Emerging trends in epidemiology and management of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease

Volumn 85, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 266-275

  Martirosov, Dmitriy M ^a   Lodise, Thomas P ^a  

^a ALBANY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

Carbapenem resistance; Enterobacteriaceae; Gram negative bacteria; Treatment; Lactamase; Lactamase inhibitor

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMINOGLYCOSIDE; AVIBACTAM PLUS CEFTAZIDIME; AZTREONAM; CARBAPENEM; CEFEPIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CEPHALOSPORIN; CILASTATIN PLUS IMIPENEM; COLISTIN; DORIPENEM; DOXYCYCLINE; ERAVACYCLINE; ERTAPENEM; FOSFOMYCIN; GENTAMICIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; MEROPENEM; METRONIDAZOLE; NITROCEFIN; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; PIPERACILLIN PLUS TAZOBACTAM; PLAZOMICIN; POLYMYXIN B; RELEBACTAM; SULTAMICILLIN; TIGECYCLINE; TOBRAMYCIN; UNINDEXED DRUG; VABORBACTAM; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; CARBAPENEM DERIVATIVE;

ABDOMINAL INFECTION; ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; BLOODSTREAM INFECTION; CARBAPENEM RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG SAFETY; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HOSPITAL ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFECTION RISK; KIDNEY INFECTION; LENGTH OF STAY; MENINGITIS; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MONOTHERAPY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PNEUMONIA; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYELONEPHRITIS; RISK FACTOR; TINNITUS; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TREND STUDY; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA; VERTIGO; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; DRUG EFFECTS; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS; MICROBIOLOGY;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BETA-LACTAM RESISTANCE; CARBAPENEMS; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS; HUMANS;

EID: 84966710088     PISSN: 07328893     EISSN: 18790070     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.10.008     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Abdallah M., Olafisoye O., Cortes C., Urban C., Landman D., Quale J. 253. Activity of eravacycline against Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter baumannii from New York City [abstract]. Poster presented at 3rd Annual IDWeek, October 8-12, 2014; Philadelphia, PA 2014.
2. Actavis Actavis Receives U.S. FDA Approval for AVYCAZ™ (CEFTAZIDIMEAVIBACTAM) [press release] 2015, PR Newswire, Dublin, Ireland, [Available at: http://www.actavis.com/news/news/thomson-reuters/actavis-receives-u-s-fda-approval-for-avycaz-ceft Accessed Feb. 25, 2015].
3. Aktas Z., Kayacan C., Oncul O. In vitro activity of avibactam (NXL104) in combination with beta-lactams against Gram-negative bacteria, including OXA-48 beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012, 39:86-89.
4. Ambler R.P. The structure of beta-lactamases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1980, 289:321-331.
5. Badal R., Young K., Motyl M.R., Hoban D.J., Hackel M., Biedenbach D., et al. E-1163. Impact of MK-7655 on imipenem MICs of a large collection of Enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates [abstract]. Poster presented at 53rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), September 10-13, 2013; Denver, CO 2013.
6. Bassetti M., Righi E. Eravacycline for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014, 23:1575-1584.
7. Baxter Corp. Gentamine [package insert] 2012, Baxter Corporation, Mississauga, Ontario.
8. Begg E.J., Barclay M.L., Kirkpatrick C.J. The therapeutic monitoring of antimicrobial agents. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999, 47:23-30.
9. Bergan T. Degree of absorption, pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin trometamol and duration of urinary antibacterial activity. Infection 1990, 18(Suppl 2):S65-9.
10. Bulik C.C., Nicolau D.P. Double-carbapenem therapy for carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011, 55:3002-3004.
11. Bush K., Jacoby G.A., Medeiros A.A. A functional classification scheme for beta-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995, 39:1211-1233.
12. Carattoli A. Resistance plasmid families in Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009, 53:2227-2238.
13. Cass R.T., Brooks C.D., Havrilla N.A., Tack K.J., Borin M.T., Young D., et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of single and multiple doses of ACHN-490 injection administered intravenously in healthy subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011, 55:5874-5880.
14. Castanheira M., Rhomberg P.R., Watters A., Jones R.N. 257. In vitro activity of meropenem/RPX7009, a carbapenem/β-lactamase inhibitor combination tested against contemporary populations of Enterobacteriaceae and KPC-producing strains [abstract]. Poster presented at 3rd Annual IDWeek, October 8-12, 2014; Philadelphia, PA 2014.
15. CDC Antibiotic resistant threats in the United States 2013, [Available at: Availablet at: http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf Accessed October 22, 2014].
16. Cerexa Inc. Ceftazidime-avibactam for injection for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infection (used in combination with metronidazole), complicated urinary tract infection including acute pyelonephritis, and limited use indication: aerobic gram-negative infections with limited treatment options 2014, [Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/Anti-InfectiveDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM425459.pdf Accessed March 3, 2015].
17. Connors K.P., Housman S.T., Pope J.S., Russomanno J., Salerno E., Shore E., et al. Phase I, open-label, safety and pharmacokinetic study to assess bronchopulmonary disposition of intravenous eravacycline in healthy men and women. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014, 58:2113-2118.
18. Curcio D. Treatment of recurrent urosepsis with tigecycline: a pharmacological perspective. J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:1892-1893.
19. Dalfino L., Puntillo F., Mosca A., Monno R., Spada M.L., Coppolecchia S., et al. High-dose, extended-interval colistin administration in critically ill patients: is this the right dosing strategy? A preliminary study. Clin Infect Dis 2012, 54:1720-1726.
20. Falagas M.E., Karageorgopoulos D.E., Dimopoulos G. Clinical significance of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of tigecycline. Curr Drug Metab 2009, 10:13-21.
21. Falagas M.E., Lourida P., Poulikakos P., Rafailidis P.I., Tansarli G.S. Antibiotic treatment of infections due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: systematic evaluation of the available evidence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014, 58:654-663.
22. Falagas M.E., Tansarli G.S., Karageorgopoulos D.E., Vardakas K.Z. Deaths attributable to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2014, 20:1170-1175.
23. Forest Pharmaceuticals Inc. Monurol [package insert]. Saint Louis, Missouri: Forest Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2007.
24. Forest Pharmaceuticals Inc. Avycaz [package insert]. Cincinnati, Ohio: Forest Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2015.
25. Galani I., Souli M., Daikos G.L., Chrysouli Z., Poulakou G., Psichogiou M., et al. Activity of plazomicin (ACHN-490) against MDR clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter spp. from Athens, Greece. J Chemother 2012, 24:191-194.
26. Gallagher J.C., Kuriakose S., Haynes K., Axelrod P. Case-case-control study of patients with carbapenem-resistant and third-generation-cephalosporin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014, 58:5732-5735.
27. Gaynes R.P., Culver D.H. Resistance to imipenem among selected gram-negative bacilli in the United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992, 13:10-14.
28. Griffith D., Rubino C., Loutit J., Morgan E., White D., Dudley M. 401. A phase 1 study of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the beta-lactamase inhibitor RPX7009 alone, meropenem alone, and both in combination (carbavance) tid for 7 days in healthy adult subjects [abstract]. Poster presented at 3rd Annual IDWeek, October 8-12, 2014; Philadelphia, PA 2014.
29. Gupta N., Limbago B.M., Patel J.B., Kallen A.J. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: epidemiology and prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53:60-67.
30. Hagihara M., Crandon J.L., Urban C.M., Nicolau D.P. KPC presence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has minimal impact on the in vivo efficacy of carbapenem therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013, 57:1086-1088.
31. Hayden M.K., Lin M.Y., Lolans K., Weiner S., Blom D., Moore N.M., et al. Prevention of colonization and infection by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in long-term acute-care hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 2015, 60:1153-1161.
32. Hidron A.I., Edwards J.R., Patel J., Horan T.C., Sievert D.M., Pollock D.A., et al. NHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006-2007. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008, 29:996-1011.
33. Hoffmann M., DeMaio W., Jordan R.A., Talaat R., Harper D., Speth J., et al. Metabolism, excretion, and pharmacokinetics of [14C]tigecycline, a first-in-class glycylcycline antibiotic, after intravenous infusion to healthy male subjects. Drug Metab Dispos 2007, 35:1543-1553.
34. Hong J.H., Clancy C.J., Cheng S., Shields R.K., Chen L., Doi Y., et al. Characterization of porin expression in Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing K. pneumoniae identifies isolates most susceptible to the combination of colistin and carbapenems. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013, 57:2147-2153.
35. Hussain M., Carlino A., Madonna M.J., Lampen J.O. Cloning and sequencing of the metallothioprotein beta-lactamase II gene of Bacillus cereus 569/H in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1985, 164:223-229.
36. Jacoby G.A. AmpC beta-lactamases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009, 22:161-182. [Table of Contents].
37. Jumes P, Rizk ML, Gutierrez M, Li X, Stoch SA, Wagner JA, et al. A phase I study evaluating the single-dose safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of an intravenous beta-lactamase inhibitor in healthy elderly male, elderly female, and young female volunteers [abstract]. Poster presented at 52nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), September 9-12, 2012; San Francisco, CA; 2012.
38. Lauretti L., Riccio M.L., Mazzariol A., Cornaglia G., Amicosante G., Fontana R., et al. Cloning and characterization of blaVIM, a new integron-borne metallo-beta-lactamase gene from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999, 43:1584-1590.
39. Leavitt A., Navon-Venezia S., Chmelnitsky I., Schwaber M.J., Carmeli Y. Emergence of KPC-2 and KPC-3 in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in an Israeli hospital. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51:3026-3029.
40. Lee G.C., Burgess D.S. Treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) infections: a review of published case series and case reports. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2012, 11:32. 10.1186/1476-0711-11-32.
41. Livermore D.M., Oakton K.J., Carter M.W., Warner M. Activity of ertapenem (MK-0826) versus Enterobacteriaceae with potent beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001, 45:2831-2837.
42. Livermore D.M., Mushtaq S., Warner M., Zhang J.C., Maharjan S., Doumith M., et al. Activity of aminoglycosides, including ACHN-490, against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66:48-53.
43. Livermore D.M., Warner M., Mushtaq S. Activity of MK-7655 combined with imipenem against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013, 68:2286-2290.
44. Lodise T., Ye M., Dixit S., Zhao Q. Prevalence of invasive gram-negative infections due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) among adult patients in US intensive care units (ICUs) [abstract]. Poster presented at The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Spring 2015, May 14-17, 2015; Orlando, FL 2015.
45. Maltezou H.C., Giakkoupi P., Maragos A., Bolikas M., Raftopoulos V., Papahatzaki H., et al. Outbreak of infections due to KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a hospital in Crete (Greece). J Infect 2009, 58:213-219.
46. Marchaim D., Chopra T., Bhargava A., Bogan C., Dhar S., Hayakawa K., et al. Recent exposure to antimicrobials and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: the role of antimicrobial stewardship. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012, 33:817-830.
47. Marquez P., Terashita D., Dassey D., Mascola L. Population-based incidence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae along the continuum of care, Los Angeles County. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013, 34:144-150.
48. Marsik F.J., Nambiar S. Review of carbapenemases and AmpC-beta lactamases. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011, 30:1094-1095.
49. Matzi V., Lindenmann J., Porubsky C., Kugler S.A., Maier A., Dittrich P., et al. Extracellular concentrations of fosfomycin in lung tissue of septic patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010, 65:995-998.
50. Merck & Co Inc. Merck's investigational beta-lactamase inhibitor relebactam (MK-7655) granted qualified infectious disease product (QIDP) and fast track designations by FDA [press release] 2014, [Available at: http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140904005618/en/Merck%E2%80%99s-Investigational-Beta-lactamase-Inhibitor-Relebactam-MK-7655-Granted#.VOdj0PnF9PM Accessed September 4, 2014].
51. Mezzatesta M.L., Gona F., Caio C., Petrolito V., Sciortino D., Sciacca A., et al. Outbreak of KPC-3-producing, and colistin-resistant, Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in two Sicilian hospitals. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011, 17:1444-1447.
52. Michalopoulos A.S., Livaditis I.G., Gougoutas V. The revival of fosfomycin. Int J Infect Dis 2011, 15:e732-739.
53. Miriagou V., Tzelepi E., Gianneli D., Tzouvelekis L.S. Escherichia coli with a self-transferable, multiresistant plasmid coding for metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003, 47:395-397.
54. Monarch Pharmaceuticals. 2006. Coly-Mycin [package insert]. Bristol, TN: Monarch Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
55. Moore R.D., Lietman P.S., Smith C.R. Clinical response to aminoglycoside therapy: importance of the ratio of peak concentration to minimal inhibitory concentration. J Infect Dis 1987, 155:93-99.
56. Munoz-Price L.S., Poirel L., Bonomo R.A., Schwaber M.J., Daikos G.L., Cormican M., et al. Clinical epidemiology of the global expansion of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases. Lancet Infect Dis 2013, 13:785-796.
57. Ni W., Cai X., Wei C., Di X., Cui J., Wang R., et al. Efficacy of polymyxins in the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Braz J Infect Dis 2015, [pii: S1413-8670(15)00025-2. Epub ahead of print]. 10.1016/j.bjid.2014.12.004.
58. Patel G., Huprikar S., Factor S.H., Jenkins S.G., Calfee D.P. Outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection and the impact of antimicrobial and adjunctive therapies. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008, 29:1099-1106.
59. Patel N., Harrington S., Dihmess A., Woo B., Masoud R., Martis P., et al. Clinical epidemiology of carbapenem-intermediate or -resistant Enterobacteriaceae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66:1600-1608.
60. Pavez M., Neves P., Dropa M., Matte M.H., Grinbaum R.S., Elmor de Araujo M.R., et al. Emergence of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli producing CMY-2-type AmpC beta-lactamase in Brazil. J Med Microbiol 2008, 57:1590-1592.
61. Perez F., Endimiani A., Ray A.J., Decker B.K., Wallace C.J., Hujer K.M., et al. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae across a hospital system: impact of post-acute care facilities on dissemination. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010, 65:1807-1818.
62. Pillar C.M., Stoneburner A., Serio A.W. E-1168b-plazomicin is potent alone and in combination with other broad-spectrum agents, with no antagonism, against KPC-producing K. pneumoniae [abstract]. Poster presented at 53rd Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, September 10-13, 2013; Denver, CO 2013.
63. Poirel L., Heritier C., Tolun V., Nordmann P. Emergence of oxacillinase-mediated resistance to imipenem in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004, 48:15-22.
64. Pournaras S., Protonotariou E., Voulgari E., Kristo I., Dimitroulia E., Vitti D., et al. Clonal spread of KPC-2 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in Greece. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009, 64:348-352.
65. Prins J.M., Buller H.R., Kuijper E.J., Tange R.A., Speelman P. Once-daily gentamicin versus once-daily netilmicin in patients with serious infections-a randomized clinical trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994, 33:823-835.
66. Pucci M.J., Bush K. Investigational antimicrobial agents of 2013. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013, 26:792-821.
67. Qin S., Fu Y., Zhang Q., Qi H., Wen J.G., Xu H., et al. High incidence and endemic spread of NDM-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae in Henan Province, China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014, 58:4275-4282.
68. Queenan A.M., Bush K. Carbapenemases: the versatile beta-lactamases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007, 20:440-458.
69. Rafailidis P.I., Falagas M.E. Options for treating carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2014, 27:479-483.
70. Rempex Pharmaceuticals A phase 3, multi-center, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of carbavance (meropenem/RPX7009) compared to piperacillin/tazobactam in the treatment of cUTIs, including AP, in adults 2014, vol. NCT02166476. ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]: US National Library of Medicine. US Department of Health and Human Services (Ed.).
71. Rempex Pharmaceuticals A phase 3, multi-center, randomized, open-label study of carbavance (meropenem/RPX7009) versus best available therapy in subjects with selected serious infections due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae 2014, vol. NCT02168946. ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]: US National Library of Medicine. US Department of Health and Human Services (Ed.).
72. Riddle V., Cebrik D., Armstrong E., Cass R., Clobes T., Hillan K. L2-2118a. Plazomicin safety and efficacy in patients with complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) or acute pyelonephritis (AP) [abstract]. Poster presented at 52nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), September 9-12, 2012; San Francisco, CA 2012.
73. Sandri A.M., Landersdorfer C.B., Jacob J., Boniatti M.M., Dalarosa M.G., Falci D.R., et al. Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous polymyxin B in critically ill patients: implications for selection of dosage regimens. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57:524-531.
74. Schintler M.V., Traunmuller F., Metzler J., Kreuzwirt G., Spendel S., Mauric O., et al. High fosfomycin concentrations in bone and peripheral soft tissue in diabetic patients presenting with bacterial foot infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009, 64:574-578.
75. Schwaber M.J., Lev B., Israeli A., Solter E., Smollan G., Rubinovitch B., et al. Containment of a country-wide outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Israeli hospitals via a nationally implemented intervention. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 52:848-855.
76. Sievert D.M., Ricks P., Edwards J.R., Schneider A., Patel J., Srinivasan A., et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009-2010. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013, 34:1-14.
77. Solomkin J.S., Ramesh M.K., Cesnauskas G., Novikovs N., Stefanova P., Sutcliffe J.A., et al. Phase 2, randomized, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of two dose regimens of eravacycline versus ertapenem for adult community-acquired complicated intra-abdominal infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014, 58:1847-1854.
78. Sutcliffe J.A., O'Brien W., Fyfe C., Grossman T.H. Antibacterial activity of eravacycline (TP-434), a novel fluorocycline, against hospital and community pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013, 57:5548-5558.
79. Tato M., Coque T.M., Baquero F., Canton R. Dispersal of carbapenemase blaVIM-1 gene associated with different Tn402 variants, mercury transposons, and conjugative plasmids in Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010, 54:320-327.
80. Temkin E., Adler A., Lerner A., Carmeli Y. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: biology, epidemiology, and management. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014, 1323:22-42.
81. Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals Inc. Tetraphase announces positive top-line results from phase 3 IGNITE 1 clinical trial of eravacycline in complicated intra-abdominal infections [press release] 2014, [Available at: http://ir.tphase.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=888162 Accessed December 17, 2014].
82. Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals Inc. Tetraphase announces top-line results from IGNITE2 phase 3 clinical trial of eravacycline in cUTI [press release] 2015, [Available at: http://ir.tphase.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=930613 Accessed September 8, 2015].
83. Tzouvelekis L.S., Markogiannakis A., Piperaki E., Souli M., Daikos G.L. Treating infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014, 20:862-872.
84. US Food and Drug Administration NDA 206494 Ceftazidime-Avibactam 2014, [Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/Anti-InfectiveDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM425458.pdf Accessed March 24, 2015].
85. van Duin D., Kaye K.S., Neuner E.A., Bonomo R.A. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: a review of treatment and outcomes. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013, 75:115-120.
86. Vatopoulos A. High rates of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Greece-a review of the current evidence. Euro Surveill 2008, 13. [pii: 8023].
87. Walther-Rasmussen J., Hoiby N. OXA-type carbapenemases. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006, 57:373-383.
88. Wiskirchen D.E., Crandon J.L., Nicolau D.P. Impact of various conditions on the efficacy of dual carbapenem therapy against KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013, 41:582-585.
89. Woodford N., Tierno P.M., Young K., Tysall L., Palepou M.F., Ward E., et al. Outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing a new carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase, KPC-3, in a New York Medical Center. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004, 48:4793-4799.
90. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2010. Tygacil [package insert]. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Wyeth Pahrmaceutials Inc.
91. Xellia Pharmaceuticals. 2015. Polymyxin B for Injection [package insert]. Grayslake, IL: Xellia Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
92. Yigit H., Queenan A.M., Anderson G.J., Domenech-Sanchez A., Biddle J.W., Steward C.D., et al. Novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase, KPC-1, from a carbapenem-resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001, 45:1151-1161.
93. Yong D., Toleman M.A., Giske C.G., Cho H.S., Sundman K., Lee K., et al. Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009, 53:5046-5054.
94. Zhanel G.G., Lawson C.D., Zelenitsky S., Findlay B., Schweizer F., Adam H., et al. Comparison of the next-generation aminoglycoside plazomicin to gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012, 10:459-473.
95. Zhanel G.G., Lawson C.D., Adam H., Schweizer F., Zelenitsky S., Lagace-Wiens P.R., et al. Ceftazidime-avibactam: a novel cephalosporin/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination. Drugs 2013, 73:159-177.