maggiorotto F, Mariani L, Sismondi P. Vaginal oestrogen therapy after breast cancer: is it safe?. European Journal of Cancer 2005;41:2673-81.
57. Rawlins S, Burkman RT, Schwarz BE. The power of the pill: making evidence-based decisions. American Journal for Nurse Practitioners 2000;4:25-40.
58. Reese JB, Porter LS, Regan KR, Keefe FJ, Azad NS, Diaz LA, et al. A randomized pilot trial of a telephone-based couples intervention for physical intimacy and sexual concerns in colorectal cancer. Psycho-Oncology 2014;23:1005-13.
59. Robinson JW, Faris PD, Scott CB. Psychoeducational group increases vaginal dilation for younger women and reduces sexual fears for women of all ages with gynaecological carcinoma treated with radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 1999;44:497-506.
60. Schover LR, Jenkins R, Sui D, Adams JH, Marion MS, Jackson KE. Randomized trial of peer counseling on reproductive health in African American breast cancer survivors. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2006;24:1620-6.
61. Schroder M, Mell LK, Hurteau JA, Collins YC, Rotmensch J, Waggoner SE, et al. Clitoral therapy device for treatment of sexual dysfunction in irradiated cervical cancer patients. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 2005;61:1078-86.
62. Scott JL, Ward BG. United we stand? The effects of a couple-coping intervention on adjustment to early stage breast or gynecological cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004;72:1122-35.
63. Seidman SN. Hormonal aspects of sexual dysfunction: the therapeutic use of exogenous androgens in men and women. Current Psychiatry Reports 2000;2:215-22.
64. Serewel A, Haggie JA, Cade D. A randomised controlled trial of medroxyprogesterone acetate in mastalgia. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 1990;72:273.
65. Shabani M, Moghimi M, Zamiri RE, Nazari F, Mousavinasab N, Shajari Z. Life skills training effectiveness on non-metastatic breat cancer mental health: a clinical trial. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2014;16:E8763.
66. Sherwin BB, Gelfand MM. Effects of parenteral administration of estrogen and androgen on plasma hormone levels and hot flushes in the surgical menopause. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1984;148:552-7.
67. Sherwin BB, Gelfand MM, Brender W. Androgen enhances sexual motivation in females: a prospective, crossover study of sex steroid administration in the surgical menopause. Psychosomatic Medicine 1985;4:339-51.
68. Shifren JL, Braunstein GD, Simon JA, Casson PR, Buster JE, Redmond GP, et al. The efficacy of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in clinical populations: an update. New England Journal of Medicine 2000;343:682-8.
69. Suckling J, Lethaby A, Kennedy R. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: ]
70. Sweeney C, Bruera E. Communication in cancer care: recent developments. Journal of Palliative Care 2002;18:300-6.
71. Theobald DE, Kirsh KL, Holtsclaw E, Donaghy K, Passik SD. An open-label, crossover trial of mirtazapine (15 and 30 mg) in cancer patients with pain and other distressing symptoms. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2002;23:442-7.
72. Thompson EA, Reilly D. The homeopathic approach to the treatment of symptoms of oestrogen withdrawal in breast cancer patients. A prospective observational study. Homeopathy 2003;92:131-4.
73. van der Meulen IC, May AM, de Leeuw JR, Koole R, Ooserom M, Hordijk G-J, et al. Long-term effect of a nurse-led psychosocial intervention on health-related quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Cancer 2014;110:593-601.
74. Vos JV, Visser AP, Garssen B, Duivenvoorden HJ, Hanneke CJM de Haes. Effects of delayed psychosocial interventions versus early psychosocial interventions for women with early stage breast cancer. Patient Education and Counseling 2006;60:212-9.
75. Warkentin KM, Gray RE, Wassersug RJ. Restoration of satisfying sex for a castrated cancer patient with complete impotence. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 2006;32:398-9.
76. Watts NB, Morris N, Timmons CM, Allen Addison W, Wiita B, Downey LJ. Comparison of oral estrogens and estrogens plus androgen on bone mineral density, menopausal symptoms, and lipid-lipoprotein profiles in surgical menopause. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1995;85:529-37.
77. Wei W, Shuang L, Wu Guang-Jao, Li Li. Influence of perioperative supportive psychotherapy on the postoperative mental state and sexual life in patients with uterine cervix cancer. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2005;9:42-43.
78. Wenzel LB, Fairclough DL, Brady MJ, Cella D, Garrett KM, Kluhsman BC, et al. Age-related differences in the quality of life of breast carcinoma patients after treatment. American Cancer Society 1999;86:1768-74.
79. Wenzel L, Osann K, Hsieh S, Tucker JA, Monk BJ, Nelson EL. Psychosocial telephone counseling for survivors of cervical cancer: results of a randomized biobehavioral trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2015;33:1171-9.
80. Wu J-X, Chen Y. Effect of nursing intervention on mental and physical health in patients with rectal cancer after Miles operation. World Chinese Journal of Digestology 2014;22:1460-4.
81. Esplen MJ, Wong J, Warner E, Toner B. Can we fix what we've broken? Randomized controlled trial of a group therapy to address body image disturbance and sexuality following treatment with breast cancer. Canadian Association of Psychosocial Oncology Conference Proceedings. 2014:B-228.
82. Goetsch M, Lim JY, Caughey AB. A practical solution for dyspareunia in breast cancer survivors: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2015;33(30):3394-400. [DOI: ]
83. Gremore T, Horgan S. A couple-based intervention for patients with head and neck cancer and their partners. Psycho-Oncology 2014;23:42.
84. Hickey M, Allardice K. Silicone versus water-based lubricant for symptomatic vaginal dryness after breast cancer: preliminary findings from a randomized trial. Reproductive Sciences 2015;22:55A-390A.
85. Jensen B, Jensen JB. Early rehabilitation can impact on health-related quality of life outcome in radical cystectomy: a randomised controlled trial. Supportive Care in Cancer 2014;22:s185.
86. Paterson C, Lengacher C, Donovan K, Kip K, Tofthagen C. The effects of MBSR (BC) on sexual distress and body image disturbance in breast cancer survivors. Psycho-oncology 2015;24 Suppl 2:287.
87. Willems RA, Bolman CAW, Mesters I, Kanera IM, Beaulen AAJM, Lechner L. The Kanker Nazorg Wijzer (Cancer Aftercare Guide) protocol: the systematic development of a web-based computer tailored intervention providing psychosocial and lifestyle support for cancer survivors. BMC Cancer 2014;15:580.
88. The effect of 300mcg intravaginal testosterone therapy for the treatment of sexual dysfunction due to Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM) in women with breast cancer being treated with an aromatase inhibitor (AI): a randomized placebo controlled trial over 26 weeks. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12615000083594. [ACTRN12615000083594]
89. DuHamel K, Temple L, Carter J, Schover L, Philip E, Jandorf L, et al. Pilot randomized clinical trial to improve sexual health and quality of life in female rectal and anal cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncology 2013;22:35.
90. Gessler SF, Lanceley A. Developing a Stepped Approach to Improving Sexual Function aFteR Treatment fOr gyNaecological Cancer (SAFFRON). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02458001. www.clinicaltrials.gov, 2015. [NCT02458001]
91. Hummel SB, Lankveld J. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for sexual dysfunctions in women treated for breast cancer: design of a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. BMC Cancer 2015;15:321.
92. Greven K, Wake Forest NCORP Research Base. L-Arginine supplements in treating women who are cancer survivors. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00459134 2007. [NCT00459134]
93. Aaronson NK, van Lankveld JJDM, Oldenburg HSA, Hahn D. KIS Study: a study evaluating the effectiveness of an internet-based therapy program for sexuality and intimacy problems in women treated for breast cancer. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02091765 2014. [NCT02091765]
94. Schofield P, Juraskova I, Bergin R, Gough K, Mileshkin L, Krishnasamy M, et al. A nurse- and peer-led support program to assist women in gynaecological oncology receiving curative radiotherapy, the PeNTAGOn study (peer and nurse support trial to assist women in gynaecological oncology): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2013;14:39.
95. Allahdadi KJ, Tostes RCA, Webb RC. Female sexual dysfunction: therapeutic options and experimental challenges. Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 2009;7:260-9.
96. Ananth H, Jones L, King M, Tookman A. The impact of cancer on sexual function: a controlled study. Palliative Medicine 2003;17(2):202-5.
97. Baessler K, O'Neill SM, Maher CF, Battistutta D. Australian pelvic floor questionnaire: a validated interviewer-administered pelvic floor questionnaire for routine clinic and research. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 2009;20:149-58.
98. Berman JR, Berman LA, Werbin TJ, Flaherty EE, Leahy NM, Goldstein I. Clinical evaluation of female sexual function: effects of age and estrogen status on subjective and physiologic sexual responses. International Journal of Impotence Research 1999;11:31-8.
99. Berner M, Gunzler C. Efficacy of psychosocial interventions in men and women with sexual dysfunctions-a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Journal of Sexual Medicine 2012;9:3089-107.
100. Bhatt A, Nandipati K, Dhar N, Ulchaker J, Jones S, Rackley R, et al. Neuro- vascular preservation in orthotopic cystectomy: impact on female sexual function. Urology 2006;67(4):742-5.
101. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cancer survivors - United States, 2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries: MMWR 2011;60:269-72.
102. Clayton AH, McGarvey EL, Clavet GJ. The Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1997;33:731-45.
103. Cohen AJ, Bartlik B. Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Journal of Sex Marital Therapy 1998;24:139-43.
104. HM Conaglen, O'Connor EJ, McCabe MP, Conaglen JV. An investigation of sexual dysfunction in female partners of men with erectile dysfunction: how interviews expand on questionnaire responses. International Journal of Impotence Research 2010;22:355-62.
105. Cowan ML, Krane MK. Sexual function after radical surgery for rectal cancer. Seminars in Colon and Rectal Surgery 2013;24:164-7.
106. Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Michie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ 2008;337:A1655.
107. Dening T, Thomas A. Oxford Textbook of Old Age Psychiatry. Second Edition. Oxford, 2013.
108. Derogatis LR, Melisaratos N. The DSFI: a multidimensional measure of sexual functioning. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 1979;5:244-81.
109. Derogatis L, Clayton A, Lewis-D'Agostino D, Wunderlich G, Fu Y. Validation of the female sexual distress scale-revised for assessing distress in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Journal of Sexual Medicine 2008;5:357-64.
110. Donovan KA, Thompson LMA, Hoffe SE. Sexual function in colorectal cancer survivors. Cancer Control 2010;17:44-51.
111. American Psychiatric Association (editors). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth. American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
112. Fruhauf S, Gerger H, Schmidt HM, Munder T, Barth J. Efficacy of psychological interventions for sexual dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior 2013;42:915-33.
113. Ganz PA, Rowland JH, Desmond K, Meyerowitz BE, Wyatt GE. Life after breast cancer: understanding women's health-related quality of life and sexual functioning. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1998;16(2):501-14.
114. Goldfarb SB, Dickler M, Sit L, Fruscione M, Barz T, Atkinson T, et al. Sexual dysfunction in women with breast cancer: prevalence and severity. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009;15S:9558.
115. Gonzales GF, Cordova A, Vega K, Chung A, Vilena A, Gonez C. Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca), a root with aphtodisiac and fertility-enhancing properties, on serum reproductive hormone levels in adult healthy men. Journal of Endocrinology 2003;176:163-8.
116. Greenwald HP, McCorkle R. Sexuality and sexual function in long-term survivors of cervical cancer. Journal of Women's Health 2008;17:955-63.
117. Hendren SK, O'Connor BL, Liu M, Asano T, Cohen Z, Swallow CJ, et al. Prevalence of male and female sexual dysfunction is high following surgery for rectal cancer. Annals of Surgery 2005;242:212-23.
118. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
119. Hill EK, Sandbo S, Abramsohn E, Makelarski J, Wroblewski K, Wenrich ER, et al. Assessing gynaecologic and breast cancer survivors' sexual health care needs. Cancer 2011;12:2643-51.
120. Ho VP, Lee Y, Stein SL, Temple LK. Sexual function after treatment for rectal cancer: a review. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 2011;54:113-25.
121. Hubayter Z, Simon JA. Testosterone therapy for sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2008;11:181-91.
122. Jackson KS, Naik R. Pelvic floor dysfunction and radical hysterectomy. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 2006;16:354-63.
123. Kazdin AE. Understanding how and why psychotherapy leads to change. Psychotherapy Research 2009;19:418-28.
124. Kedde H, van de Wiel HB, Weijmar Schultz WC, Wijsen C. Sexual dysfunction in young women with breast cancer. Support Care Cancer 2013;21:271-80.
125. Low C, Fullarton M, Parkinson E. Issues of intimacy and sexual dysfunction following major head and neck cancer treatment. Oral Oncology 2009;45:898-903.
126. Montgomery KA. Sexual desire disorders. Psychiatry 2008;5:50-5.
127. National Cancer Institute. Sexuality and reproductive issues. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/sexuality/healthprofessional 2012.
128. Norton R. Measuring marital quality: a critical look at the dependent variable. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1983;45:141-51.
129. Ozyilkan O, Karaagaoglu E, Topeli A, Kars A, Baltali E, Tekuzman G, et al. A questionnaire for the assessment of quality of life in cancer patients in Turkey. Materia Medica Polona 1995;27(4):153-6.
130. Pignata S, Ballatori E, Favalli G, Scambia G. Quality of life: gynaecological cancers. Annals of Oncology 2001;12(Suppl 3):S37-S42.
131. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
132. Rosen R, Brown C, Heiman J. The Female Sexual Function Index: a multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 2000;26:191-208.
133. Rust J, Golombok S. The Golombok-Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1985;24:63-4.
134. Shin BC, Lee MS, Yang EJ, Lim HS, Ernst E. Maca (L.meyenii) for improving sexual function: a systematic review. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2010;10:44.
135. Singer S, Danker H, Dietz A. Sexual problems after total or partial laryngectomy. Laryngoscope 2008;118:2218-24.
136. Stead ML, Fallowfield P, Selby P, Brown JM. Psychosexual function and impact of gynaecological cancer. Best Practice and Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2007;21:309-20.
137. Syrjala KL, Roth Roemer SL, Abrams JR, Scanlan JM, Chapko MK, Visser S, et al. Prevalence and predictors of sexual dysfunction in long-term survivors of marrow transplantation. Blood 1998;16(9):3148-57.
138. Tabano M, Condosta D, Coons M. Symptoms affecting quality of life in women with gynaecologic cancer. Seminars in Oncology Nursing 2002;18(3):223-30.
139. Wiggins DL, Dizon DS. Dyspareunia and vaginal dryness after breast cancer treatment. Sexuality Reproduction and Menopause 2008;6:18-22.
140. Zhang Z, Xu X, Ni H. Small studies may overestimate the effect sizes in critical care meta-analyses: a meta-epidemiological study. Critical Care 2013;17:R2.
141. Zippe CD, Raina R, Shah AD, Massanyi EZ, Agarwal A, Ulchaker J, et al. Female sexual dysfunction after radical cystectomy: a new outcome measure. Urology 2004;63:1153-7.
142. Miles CL, Jones L, Tookman A, King M. Interventions for sexual dysfunction following treatments for cancer. (Protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. [DOI: ]
143. Miles C, Candy B, Jones L, Williams R, Tookman A, King M. Interventions for sexual dysfunction following treatments for cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. [DOI: ]