메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 105, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 23-40

When good news leads to bad choices

Author keywords

conditioned reinforcement; context; pigeons; preference; probabilistic; signals; suboptimal choice

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; DECISION MAKING; DELAY DISCOUNTING; PIGEONS AND DOVES; PSYCHOTRAUMA; REINFORCEMENT; REWARD; TIME FACTOR;

EID: 84968786793     PISSN: 00225002     EISSN: 19383711     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jeab.192     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (76)

References (80)
  • 1
    • 0039294100 scopus 로고
    • Preference for multiple versus mixed schedules of reinforcement
    • Alsop, B., & Davison, M. (1986). Preference for multiple versus mixed schedules of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 45(1), 33–45. doi:10.1901/jeab.1986.45-33
    • (1986) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.45 , Issue.1 , pp. 33-45
    • Alsop, B.1    Davison, M.2
  • 2
    • 84868595763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reward uncertainty enhances incentive salience attribution as sign-tracking
    • Anselme, P., Robinson, M. F., & Berridge, K. C. (2013). Reward uncertainty enhances incentive salience attribution as sign-tracking. Behavioural Brain Research, 238, 53-61. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.006
    • (2013) Behavioural Brain Research , vol.238 , pp. 53-61
    • Anselme, P.1    Robinson, M.F.2    Berridge, K.C.3
  • 4
    • 84922229171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolating the incentive salience of reward-associated stimuli: Value, choice, and persistence
    • Beckmann, J. S., & Chow, J. J. (2015). Isolating the incentive salience of reward-associated stimuli: Value, choice, and persistence. Learning & Memory, 22(2), 116–127. doi:10.1101/lm.037382.114
    • (2015) Learning & Memory , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 116-127
    • Beckmann, J.S.1    Chow, J.J.2
  • 5
    • 78049420686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pavlovian-instrumental interaction in ‘observing behavior’
    • Beierholm, U. R., & Dayan, P. (2010). Pavlovian-instrumental interaction in ‘observing behavior’. PLoS Comput Biol, 6(9), e1000903.
    • (2010) PLoS Comput Biol , vol.6 , Issue.9
    • Beierholm, U.R.1    Dayan, P.2
  • 6
    • 84993924497 scopus 로고
    • Choice between reliable and unreliable reinforcement alternatives revisited: Preference for unreliable reinforcement
    • Belke, T. W., & Spetch, M. L. (1994). Choice between reliable and unreliable reinforcement alternatives revisited: Preference for unreliable reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 62(3), 353. doi:10.1901/jeab.1994.62-353
    • (1994) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.62 , Issue.3 , pp. 353
    • Belke, T.W.1    Spetch, M.L.2
  • 7
    • 84956968572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditioned reinforcement
    • #x0026;, In, F. K. McSweeney, E. S. Murphy, (Eds.),, Oxford, UK, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    • Bell, M. C., & McDevitt, M. A. (2014). Conditioned reinforcement. In F. K. McSweeney and E. S. Murphy (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of operant and classical conditioning. Oxford, UK : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi: 10.1002/9781118468135.ch10
    • (2014) The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of operant and classical conditioning
    • Bell, M.C.1    McDevitt, M.A.2
  • 8
    • 84878220109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditioned reinforcement in chain schedules when time to reinforcement is held constant
    • Bell, M. C., & Williams, B. A. (2013). Conditioned reinforcement in chain schedules when time to reinforcement is held constant. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 99(2), 179–188. doi:10.1002/jeab.10
    • (2013) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.99 , Issue.2 , pp. 179-188
    • Bell, M.C.1    Williams, B.A.2
  • 9
    • 84922147919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orbitofrontal cortex uses distinct codes for different choice attributes in decisions motivated by curiosity
    • Blanchard, T. C., Hayden, B. Y., & Bromberg-Martin, E. S. (2015). Orbitofrontal cortex uses distinct codes for different choice attributes in decisions motivated by curiosity. Neuron, 85(3), 602–614.
    • (2015) Neuron , vol.85 , Issue.3 , pp. 602-614
    • Blanchard, T.C.1    Hayden, B.Y.2    Bromberg-Martin, E.S.3
  • 11
    • 68349115012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Midbrain dopamine neurons signal preference for advance information about upcoming rewards
    • Bromberg-Martin, E. S., & Hikosaka, O. (2009). Midbrain dopamine neurons signal preference for advance information about upcoming rewards. Neuron, 63(1), 119–126. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.06.009
    • (2009) Neuron , vol.63 , Issue.1 , pp. 119-126
    • Bromberg-Martin, E.S.1    Hikosaka, O.2
  • 13
    • 84971120840 scopus 로고
    • Observing and conditioned reinforcement
    • Dinsmoor, J. A. (1983). Observing and conditioned reinforcement. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 6, 693–728. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00017969
    • (1983) Behavioral and Brain Sciences , vol.6 , pp. 693-728
    • Dinsmoor, J.A.1
  • 14
    • 0008180421 scopus 로고
    • A test of the negative discriminative stimulus as a reinforcer of observing
    • Dinsmoor, J. A., Browne, M. P., & Lawrence, C. E. (1972). A test of the negative discriminative stimulus as a reinforcer of observing. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 18(1), 79–85. doi:10.1901/jeab.1972.18-79
    • (1972) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 79-85
    • Dinsmoor, J.A.1    Browne, M.P.2    Lawrence, C.E.3
  • 15
    • 0025392963 scopus 로고
    • Choice with uncertain outcomes: Conditioned reinforcement effects
    • Dunn, R., & Spetch, M. L. (1990). Choice with uncertain outcomes: Conditioned reinforcement effects. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53(2), 201–218. doi:10.1901/jeab.1990.53-201
    • (1990) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 201-218
    • Dunn, R.1    Spetch, M.L.2
  • 16
    • 0000823635 scopus 로고
    • Effects of previous delay of reward, generalized effort, and deprivation on impulsiveness
    • Eisenberger, R., Masterson, F. A., & Lowman, K. (1982). Effects of previous delay of reward, generalized effort, and deprivation on impulsiveness. Learning and Motivation, 13(3), 378–389.
    • (1982) Learning and Motivation , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 378-389
    • Eisenberger, R.1    Masterson, F.A.2    Lowman, K.3
  • 18
    • 85010933281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal and non-optimal behavior across species
    • Retrieved from
    • Fantino, E. (2012). Optimal and non-optimal behavior across species. Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews, 7, 44–54. Retrieved from http://comparative-cognition-and-behavior-reviews.org/doi:10.3819/ccbr.2012.70003
    • (2012) Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews , vol.7 , pp. 44-54
    • Fantino, E.1
  • 19
    • 0018859580 scopus 로고
    • Uncertainty reduction, conditioned reinforcement, and observing
    • Fantino, E., & Moore, J. (1980). Uncertainty reduction, conditioned reinforcement, and observing. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 33(1), 3–13. doi:10.1901/jeab.1980.33-3
    • (1980) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-13
    • Fantino, E.1    Moore, J.2
  • 21
    • 70450194972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preference for 50% reinforcement over 75% reinforcement by pigeons
    • Gipson, C. D., Alessandri, J. J. D., Miller, H. C., & Zentall, T. R. (2009). Preference for 50% reinforcement over 75% reinforcement by pigeons. Learning & Behavior, 37(4), 289–298. doi:10.3758/LB.37.4.289
    • (2009) Learning & Behavior , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 289-298
    • Gipson, C.D.1    Alessandri, J.J.D.2    Miller, H.C.3    Zentall, T.R.4
  • 22
    • 0029925967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal discounting in choice between delayed rewards: The role of age and income
    • Green, L., Myerson, J., Lichtman, D., Rosen, S., & Fry, A. (1996). Temporal discounting in choice between delayed rewards: The role of age and income. Psychology and Aging, 11(1), 79–84. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.11.1.79
    • (1996) Psychology and Aging , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 79-84
    • Green, L.1    Myerson, J.2    Lichtman, D.3    Rosen, S.4    Fry, A.5
  • 23
    • 0017335427 scopus 로고
    • Pigeons’ preferences for stimulus information: Effects of amount of information
    • Green, L., & Rachlin, H. (1977). Pigeons’ preferences for stimulus information: Effects of amount of information. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 27(2), 255–263. doi:10.1901/jeab.1977.27-255
    • (1977) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.27 , Issue.2 , pp. 255-263
    • Green, L.1    Rachlin, H.2
  • 24
    • 84987299969 scopus 로고
    • An appraisal of preference for multiple versus mixed schedules
    • Hursh, S. R., & Fantino, E. (1974). An appraisal of preference for multiple versus mixed schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 22(1), 31. doi:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-31
    • (1974) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 31
    • Hursh, S.R.1    Fantino, E.2
  • 25
    • 84855454549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York, NY, Farrar, Straus#x0026; Giroux
    • Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux.
    • (2011) Thinking, fast and slow
    • Kahneman, D.1
  • 26
    • 84987340409 scopus 로고
    • Preference for intermittent reinforcement
    • Kendall, S. B. (1974). Preference for intermittent reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21(3), 463–473. doi:10.1901/jeab.1974.21-463
    • (1974) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 463-473
    • Kendall, S.B.1
  • 27
    • 0039011985 scopus 로고
    • A further study of choice and percentage reinforcement
    • Kendall, S. B. (1985). A further study of choice and percentage reinforcement. Behavioural Processes, 10, 399–413. doi:10.1016/0376-6357(85)90040-3
    • (1985) Behavioural Processes , vol.10 , pp. 399-413
    • Kendall, S.B.1
  • 29
    • 0040635823 scopus 로고
    • The paradox of preference for unreliable reinforcement: The role of context and conditioned reinforcement
    • Lalli, J. S., & Mauro, B. C. (1995). The paradox of preference for unreliable reinforcement: The role of context and conditioned reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 28(3), 389–394. doi:10.1901/jaba.1995.28-389
    • (1995) Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 389-394
    • Lalli, J.S.1    Mauro, B.C.2
  • 30
    • 0034567873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preference for unreliable reinforcement in children with mental retardation: The role of conditioned reinforcement
    • Lalli, J. S., Mauro, B. C., & Mace, F. C. (2000). Preference for unreliable reinforcement in children with mental retardation: The role of conditioned reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(4), 533–544. doi:10.1901/jaba.2000.33-533
    • (2000) Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , vol.33 , Issue.4 , pp. 533-544
    • Lalli, J.S.1    Mauro, B.C.2    Mace, F.C.3
  • 32
    • 84866765178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hungry pigeons make suboptimal choices, less hungry pigeons do not
    • Laude, J. R., Pattison, K. F., & Zentall, T. R. (2012). Hungry pigeons make suboptimal choices, less hungry pigeons do not. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19, 884–891. doi: 10.3758/s13423-012-0282-2
    • (2012) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.19 , pp. 884-891
    • Laude, J.R.1    Pattison, K.F.2    Zentall, T.R.3
  • 35
    • 0001501390 scopus 로고
    • Tests of an equivalence rule for fixed and variable reinforcer delays
    • Mazur, J. E. (1984). Tests of an equivalence rule for fixed and variable reinforcer delays. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 10(4), 426–436. doi:10.1037/0097-7403.10.4.426
    • (1984) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 426-436
    • Mazur, J.E.1
  • 36
    • 0024487702 scopus 로고
    • Theories of probabilistic reinforcement
    • Mazur, J. E. (1989). Theories of probabilistic reinforcement. Journal of The Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51(1), 87–99. doi:10.1901/jeab.1989.51-87
    • (1989) Journal of The Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.51 , Issue.1 , pp. 87-99
    • Mazur, J.E.1
  • 37
    • 0025929562 scopus 로고
    • Choice with probabilistic reinforcement: Effects of delay and conditioned reinforcers
    • Mazur, J. E., (1991), Choice with probabilistic reinforcement: Effects of delay and conditioned reinforcers. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 55(1), 63–77.
    • (1991) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.55 , Issue.1 , pp. 63-77
    • Mazur, J.E.1
  • 38
    • 0029269951 scopus 로고
    • Conditioned reinforcement and choice with delayed and uncertain primary reinforcers
    • Mazur, J. E. (1995). Conditioned reinforcement and choice with delayed and uncertain primary reinforcers. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 63(2), 139–150. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1995.63-139
    • (1995) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.63 , Issue.2 , pp. 139-150
    • Mazur, J.E.1
  • 39
    • 0035229091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperbolic value addition and general models of animal choice
    • Mazur, J. E. (2001). Hyperbolic value addition and general models of animal choice. Psychological Review, 108(1), 96–112. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.1.96
    • (2001) Psychological Review , vol.108 , Issue.1 , pp. 96-112
    • Mazur, J.E.1
  • 40
    • 21144439037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of reinforcer probability, delay, and response requirements on the choices of rats and pigeons: Possible species differences
    • Mazur, J. E. (2005). Effects of reinforcer probability, delay, and response requirements on the choices of rats and pigeons: Possible species differences. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 83(3), 263–279. doi:10.1901/jeab.2005.69-04
    • (2005) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.83 , Issue.3 , pp. 263-279
    • Mazur, J.E.1
  • 41
    • 34247120918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species differences between rats and pigeons in choices with probabilistic and delayed reinforcers
    • Mazur, J. E. (2007). Species differences between rats and pigeons in choices with probabilistic and delayed reinforcers. Behavioural Processes, 75(2), 220–224. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2007.02.004
    • (2007) Behavioural Processes , vol.75 , Issue.2 , pp. 220-224
    • Mazur, J.E.1
  • 42
    • 73349137331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delay-amount tradeoffs in choices by pigeons and rats: Hyperbolic versus exponential discounting
    • Mazur, J. E., & Biondi, D. R. (2009). Delay-amount tradeoffs in choices by pigeons and rats: Hyperbolic versus exponential discounting. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 91(2), 197–211. doi:10.1901/jeab.2009.91-197
    • (2009) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.91 , Issue.2 , pp. 197-211
    • Mazur, J.E.1    Biondi, D.R.2
  • 43
    • 0346510753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contiguity and conditioned reinforcement in probabilistic choice
    • McDevitt, M. A., Spetch, M. L., & Dunn, R. (1997). Contiguity and conditioned reinforcement in probabilistic choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 68(3), 317–327. doi:10.1901/jeab.1997.68-317
    • (1997) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.68 , Issue.3 , pp. 317-327
    • McDevitt, M.A.1    Spetch, M.L.2    Dunn, R.3
  • 44
    • 0035288031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of signalled versus unsignalled delay of reinforcement on choice
    • McDevitt, M. A., & Williams, B. A. (2001). Effects of signalled versus unsignalled delay of reinforcement on choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 75(2), 165–182. doi:10.1901/jeab.2001.75-165
    • (2001) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.75 , Issue.2 , pp. 165-182
    • McDevitt, M.A.1    Williams, B.A.2
  • 45
    • 77952739294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual effects on choice of conditioned reinforcement frequency and conditioned reinforcement value
    • McDevitt, M. A., & Williams, B. A. (2010). Dual effects on choice of conditioned reinforcement frequency and conditioned reinforcement value. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 93(2), 147–155. doi:10.1901/jeab.2010.93-147
    • (2010) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.93 , Issue.2 , pp. 147-155
    • McDevitt, M.A.1    Williams, B.A.2
  • 46
    • 0016167373 scopus 로고
    • Average uncertainty as a determinant of observing behavior
    • McMillan, J. C. (1974). Average uncertainty as a determinant of observing behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 22(2), 401–408. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1974.22-401
    • (1974) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 401-408
    • McMillan, J.C.1
  • 47
    • 84860852886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision making by humans in a behavioral task: Do humans, like pigeons, show suboptimal choice?
    • Molet, M., Miller, H. C., Laude, J. R., Kirk, C., Manning, B., & Zentall, T. R. (2012). Decision making by humans in a behavioral task: Do humans, like pigeons, show suboptimal choice? Learning & Behavior, 40(4), 439–447. doi:10.3758/s13420-012-0065-7
    • (2012) Learning & Behavior , vol.40 , Issue.4 , pp. 439-447
    • Molet, M.1    Miller, H.C.2    Laude, J.R.3    Kirk, C.4    Manning, B.5    Zentall, T.R.6
  • 48
    • 84882635792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Level of deprivation does not affect degree of discounting in pigeons
    • Oliveira, L., Calvert, A. L., Green, L., & Myerson, J. (2013). Level of deprivation does not affect degree of discounting in pigeons. Learning & Behavior, 41(2), 148–158. doi:10.3758/s13420-012-0092-4
    • (2013) Learning & Behavior , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 148-158
    • Oliveira, L.1    Calvert, A.L.2    Green, L.3    Myerson, J.4
  • 49
    • 84876078692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental enrichment affects suboptimal, risky, gambling-like choice by pigeons
    • Pattison, K. F., Laude, J. R., & Zentall, T. R. (2013). Environmental enrichment affects suboptimal, risky, gambling-like choice by pigeons. Animal Cognition, 16(3), 429–434. doi: 10.1007/s10071-012-0583-x
    • (2013) Animal Cognition , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 429-434
    • Pattison, K.F.1    Laude, J.R.2    Zentall, T.R.3
  • 50
    • 0034888542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathological gamblers, with and without substance abuse disorders, discount delayed rewards at high rates
    • Petry, N. M. (2001). Pathological gamblers, with and without substance abuse disorders, discount delayed rewards at high rates. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(3), 482–487. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.110.3.482
    • (2001) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.110 , Issue.3 , pp. 482-487
    • Petry, N.M.1
  • 52
    • 85114927960 scopus 로고
    • Optimal foraging: A selective review of theory and tests
    • Pyke, G.H., Pulliam, H. R., & Charnov, E. L. (1977). Optimal foraging: A selective review of theory and tests. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 52(2) 137–154. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2824020
    • (1977) The Quarterly Review of Biology , Issue.2
    • Pyke, G.H.1    Pulliam, H.R.2    Charnov, E.L.3
  • 54
    • 0002109138 scopus 로고
    • A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement
    • #x0026;, In, A. H. Black, &, W. F. Prokasy, (Eds.),, New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts
    • Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R. (1972). A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In A. H. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Eds.), Classical conditioning II (pp. 64–99). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
    • (1972) Classical conditioning II , pp. 64-99
    • Rescorla, R.A.1    Wagner, A.R.2
  • 55
    • 0042096555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observing behavior in pigeons: The effect of reinforcement probability and response cost using a symmetrical choice procedure
    • Roper, K. L., & Zentall, T. R. (1999). Observing behavior in pigeons: The effect of reinforcement probability and response cost using a symmetrical choice procedure. Learning and Motivation, 30, 201–220. doi:10.1006/lmot.1999.1030
    • (1999) Learning and Motivation , vol.30 , pp. 201-220
    • Roper, K.L.1    Zentall, T.R.2
  • 56
    • 0030896968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A neural substrate of prediction and reward
    • Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997). A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science, 275(5306), 1593–1599.
    • (1997) Science , vol.275 , Issue.5306 , pp. 1593-1599
    • Schultz, W.1    Dayan, P.2    Montague, P.R.3
  • 57
    • 77952688422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditioned reinforcement and response strength
    • Shahan, T. A. (2010). Conditioned reinforcement and response strength. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 93(2), 269–289. doi:10.1901/jeab.2010.93-269
    • (2010) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.93 , Issue.2 , pp. 269-289
    • Shahan, T.A.1
  • 58
    • 84957542556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attention and conditioned reinforcement
    • In, G. J. Madden, W. V. Dube, T. D. Hackenberg, G. P. Hanley, #x0026;, K. A. Lattal, (Eds.),, Washington, DC, American Psychological Association
    • Shahan, T. A. (2013). Attention and conditioned reinforcement. In G. J. Madden, W. V. Dube, T. D. Hackenberg, G. P. Hanley, & K. A. Lattal (Eds.), APA handbook of behavior analysis, vol. 1: methods and principles (pp. 387–410). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/13937-017
    • (2013) APA handbook of behavior analysis, vol. 1: methods and principles , pp. 387-410
    • Shahan, T.A.1
  • 61
    • 77955090553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observing responses: Maintained by good news only?
    • Silberberg, A., & Fantino, E. (2010). Observing responses: Maintained by good news only? Behavioural Processes, 85(1), 80–82. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2010.06.002
    • (2010) Behavioural Processes , vol.85 , Issue.1 , pp. 80-82
    • Silberberg, A.1    Fantino, E.2
  • 62
    • 34247178570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preference for a stimulus that follows a relatively aversive event: Contrast or delay reduction?
    • Singer, R. A., Berry, L. M., & Zentall, T. R. (2007). Preference for a stimulus that follows a relatively aversive event: Contrast or delay reduction? Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 87(2), 275–285. doi:10.1901/jeab.2007.39-06
    • (2007) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.87 , Issue.2 , pp. 275-285
    • Singer, R.A.1    Berry, L.M.2    Zentall, T.R.3
  • 63
    • 79960557147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preference for the outcome that follows a relatively aversive event: Contrast or delay reduction?
    • Singer, R. A., & Zentall, T. R. (2011). Preference for the outcome that follows a relatively aversive event: Contrast or delay reduction? Learning and Motivation, 42(3), 255–271. doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2011.06.001
    • (2011) Learning and Motivation , vol.42 , Issue.3 , pp. 255-271
    • Singer, R.A.1    Zentall, T.R.2
  • 64
    • 0025395179 scopus 로고
    • Suboptimal choice in a percentage-reinforcement procedure: Effects of signal condition and terminal-link length
    • Spetch, M., Belke, T., Barnet, R., Dunn, R., & Pierce, W. (1990). Suboptimal choice in a percentage-reinforcement procedure: Effects of signal condition and terminal-link length. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53(2), 219–234. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1990.53-219.
    • (1990) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 219-234
    • Spetch, M.1    Belke, T.2    Barnet, R.3    Dunn, R.4    Pierce, W.5
  • 65
    • 0023061819 scopus 로고
    • Choice between reliable and unreliable outcomes: Mixed percentage-reinforcement in concurrent chains
    • Spetch, M. L., & Dunn, R. (1987). Choice between reliable and unreliable outcomes: Mixed percentage-reinforcement in concurrent chains. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 47(1), 57–72. doi:10.1901/jeab.1987.47-57
    • (1987) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , vol.47 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-72
    • Spetch, M.L.1    Dunn, R.2
  • 66
    • 0027978257 scopus 로고
    • Determinants of pigeons’ choice between certain and probabilistic outcomes
    • Spetch, M., Mondloch, M., Belke, T., & Dunn, R. (1994). Determinants of pigeons’ choice between certain and probabilistic outcomes. Animal Learning & Behavior, 22(3), 239–251. doi: 10.3758/BF03209832.
    • (1994) Animal Learning & Behavior , vol.22 , Issue.3 , pp. 239-251
    • Spetch, M.1    Mondloch, M.2    Belke, T.3    Dunn, R.4
  • 67
    • 80155189581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sub-optimal choice in pigeons does not depend on avoidance of the stimulus associated with the absence of reinforcement
    • Stagner, J. P., Laude, J. R., & Zentall, T. R. (2011). Sub-optimal choice in pigeons does not depend on avoidance of the stimulus associated with the absence of reinforcement. Learning and Motivation, 42(4), 282–287. doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2011.09.001
    • (2011) Learning and Motivation , vol.42 , Issue.4 , pp. 282-287
    • Stagner, J.P.1    Laude, J.R.2    Zentall, T.R.3
  • 68
    • 84874562858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pigeons prefer discriminative stimuli independently of the overall probability of reinforcement and of the number of presentations of the conditioned reinforcer
    • Stagner, J. P., Laude, J. R., & Zentall, T. R. (2012). Pigeons prefer discriminative stimuli independently of the overall probability of reinforcement and of the number of presentations of the conditioned reinforcer. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes, 38(4), 446–452. doi:10.1037/a0030321
    • (2012) Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 446-452
    • Stagner, J.P.1    Laude, J.R.2    Zentall, T.R.3
  • 69
    • 77957352008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suboptimal choice behavior by pigeons
    • Stagner, J. P., & Zentall, T. R. (2010). Suboptimal choice behavior by pigeons. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(3), 412–416. doi:10.3758/PBR.17.3.412
    • (2010) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 412-416
    • Stagner, J.P.1    Zentall, T.R.2
  • 72
    • 0001108905 scopus 로고
    • Conditioned reinforcement: Neglected or outmoded explanatory construct?
    • Williams, B. A. (1994). Conditioned reinforcement: Neglected or outmoded explanatory construct? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1(4), 457–475. doi:10.3758/BF03210950
    • (1994) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.1 , Issue.4 , pp. 457-475
    • Williams, B.A.1
  • 74
    • 0002101893 scopus 로고
    • The role of observing responses in discrimination learning
    • Wyckoff, L. B., Jr. (1952). The role of observing responses in discrimination learning. Part I. Psychological Review, 59(6), 431–442. doi:10.1037/h0053932
    • (1952) Part I. Psychological Review , vol.59 , Issue.6 , pp. 431-442
    • Wyckoff, L.B.1
  • 75
    • 84921923368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When animals misbehave: analogs of human biases and suboptimal choice
    • Zentall, T. R. (2015). When animals misbehave: analogs of human biases and suboptimal choice. Behavioural Processes, 112, 3–13. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.08.001
    • (2015) Behavioural Processes , vol.112 , pp. 3-13
    • Zentall, T.R.1
  • 76
    • 84881173276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do pigeons gamble? I wouldn't bet against it
    • Zentall, T. R., & Laude, J. R. (2013). Do pigeons gamble? I wouldn't bet against it. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(4), 271–277. doi: 10.1177/0963721413480173
    • (2013) Current Directions in Psychological Science , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 271-277
    • Zentall, T.R.1    Laude, J.R.2
  • 77
    • 84928661873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suboptimal choice by pigeons: Evidence that the value of the conditioned reinforcer rather than its frequency determines choice
    • Zentall, T. R., Laude, J. R, Stagner, J. P. & Smith, A. P. (2015) Suboptimal choice by pigeons: Evidence that the value of the conditioned reinforcer rather than its frequency determines choice. Psychological Record, 65, 223–229. doi 10.1007/s40732-015-0119-2
    • (2015) Psychological Record , vol.65 , pp. 223-229
    • Zentall, T.R.1    Laude, J.R.2    Stagner, J.P.3    Smith, A.P.4
  • 78
    • 79960050408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maladaptive choice behavior by pigeons: An animal analogue and possible mechanism for gambling (sub-optimal human decision-making behavior)
    • Zentall, T. R., & Stagner, J. (2011a). Maladaptive choice behavior by pigeons: An animal analogue and possible mechanism for gambling (sub-optimal human decision-making behavior). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278, 1203–1208. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1607
    • (2011) Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , vol.278 , pp. 1203-1208
    • Zentall, T.R.1    Stagner, J.2
  • 79
    • 79960563304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sub-optimal choice by pigeons: Failure to support the Allais paradox
    • Zentall, T. R., & Stagner, J. (2011b). Sub-optimal choice by pigeons: Failure to support the Allais paradox. Learning and Motivation, 42, 245–254. doi: 10.1016/j.lmot.2011.03.002
    • (2011) Learning and Motivation , vol.42 , pp. 245-254
    • Zentall, T.R.1    Stagner, J.2
  • 80
    • 84870866187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do pigeons prefer information in the absence of differential reinforcement?
    • Zentall, T. R., & Stagner, J. P. (2012). Do pigeons prefer information in the absence of differential reinforcement? Learning & Behavior, 40(4), 465–475. doi:10.3758/s13420-012-0067-5
    • (2012) Learning & Behavior , vol.40 , Issue.4 , pp. 465-475
    • Zentall, T.R.1    Stagner, J.P.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.