The stress process and the social distribution of depression

Journal of Health and Social Behavior

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 374-404

  Turner, R Jay ^a   Lloyd, Donald A ^b  

^a FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 0033250006     PISSN: 00221465     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2676332     Document Type: Article

References (176)

1. Aiken, Leona West and Stephen G. West. 1991. Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
2. Al-Issa, Ihsan. 1982. "Gender and Adult Psychopathology." Pp. 83-110 in Gender and Psychopathology, edited by Ihsan Al-Issa. New York: Academic.
3. American Psychiatric Association. 1987. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Third Edition-Revised (DSM-111-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
4. Aneshensel, Carol S. 1992. "Social Stress: Theory and Research." Annual Review of Sociology 18:15-38.
5. Aneshensel, Carol S., Carolyn M. Rutter, and Peter A. Lachenbruch, 1991. "Social Structure, Stress and Mental Health: Competing Conceptual and Analytic Models." American Sociological Review 56:166-78.
6. Avison, William R. and R. Jay Turner. 1988. "Stressful Life Events and Depressive Symptoms: Disaggregating the Effects of Acute Stressors and Chronic Strains." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 29:253-64.
7. Barnett, Peter A. and Ian H. Gotlib. 1988. "Psychosocial Functioning and Depression: Distinguishing Among Antecedents, Concomitants, and Consequences." Psychological Bulletin 104:97-126.
8. Belle, D. 1982. "The Stress of Caring: Women as Providers of Social Support." Pp. 496-505 in Handbook on Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects, edited by L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz. New York: Free Press.
9. Billings, Andrew G. and Rudolph H. Moos. 1982. "Stressful Life Events and Symptoms: A Longitudinal Model." Health Psychology 1:99-117.
10. Birtchnell, John, Martin Deahl, and Jan Falkowski. 1991. "Further Exploration of the Relationship between Depression and Dependence." Journal of Affective Disorders 22:221-33.
11. Blazer, D. G., L. K. George, R. Landerman, M. Pennybacker, M. L. Melville, M. A. Woodbury, K. G. Manton, K. Jordan, and B. Z. Locke. 1985. "Psychiatric Disorders: A Rural/Urban Comparison." Archives of General Psychiatry 42:651-56.
12. Block, Jeanne H. 1983. "Differential Premises Arising from Differential Socialization of the Sexes: Some Conjectures." Child Development 54:1335-54.
13. Boyd, J. H. and M. M. Weissman. 1981. "Epidemiology of Affective Disorders: A Reexamination and Future Directions." Archives of General Psychiatry 38:1039-46.
14. Breslau, N. and G. C. Davis. 1986. "Chronic Stress and Major Depression." Archives of General Psychiatry 43:309-14.
15. Brown, George W. 1987. "Social Factors and the Development and Course of Depressive Disorders in Women: A Review of a Research Programme." British Journal of Social Work 17:615-34.
16. Brown, George W. and Tirril O. Harris. 1978. Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorders in Women. New York: Free Press.
17. Brown, George W., Tirril O. Harris, and Antonia Bifulco. 1986. "Long-term Effects of Early Loss of Parent." Pp. 251-96 in Depression in Young People: Developmental and Clinical Perspectives, edited by M. Rutter, C. E. Izard, and P. B. Read. New York: Guilford.
18. Bush, D. M. 1987. "The Impact of Family and School on Adolescent Girls' Aspirations and Expectations: The Public-Private Split and the Reproduction of Gender Inequality." Pp. 258-95 in The Trapped Woman: Catch-22 in Deviance and Control, edited by J. Figueira-McDonough and R. Sarri. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
19. Cassel, John. 1976. "The Contribution of the Social Environment to Host Resistance." American Journal of Epidemiology 14:107-23.
20. Chodoff, Paul. 1972. "The Depressive Personality: A Critical Review." International Journal of Psychiatry 21:196-211.
21. Cobb, Sidney. 1976. "Social Support as a Moderator of Life Stress." Psychosomatic Medicine 38:300-14.
22. Cohen, Sheldon and S. Leonard Syme, eds. 1985. Social Support and Health. New York: Academic Press.
23. Cohen, Sheldon and Thomas A. Wills 1985. "Stress, Social Support, and the Buffering Hypothesis." Psychological Bulletin 98:310-57.
24. Cronbach, Lee. 1951. "Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests." Psychometrika 16:297-334.
25. Dean, Alfred and Nan Lin. 1977. "The Stress-Buffering Role of Social Support: Problems and Prospects For Systematic Investigation." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 165:403-17.
26. Dekker, D. J. and J. T. Webb. 1974. "Relationships of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale to Psychiatric Patient Status, Anxiety and Social Desirability." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 18:25-30.
27. Devins, Gerald M. and Carolee Orme. 1985. "Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scales." Pp. 144-60 in Test Critiques, (Vol. 2), edited by D. J. Keyser and R. C. Sweetland. Kansas City, MO: Test Corporation of America.
28. Dohrenwend, Barbara S. 1970. "Social Class and Stressful Events." Pp. 313-31 in Psychiatric Epidemiology, edited by E. H. Hare and J. K. Wing. London: Oxford University Press.
29. Dohrenwend, Barbara Snell and Bruce P. Dohrenwend. 1981. "The 1980 Division 27 Award for Distinguished Contributions to Community Psychology and Community Mental Health: Barbara Snell Dohrenwend and Bruce P. Dohrenwend." American Journal of Community Psychology 9:123-64.
30. Dohrenwend, Bruce P. 1973. "Social Status and Stressful Life Events." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 28:225-35.
31. Dohrenwend, Bruce P. 1998. Adversity, Stress, and Psychopathology. New York: Oxford University Press.
32. Dohrenwend, Bruce P. and Barbara S. Dohrenwend. 1969. Social Status and Psychological Disorder: A Causal Inquiry. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
33. Dohrenwend, B. P., I. Levav, P. E. Shrout, S. Schwartz, G. Naveh, B. G. Link, A. E. Skodol, and A. Stueve. 1992. "Socioeconomic Status and Psychiatric Disorders: The Causation-Selection Issue." Science 255:946-52.
34. Dohrenwend, Bruce P., Karen G. Raphael, Sharon Schwartz, Ann Stueve, and Andrew Skodol. 1993. "The Structured Event Probe and Narrative Rating Method for Measuring Stressful Life Events." Pp. 174-99 in Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects, edited by Leo Goldberger and Shlomo Breznitz. New York: Free Press.
35. Eaton, William W. 1986. The Sociology of Mental Disorders. 2nd ed. New York: Praeger.
36. Eckenrode, J. and S. Gore. 1981. "Stressful Events and Social Supports: The Significance of Context." Pp. 43-68 in Social Networks and Social Support in Community Mental Health, edited by B. H. Gottlieb. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
37. Ensel, Walter M. 1986. "Social Class and Depressive Symptomatology." Pp. 249-66 in Social Support, Life Events, and Depression, edited by N. Lin, A. Dean, and W. Ensel. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
38. Farina, A., Norman Garmezy, and H. Barry. 1963 "Relationship of Marital Status to Incidence and Prognosis of Schizophrenia." Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67:624-30.
39. Ferree, Myra Marx. 1990. "Beyond Separate Spheres: Feminism and Family Research." Journal of Marriage and the Family 52:866-84.
40. Fischer, Claude S. 1982. To Dwell Among Friends. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
41. Flaherty, Joseph A. and Judith A. Richman. 1986. "Effects of Childhood Relationships on the Adult's Capacity to Form Social Supports." American Journal of Psychiatry 143:851-855.
42. Fusilier, Marcelline R., D. C. Ganster, and B. T. Mayes. 1986. "The Social Support and Health Relationship: Is There a Gender Difference?" Journal of Occupational Psychology 59:143-53.
43. Gecas, Viktor. 1989. "The Social Psychology of Self-efficacy." Annual Review of Sociology 15:291-316.
44. Gecas, Viktor and M. A. Seff. 1989. "Social Class, Occupational Conditions, and Self-esteem." Sociological Perspectives. 32(3):353-65.
45. _. 1990. "Social Class and Self-esteem: Psychological Centrality, Compensation, and the Relative Effects of Work and Home." Social Psychological Quarterly 53(2):165-73.
46. George, Linda K. 1994. "Social Factors and Depression in Late Life." In Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in the Elderly: Proceedings of the NIH Consensus Development Conference, edited by L. S. Schneeder, C. F. Reynolds, B. Lebowitz, and A. Friedhoff. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
47. Gerstel, Naomi, C. K. Riessman, and Sarah Rosenfield. 1985. "Explaining the Symptomatology of Separated and Divorced Women and Men: The Role of Material Conditions and Social Support." Social Forces 64:84-101.
48. Gilligan, C. 1982. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
49. Gore, Susan and M. E. Colten. 1991. "Gender, Stress, and Distress." Pp. 139-63 in The Social Context of Coping, edited by J. Eckenrode. New York: Plenum.
50. Gottlieb, Benjamin H. 1981. Social Networks and Social Support. Beverly Hills CA: Sage.
51. Gove, Walter. 1972. "The Relationship Between Sex Roles, Mental Illness and Marital Status." Social Forces 51:34-44.
52. Gurin, Patricia, Gerald Gurin, and B. M. Morrison. 1978. "Personal and Ideological Aspects of Internal and External Control." Social Psychology Quarterly 41:275-96.
53. Gurin, Gerald, Joseph Veroff, and S. Feld. 1960. Americans View Their Mental Health: A Nationwide Survey. New York: Basic Books.
54. Heston, I. 1988. "What About Environment?" Pp. 205-13 in Relatives at Risk for Mental Disorder, edited by D. Gunner, E. Gershon, and J. Barrett. New York: Raven.
55. Hirschfeld, Robert M., Gerald L. Klerman, Harrison G. Gough, James Barrett, Sheldon J. Korchin, and Paul Chodoff. 1977. "A Measure of Interpersonal Dependency." Journal of Personality Assessment 41:610-18.
56. Hirschfeld, Robert M., Gerald L. Klerman, Paul Chodoff, Sheldon J. Korchin, and James Barrett. 1976. "Dependency - Self-esteem - Clinical Depression." Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 4:373-88.
57. Holahan, C. J. and Rudolph H. Moos. 1982. "Social Support and Adjustment: Predictive Benefits of Social Climate Indices." American Journal of Community Psychology 22:157-62.
58. Hollingshead, August B. 1957. Two Factor Index of Social Position. New Haven, CT: A. B. Hollingshead.
59. Hollingshead, August B. and Fredrich C. Redlich. 1958. Social Class and Mental Illness: A Community Study. New York: Wiley.
60. Hong, Sung-Mook, Maria A. Bianca, Marisa R. Bianca, and Joanne Bollington. 1993. "Self-esteem: The Effects of Life-satisfaction, Sex, and Age." Psychological Reports 72:95-101.
61. House, James S. 1981. Work Stress and Social Support. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
62. _. 1987. "Social Support and Social Structure." Sociological Forum 2:135-46.
63. Janca, A., L. N. Robins, L. B. Cottler, and T. S. Early. 1992. "Clinical Observation of CIDI Assessments: An Analysis of the CIDI Field Trials-Wave II at the St. Louis Site." British Journal of Psychology 160:815-18.
64. Johnson, J. H. and I. G. Sarason. 1979. "Moderator Variables in Stress Research." Pp. 151-67 in Stress and Anxiety, Vol. 6, edited by I. G. Sarason and C. D. Spielberger. Washington DC: Hemisphere.
65. Kaplan, Howard B. 1975. Self-attitudes and Deviant Behavior. Pacific Palisades,CA: Goodyear.
66. _. 1980. Deviant Behavior in Defense of Self. New York: Academic Press.
67. Kaplan, Howard B. and A. D. Pokorny. 1969. "Self-derogation and Psychosocial Adjustment." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 149(5):421-34.
68. Kessler, Ronald C. 1979. "A Strategy for Studying Differential Vulnerability to the Psychological Consequences of Stress." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 20:100-8.
69. Kessler, Ronald C. and Marilyn Essex. 1982 "Marital Status and Depression: The Role of Coping Resources." Social Forces 61:484-507.
70. Kessler, Ronald C., Katherine A. McGonagle, Shanyang Zhao, Christopher B. Nelson, Michael Hughes, Suzann Eshleman, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, and Kenneth S. Kendler. 1994. "Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States, Results from the National Comorbidity Survey." Archives of General Psychiatry 51:8-19.
71. Kessler, Ronald C., Richard H. Price, and Camile B. Wortman. 1985. "Social Factors in Psychopathology." Annual Review of Psychology 36:531-72.
72. Kessler, Ronald C., J. Blake Turner, and James S. House. 1988. "Effects of Unemployment on Health in a Community Survey: Main, Modifying, and Mediating Effects." Journal of Social Issues 44(4):69-85.
73. Kish, Leslie. 1965. Survey Sampling. New York: Wiley.
74. Klerman, G. 1983. "The Nosology and Diagnosis of Depressive Disorders." In Psychiatric Update (Vol. 2), edited by L. Grinspoon. Washington, DC.:American Psychiatric Press.
75. Kohn, Melvin L. 1973. "Social Class and Schizophrenia: A Critical Review and Reformulation." Schizophrenia Bulletin 7:60-79.
76. Kohn, Melvin L. and Carmi Schooler. 1983. Work and Personality. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
77. Leavy, Richard L. 1983. "Social Support and Psychological Disorder: A Review." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54:438-46.
78. Liem, Ramsay and Joan Liem. 1978. "Social Class and Mental Illness Reconsidered: The Role of Economic Stress and Social Support." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 19:139-56.
79. Lin, Nan, Alfred Dean, and Walter Ensel. 1986. Social Support, Life Events, and Depression. Orlando FL: Academic Press.
80. Link, Bruce G., Bruce P. Dohhrenwend, and A. Skodol. 1986. "Socio-economic Status and Schizophrenia: Noisome Occupational Characteristics as a Risk Factor." American Sociological Review 51:242-58.
81. Lyons-Ruth, K., D. Zoll, D. Cornell, and H. U. Grunebaum. 1986. "The Depressed Mother and Her one-year-old Infant: Environment Interaction Attachment and Infant Development." Pp. 61-82 in Maternal Depression and Infant Disturbance: New Directions for Child Development Series, No. 34, edited by E. Z. Tronick and T. Field. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
82. Maccoby, Eleanor and C. Jacklin. 1974. The Psychology of Sex Differences. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.
83. MacKinnon, David P. 1994. "Analysis of Mediating Variables in Prevention and Intervention Research." Pp. 127-53 in Scientific Methods for Prevention Intervention Research, edited by A. Cazares and L. A. Beatty. National Institute on Drug Abuse Monograph 139. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office.
84. MacKinnon, David P. Forthcoming. "Contrasts in Multiple Mediator Models." In Multivariate Applications in Substance Abuse Research, edited by J. Rose and L. Chassin. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
85. MacKinnon, David P. and James H. Dwyer. 1993. "Estimating Mediated Effects in Prevention Studies." Evaluation Review 17:144-58.
86. MacKinnon, David P., Ghulam Warsi, and James H. Dwyer. 1995. "A Simulation Study of Mediated Effect Measures." Multivariate Behavioral Research 30:41-62.
87. Madden, Janice Fanning. 1975. "Discrimination -A Manifestation of Male Market Power?" Pp. 146-74 in Sex, Discrimination, and the Division of Labor, edited by Cynthia B. Lloyd. New York: Columbia University Press.
88. Marini, Margaret M. 1989. "Sex Differences in Earnings in the United States" Annual Review of Sociology, 15: 343-80
89. Markush, Robert E. and Rachel V. Favero. 1974. "Epidemiologic Assessment of Stressful Life Events, Depressed Mood, and Psychophysiological Symptoms - a Preliminary Report." Pp. 171-90 in Stressful Life Events: Their Nature and Effects, edited by B. S. Dohrenwend and B. P. Dohrenwend. New York: Wiley.
90. Masserman, J. H. 1970. "Preface: An Historical Review of the Psychodynamic Theories of Affect." Pp. viii-xviii in Science and Psychodynamics, Vol. 17, edited by J. H. Masserman. New York: Grune & Stratton.
91. McLean, Diane E. and Bruce G. Link. 1994. "Unraveling Complexity: Strategies to Refine Concepts, Measures, and Research Designs in the Study of Life Events and Mental Health." Pp. 15-42 in Stress and Mental Health, edited by W. R. Avison and I. H. Gotlib. New York: Plenum Press.
92. McLeod, J. D. and Ronald C. Kessler. 1990. "Socioeconomic Status Differences in Vulnerability to Undesirable Life Events." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 31:162-72.
93. McQuaid, J. R., S. M. Monroe, J. R. Roberts, S. L. Johnson, G. L. Garamoni, D. J. Kupfer, and E. Frank. 1992. "Toward the Standardization of Life Stress Assessment: Definitional Discrepancies and Inconsistencies in Methods." Stress Medicine 8:47-56.
94. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. 1990. "Social Stress and Individual Distress." Pp. 1007-41 in Research in Community and Mental Health, edited by J. Greenley and P. Leaf. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc.
95. Miller, Susanne M. and Nicholas Kirsch. 1987. "Sex Differences in Cognitive Coping with Stress." Pp. 278-307 in Gender and Stress, edited by R. C. Barnett, L. Biener, and G. K. Baruch. New York: Free Press.
96. Miller, T. W. 1989. "Life-event Scaling: Clinical Methodological Issues." Pp. 105-121 in Stressful Life Events: International Universities Press Stress and Health Series Monograph 4, edited by T. Miller, [n.p]: University Press.
97. Mirowsky, John. 1995. "Age and the Sense of Control." Social Psychology Quarterly 58:31-43.
98. Mirowsky, John and Catherine E. Ross. 1983. The "Multidimensionality of Psychopathology in a Community Sample." American Journal of Community Psychology 11(5):573-91.
99. _. 1989. Social Causes of Psychological Distress. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
100. _. 1990. "Control or Defense: Depression and the Sense of Control over Good and Bad Outcomes." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 31:71-86.
101. _. 1992. "Age and Depression." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 33:187-205.
102. _.1996. "Fundamental Analysis in Research on Well-Being:Distress and the Sense of Control." The Gerontologist 36:584-94.
103. Moos, R. H. and R. W. Swindle. 1990. "Stressful Life Circumstances: Concepts and Measures." Stress Medicine 6:171-78.
104. Mortimer, Jeylan T. and Michael D. Finch. 1986. "The Development of Self-esteem in the Early Work Career." Work and Occupation 13:217-39.
105. Myers, Jerome K., Jacob J. Lindenthal, and Max P. Pepper. 1974. "Social Class, Life Events, and Psychiatric Symptoms: A Longitudinal Study." Pp. 191-205 in Stressful Life Events: Their Nature and Effects, edited by B. S. Dohrenwend and B. P. Dohrenwend. New York: Wiley.
106. Myers, J. K., M. M. Weissman, G. L. Tischler, C. E. Holzer III, P. J. Leaf, H. Orvaschel, J. C. Anthony, J. H. Boyd, J. D. Boyd, J. D. Burke, M. Kramer, and R. Stoltzman. 1984. "Six-Month Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Three Communities." Archives of General Psychiatry 41:959-67.
107. Newcomb, M. D., G. Huba, and P. M. Bentler. 1986. "Life Change Events Among Adolescents: An Empirical Investigation of Some Methodological Issues." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 174:280-89.
108. Newman, Joy P. 1989. "Aging and Depression." Psychology and Aging 4(2):150-65.
109. Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan. 1987. "Sex Differences in Unipolar Depression: Evidence and Theory." Psychological Bulletin 2:259-82.
110. Norbeck, Jane S. 1985. "Types and Sources of Social Support For Managing Job Stress in Critical Care Nursing." Nursing Research 34:225-30.
111. Oliver, J. M. and Laurie S. Berger. 1992. "Depression, Parent-Offspring Relationships, and Cognitive Vulnerability." Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 7:415-29.
112. Paykel, E. S. 1978. "Contributions of Life Events to Causation of Psychiatric Illness." Psychological Medicine 8:245-53.
113. Pearlin, Leonard I. 1989. "The Sociological Study of Stress." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 30:241-56.
114. Pearlin, Leonard I. and J. S. Johnson. 1977. "Marital Status, Life-strains, and Depression." American Sociological Review 42:704-15.
115. Pearlin, Leonard I. and Morton A. Lieberman. 1979. "Social Sources of Emotional Distress." Pp 217-48 in Research in Community and Mental Health, edited by R. Simmons. Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press.
116. Pearlin, Leonard I., Morton A. Lieberman, Elizabeth G. Menaghan, and Joseph T. Mullan. 1981. "The Stress Process." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 22:337-56.
117. Pearlin Leonard I. and C. W. Radabaugh. 1976. "Economic Strains and the Coping Functions of Alcohol." American Journal of Sociology 82:652-63.
118. Pearlin, Leonard I. and Carmi Schooler. 1978. "The Structure of Coping." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 19:2-21.
119. Rabkin, J. G. 1982. "Stress and Psychiatric Disorders." Pp. 566-584 in Handbook of Stress, edited by L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz. New York: Free Press.
120. Rabkin, Judith G. and Elmer L. Struening. 1976. "Life Events, Stress, and Illness." Science 194:1013-20.
121. Radloff, Lenore S. 1977. "The CES-D Scale: A New Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population." Applied Psychological Measurement 1:385-401.
122. Raphael, K. G., M. Cloitre, and Bruce P. Dohrenwend. 1991. "Problems of Recall and Misclassification with Checklist Methods of Measuring Stressful Life Events." Health Psychology 10:62-74.
123. Robins, L. N., J. Wing, H.-U. Wittchen, and J. E. Heizer. 1988. "The Composite International Diagnostic Interview: An Epidemiologic Instrument Suitable for Use in Conjunction with Different Diagnostic Systems and in Different Cultures." Archives of General Psychiatry 45:1067-77.
124. Rosenberg, Morris. 1965. Society and the Adolescent Self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
125. _. 1981. "The Self Concept: Source, Product and Social Force." Pp. 593-624 in Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives, edited by M. Rosenberg and R. H. Turner. New York: Basic Books.
126. _. 1985. "Self-concept and Psychological Well-being in Adolescence." Pp. 205-456 in The Development of the Self, edited by R. L. Leahy. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
127. Rosenberg, Morris, Carmi Schooler, and C. Schoenbach. 1989. "Self-esteem and Adolescent Problems: Modeling Reciprocal Effects." American Sociological Review 54:1004-18.
128. Ross, Catherine E. and John Mirowsky. 1989. "Explaining the Social Patterns of Depression: Control and Problem Solving - or Support and Talking?" Journal of Health and Social Behavior 30:206-19.
129. Ross, Catherine E., John Mirowsky, and W. C. Cockerham. 1983. "Social Class, Mexican Culture and Fatalism: Their Effects on Psychological Distress." American Journal of Community Psychology 11:383-99.
130. Sandler, I. S. and R. T. Guenther. 1985. "Assessment of Life Stress Events." Pp. 555-600 in Measurement Strategies in Health Psychology, edited by P. Karoly. New York: Wiley.
131. Sarason, Irwin G. and Barbara R. Sarason, eds. 1985. Social Support: Theory, Research, and Applications. Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
132. Schieman, Scott and Heather Turner. 1998. "Age, Disability, and the Sense of Mastery." Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 39:169-186.
133. Schoenborn, C. A. and J. A. Horn. 1993. "Negative Moods as Correlates of Smoking and Heavy Drinking: Implications for Health Promotion." Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics. No. 236. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
134. Shamir, Boas. 1986. "Self-esteem and the Psychological Impact of Unemployment." Social Psychology Quarterly 49(1):61-72.
135. Sobel, Michael E. 1982. "Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models." Pp. 290-312 in Sociological Methodology, Vol 12: 290-312.
136. Sobel, Michael E. 1986. "Some New Results on Indirect Effects and their Standard Errors in Covariance Structure Models." Sociological Methodology, Vol 16: 290-312.
137. Spengler, P. and H.-U. Wittchen. 1989. "Procedural Validity of Standardized Symptom Questions for the Assessment of Psychotic Symptoms: A Comparison of the CIDI with Two Clinical Methods." Comprehensive Psychiatry 29:309-22.
138. Srole, Leo, Thomas S. Langer, Stanley T. Michael, K. Opler, and Thomas A. C. Rennie. 1961. Mental Health in the Metropolis, Vol. I, The Thomas A. C. Rennie Series in Social Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
139. Stata Corp. 1997. Stata Statistical Software: Release 5.0. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation.
140. Stueve, C. A. and K. Gerson. 1977. "Personal Relations Across the Life Cycle." Pp. 79-98 in Networks and Places, edited by C. S. Fischer, R. M. Jackson, C. A. Stueve, K. Gerson, and L. McAllister Jones, with M. Baldassare. New York: Free Press.
141. Syme, Leonard and Lisa Berkman. 1976. "Social Class, Susceptibility and Sickness." American Journal of Epidemiology 104:1-8.
142. Thoits, Peggy A. 1982. "Life Stress, Social Support and Psychological Vulnerability: Epidemiological Considerations." Journal of Community Psychology 10:341-62.
143. _. 1983. "Dimensions of Life Events that Influence Psychological Distress: An Evaluation and Synthesis of the Literature." Pp. 33-103 in Psychosocial Stress: Trends in Theory and Research, edited by H. B. Kaplan. New York: Academic Press.
144. _. 1994. "Stressors and Problem Solving: The Individual as Psychological Activist." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 35:143-60.
145. _. 1999 "Sociological Approaches to Mental Illness." Pp 121-38 In A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health, edited by T. Scheid and A. V. Horwitz. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
146. Turner, R. Jay. 1983. "Direct, Indirect, and Moderating Effects of Social Support Upon Psychological Distress and Associated Conditions." Pp. 105-55 in Psychosocial Stress: Trends in Theory and Research, edited by H. B. Kaplan, New York: Academic Press.
147. Turner R. Jay and William R. Avison. 1992. "Sources of Attenuation in the Stress-Distress Relationship: An Evaluation of Modest Innovations in the Application of Event Checklists." Pp. 265-300 in Research in Community and Mental Health, edited by J. Greenley and P. Leaf. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
148. Turner, R. Jay, and Morton Beiser. 1990. "Major Depression and Depressive Symptomatology Among the Physically Disabled: Assessing the Role of Chronic Stress." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 178:343-50.
149. Turner, R. Jay, B. Gail Frankel, and Deborah M. Levin. 1983. "Social Support: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Implications for Mental Health." Pp. 67-110 in Community and Mental Health, Volume III, edited by James R. Greenley. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
150. Turner, R. Jay and Donald A. Lloyd. 1995. "Lifetime Traumas and Mental Health: The Significance of Cumulative Adversity." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 36:360-76.
151. Turner, R. Jay, Donald A. Lloyd, and Patricia Roszell. 1999. "Personal Resources and the Social Distribution of Depression." American Journal of Community Psychology, October: 643-676.
152. Turner, R. Jay and Franco Marino. 1994. "Social Support and Social Structure: A Descriptive Epidemiology." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 35:193-212.
153. Turner, R. Jay and Samuel Noh. 1983. "Class and Psychological Vulnerability Among Women: The Significance of Social Support and Personal Control." Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 24:2-15.
154. _. 1988. "Physical Disability and Depression: A Longitudinal Analysis." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 29:263-77.
155. Turner, R. Jay and Blair Wheaton. 1995. "Checklist Measurement of Stressful Life Events." Pp. 29-58 in Measuring Stress: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists, edited by S. Cohen, R. C. Kessler, and L. U. Gordon. New York: Oxford University Press.
156. Turner, R. Jay, Blair Wheaton, and Donald A. Lloyd. 1995. "The Epidemiology of Social Stress." American Sociological Review 60:104-25.
157. Turner, R. Jay and D. William Wood. 1985. "Depression and Disability: The Stress Process in a Chronically Strained Population." Pp. 77-109 in Research in Community and Mental Health, Vol. V, edited by James R. Greenley. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
158. Uhlenhuth, E. and E. S. Paykel 1973. "Symptom Intensity and Life Events." Archives of General Psychiatry 28:473-77.
159. Vaux, Alan. 1988. Social Support: Theory, Research, and Intervention. New York: Praeger.
160. Veiel, Hans O. F. and Urs Baumann. 1992. "The Many Meanings of Social Support." Pp. 1-7 in The Meaning and Measurement of Social Support, edited by Hans O. F. Veiel and Urs Baumann. New York: Hemisphere Publishing.
161. Wacker, H. R., R. Battegay, R. Mullejans, and C. Schlosser. 1990. "Using the CIDI-C in the General Population." Pp. 138-43 in Psychiatry: A World Perspective, edited by C. N. Stefains, A. D. Rabvilas, and C. R. Soldatos. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: Elsevier Science Publishers.
162. Weissman, Myrna M., Martha L. Bruce, Philip J. Leaf, Louis P. Florio, and Charles Holzer III. 1991. "Affective Disorders." Pp. 53-80 in Psychiatric Disorders in America, edited by L. N. Robins and D. A. Regier. New York Free Press.
163. Weissman, Myrna M. and Gerald K. Klerman. 1977. "Sex Differences and the Epidemiology of Depression." Archives of General Psychiatry 34:98-111.
164. Wethington, Elaine and Ronald C. Kessler. 1986. "Perceived Support, Received Support, and Adjustment to Stressful Life Events." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 27:78-89.
165. Wheaton, Blair. 1978. "The Sociogenesis of Psychological Disorder: Re-examining the Causal Issues with Longitudinal Data." American Sociological Review 43:383-404.
166. _. 1980. "The Sociogenesis of Psychological Disorder: An Attributional Theory." Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 21:100-24.
167. _. 1983. "Stress, Personal Coping Resources, and Psychiatric Symptoms: An Investigation of Interactive Models." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 24:208-29.
168. _. 1990. "Life Transitions, Role Histories, and Mental Health." American Sociological Review 55:209-23.
169. _. 1991. "Chronic Stress: Models and Measurement." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems, August, 19-21 Cincinnati, OH.
170. _. 1994. "Sampling the Stress Universe." Pp. 77-114 in Stress and Mental Health: Contemporary Issues and Prospects for the Future, edited by W. Avison and I. Gotlib. New York: Plenum.
171. White, Robert W. 1959. "Motivation Reconsidered: The Concept of Competence." Psychological Review 66:297-333.
172. Wittchen, H.-U, L. N. Robins, L. B. Cottler, N. Sartorious, J. D. Burke, D. A. Regier, and Participants in the Multicenter WHO/ ADAMHA Field Trials. 1991. "Cross-Cultural Feasibility, Reliability and Sources of Variance in the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)." British Journal of Psychiatry 159:645-53.
173. World Health Organization. 1990. Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Version 1.0. Geneva: World Health Organization.
174. Wylie, Ruth C. 1979. The Self-concept, Vol. 2. Theory and Research on Selected Topics. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
175. Zautra, A. J. 1983. "Social Resources and Quality of Life." American Journal of Community Psychology 11:275-90.
176. Zuckerman, P. 1989. "Stress, Self-esteem, and Mental Health: How Does Gender Make a Difference?" Sex Roles 20(7/8):429-44.