Feed them to the lions: Conservation violence goes online

Geoforum

Volumn 79, Issue , 2017, Pages 134-143

  Lunstrum, Elizabeth ^a  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Animal geographies; Conservation; Militarization; Online violence cyber violence; Poaching; Violence

Indexed keywords

INTERNET; NATIONAL PARK; NATURE CONSERVATION; POACHING; SOCIAL MEDIA; SPECIES CONSERVATION; VIOLENCE;

SOUTH AFRICA;

AGONIDAE; ANIMALIA;

EID: 84966697652     PISSN: 00167185     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.04.009     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Abe, S., Conceptions of nature in Iran: science, nationalism, and heteroglossia. J. Anthropol. Res. 69:2 (2013), 201–223.
2. Agamben, G., Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. 1998, Stanford University Press, Stanford.
3. Ahuja, N., Postcolonial critique in a multispecies world. Dubino, J., Rashidian, Z., Smyth, A., (eds.) Representing the Modern Animal in Culture, 2014, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 227–237.
4. Arendt, H., The Origins of Totalitarianism. first ed., 1951, Harcourt, New York.
5. AVAAZ.org, 2015. Minister Molewa, Dept of Environmental Affairs, We Call on You to Change the Rules of Engagement in the Rhino War. < https://secure.avaaz.org/en/petition/Minister_Molewa_Depart_of_Environmental_Affairs_South_African_Government_We_call_on_you_to_Change_the_Rules_of_Engagemen/>.
6. Banks, J., Regulating hate speech online. Int. Rev. Law, Comput. Technol. 24:3 (2010), 233–239.
7. Barr, S., Climate forums: virtual discourses on climate change and the sustainable lifestyle. Area 43:1 (2011), 14–22.
8. Bearak, B., Parole in ‘Lion's Den’ Case Stirs Anger. 2008, New York Times.
9. Benjaminsen, T., Bryceson, I., Conservation, green/blue grabbing and accumulation by dispossession in Tanzania. J. Peasant Stud. 39:2 (2012), 335–355.
10. Biggs, D.A., Quagmire: Nation-Building and Nature in the Mekong Delta. 2010, University of Washington Press, Seattle.
11. Brockington, D., Fortress Conservation: The Preservation of the Mkomazi Game Reserve. 2002, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Tanzania.
12. Buchanan, K.S., Contested discourses, knowledge, and socio-environmental conflict in Ecuador. Environ. Sci. Pol. 30 (2013), 19–25.
13. Büscher, B., Nature 2.0. Geoforum 44 (2013), 1–3.
14. Büscher, B., “Rhino poaching is out of control!” Violence, heroes and the politics of hysteria in online conservation. Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, Chicago, 2015.
15. Büscher, B., Igoe, J., ‘Prosuming’ conservation? Web 2.0, nature and the intensification of value-producing labour in late capitalism. J. Consum. Cult. 13:3 (2013), 283–305.
16. Büscher, B., Conservation and development 2.0: Intensifications and disjunctures in the politics of online ‘do-good’ platforms. Geoforum 79 (2017), 163–173.
17. Butler, J., Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence. 2004, Verso, London.
18. Carruthers, J., The Kruger National Park: A Social and Political History. 1995, University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg.
19. Cederlöf, G., Sivaramakrishnan, K., Ecological Nationalisms: Nature, Livelihoods, and Identities in South Asia. 2006, University of Washington Press, Seattle.
20. Change.org, 2015. Petitioning Shri Atuwa Munda (Hon'ble Forest Minister of Assam) and Shri Tarun Gogoi (Hon'ble CM of Assam): Enforce Extreme Measures and Implement Shoot at Sight Policy Against the Poachers Involved in Killings Assam's One Horned Endangered Rhinos in Kaziranga National Park. < https://www.change.org/p/enforce-extreme-measures-and-implement-shoot-at-sight-policy-against-the-poachers-involved-in-killings-assam-s-one-horned-endangered-rhinos-in-kaziranga-national-park>.
21. Chess, S., Shaw, A., A conspiracy of fishes, or, how we learned to stop worrying about #gamergate and embrace hegemonic masculinity. J. Broadcast. Electron. Media 59:1 (2015), 208–220.
22. Collard, R.C., Dempsey, J., Life for sale? The politics of lively commodities. Environ. Plan. A 45:11 (2013), 2682–2699.
23. Daume, S., Albert, M., von Gadow, K., Forest monitoring and social media – complementary data sources for ecosystem surveillance?. For. Ecol. Manage. 316 (2014), 9–20.
24. Denzin, N., Cybertalk and the method of instances. Jones, S., (eds.) Doing Internet Research: Critical Issues and Methods for Examining the Net, 1999, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, Calif., 107–126.
25. Devine, J., Counterinsurgency ecotourism in Guatemala's Maya Biosphere Reserve. Environ. Plan. D – Soc. Space 32:6 (2014), 984–1001.
26. Dowie, M., Conservation Refugees: The Hundred-Year Conflict between Global Conservation and Native Peoples. 2009, MIT Press, Cambridge.
27. Duffy, R., Waging a war to save biodiversity: the rise of militarised conservation. Int. Aff., 819–34(90), 2014, 4.
28. Duffy, R., St. John, F., Buscher, B., Brockington, D., The militarization of anti-poaching: undermining long term goals?. Environ. Conserv. 42:4 (2015), 345–348.
29. Emel, J., Are you man enough, big and bad enough? Ecofeminism and wolf eradication in the USA. Environ. Plan. D – Soc. Space 13:6 (1995), 707–734.
30. Emslie, R., Milliken, T., Talukdar, B., 2012. African and Asian Rhinoceroses: Status, Conservation and Trade [IUCN/TRAFFIC Report to the CITES Secretariat Pursuant to Resolution Conference 9.14] (Rev. CoP15). CITES Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland.
31. Environmental Affairs, 2015. Minister Edna Molewa Highlights Progress in the War Against Poaching and Plans for 2015. < https://www.environment.gov.za/mediarelease/molewa_waragainstpoaching2015>.
32. Erjavec, K., Kovacic, M.P., “You Don't Understand, This is a New War!” Analysis of hate speech in news web sites’ comments. Mass Commun. Soc. 15:6 (2012), 899–920.
33. Ferreira, S., Botha, J., Emmett, M., Anthropogenic influences on conservation values of white rhinoceros. PLoS ONE 7:9 (2012), 1–14.
34. Fletcher, R., Gaming conservation: Nature 2.0 confronts nature-deficit disorder. Geoforum 79 (2017), 153–162.
35. Foucault, M., The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. 1970, Tavistock Publications, London.
36. Foucault, M., The Birth of the Clinic; An Archaeology of Medical Perception. first American ed., 1973, Pantheon Books, New York.
37. Foucault, M., Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. first American ed., 1977, Pantheon Books, New York.
38. Fozdar, F., Spittles, B., Of cows and men: nationalism and Australian cow making. Aust. J. Anthropol. 25:1 (2014), 73–90.
39. Geisler, C., A new kind of trouble: evictions in Eden. Int. Soc. Sci. J. 55:1 (2003), 69–78.
40. Ginger, J., The Facebook Project: The Missing Box: The Radial Politics Behind the Facebook Interface. 2008, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
41. Hawkins, R., Silver, J.J., From selfie to #sealfie: Nature 2.0 and the digital cultural politics of an internationally contested resource. Geoforum 79 (2017), 114–123.
42. Howard, B.C., Largest rhino airlift ever to move 100 at-risk animals. Nat. Geogr., 2015.
43. Hughes, D.M., Whiteness in Zimbabwe: Race, Landscape, and the Problem of Belonging. first ed., 2010, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
44. Hutton, J., Adams, W., Murombedzi, J., Back to the barriers? Changing narratives in biodiversity conservation. Forum Dev. Stud. 32:2 (2005), 341–370.
45. IAPF, 2015. IAPF: International Anti-Poaching Foundation. < http://www.iapf.org/>.
46. Igoe, J., Conservation and Globalization: A Study of the National Parks and Indigenous Communities from East Africa to South Dakota. 2004, Thomson/Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, USA.
47. Jazeel, T., ‘Nature’, nationhood and the poetics of meaning in Ruhuna (Yala) National Park, Sri Lanka. Cult. Geographies 12:2 (2005), 199–227.
48. Kepe, T., Shaped by race: why “race” still matters in the challenges facing biodiversity conservation in Africa. Local Environ. 14:9 (2009), 871–878.
49. Lehihi, S., Botswana Vows to End Elephant Poaching. 2013, SABC News.
50. Lombard, L., 2012. Dying for ivory. New York Times. September 20, 2012. < http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/21/opinion/elephants-dying-for-ivory.html?_r=0> (last accessed 24 June, 2013).
51. Lunstrum, Land grabs, green grabs, and the spatiality of displacement: eviction from Mozambique's Limpopo National Park. Area, 2016 (forthcoming).
52. Lunstrum, E., Reconstructing history, grounding claims to space: history, memory, and displacement in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. S. Afr. Geogr. J. 92:2 (2010), 129–143.
53. Lunstrum, E., Articulated sovereignty: extending Mozambican state power through the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. Polit. Geogr. 36 (2013), 1–11.
54. Lunstrum, E., Green militarization: anti-poaching efforts and the spatial contours of Kruger National Park. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 104:4 (2014), 816–832.
55. Lunstrum, Conservation meets militarization in Kruger National Park: historical encounters and complex legacies. Conserv. Soc. 13:4 (2016), 356–369.
56. Mabunda, L., 289 Moçambicanos mortos e 300 detidos por caça furtiva em África. 2013, O País.
57. Massé, F., Lunstrum, E., Accumulation by securitization: commercial poaching, neoliberal conservation, and the creation of new wildlife frontiers. Geoforum 69 (2016), 227–237.
58. Mavhunga, C.C., Transient Workspaces: Technologies of Everyday Innovation in Zimbabwe. 2014, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
59. Mbembe, A., Necropolitics. Pub. Cult. 15:1 (2003), 11–40.
60. Meldrum, A., White Farmer Found Guilty of Throwing Black Worker to Lions in South Africa. 2005, The Guardian.
61. Morrow, O., Hawkins, R., Kern, L., Feminist research in online spaces. Gen., Place Cult.: J. Fem. Geogr. 22:4 (2015), 526–543.
62. Murthy, D., Digital ethnography: an examination of the use of new technologies for social research. Sociology 42:5 (2008), 837–855.
63. Nelson, I.L., Interspecies care and aging in a gorilla 2.0 world. Geoforum 79 (2017), 144–152.
64. Neumann, R., Imposing Wilderness: Struggles Over Livelihood and Nature Preservation in Africa. 1998, University of California Press, Berkeley.
65. Neumann, R., Disciplining peasants in Tanzania: from state violence to self-surveillance in wildlife conservation. Peluso, N., Watts, M., (eds.) Violent Environments, 2001, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 305–327.
66. Neumann, R., Moral and discursive geographies in the war for biodiversity in Africa. Pol. Geogr. 23:7 (2004), 813–837.
67. Ngugi wa Thiong'o, The language of African literature. New Left Rev. 150 (1985), 109–127.
68. Notícias, Caça Furtiva Preocupa Joaquim Chissano: Perto De 500 Moçambicanos Mortos No Kruger Park. 2015, Notícias, Maputo.
69. OSCAP, 2015. Organized South African Citizens Against Poaching (OSCAP) Official Facebook Page.
70. Peace Parks Foundation, 2015. Combatting Wildlife Crime. < http://www.peaceparks.org/programme.php?pid=24&mid=1021>.
71. Pearson, E.L., Lowry, R., Dorrian, J., Litchfield, C.A., Evaluating the conservation impact of an innovative zoo-based educational campaign: ‘Don't Palm Us Off’ for orang-utan conservation. Zoo Biol. 33:3 (2014), 184–196.
72. Protrack, 2015. Protrack Anti-Poaching Unit. < http://www.protrackapu.co.za/>.
73. Rhino Rage, 2015. RAGE: Rhino Action Group Effort. < http://www.rhinorage.org/>.
74. Rhinos without Borders, 2015. Rhinos without Borders. < https://www.trevolta.com/trips/rhinos-without-borders-25972>.
75. Ritzer, G., Jurgenson, N., Production, consumption, prosumption: the nature of capitalism in the age of the digital ‘prosumer’. J. Consum. Cult. 10:1 (2010), 13–36.
76. Rose, G., Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching With Visual Materials. third ed., 2012, Thousand Oaks, Calif, SAGE, London.
77. RRP-UW, A Park for the People? Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park: Community Consultation in Coutada 16, Mozambique. Refugee Research Programme. 2002, University of the Witwatersrand (RRP-UW), Acornhoek, South Africa.
78. Said, E.W., Orientalism. first ed., 1978, Pantheon Books, New York.
79. SANParks, 2015a. South African National Parks. < https://www.facebook.com/South.African.National.Parks>.
80. SANParks, 2015b. South African National Parks Official Website. < http://www.sanparks.org/>.
81. Seekings, J., The continuing salience of race: discrimination and diversity in South Africa. J. Contemp. Afr. Stud. 26:1 (2008), 1–25.
82. Selepak, A., Sutherland, J., The Ku Klux Klan, conservative politics and religion: taking extremism to the political mainstream. Polit., Relig. Ideol. 13:1 (2012), 75–98.
83. Spence, M., Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the National Parks. 1999, Oxford University Press, New York.
84. Sundberg, J., Kaserman, B., Cactus carvings and desert defecations: embodying representations of border crossings in protected areas on the Mexico-US border. Environ. Plan. D – Soc. Space 25:4 (2007), 727–744.
85. Stinson, J., Re-creating Wilderness 2.0: Or getting back to work in a virtual nature. Geoforum 79 (2017), 174–187.
86. Werts, J.D., Mikhailova, E.A., Post, C.J., Sharp, J.L., An integrated WebGIS framework for volunteered geographic information and social media in soil and water conservation. Environ. Manage. 49:4 (2012), 816–832.
87. West, P., Igoe, J., Brockington, D., Parks and peoples: the social impact of protected areas. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 35 (2006), 251–277.
88. Wilshusen, P.R., Brechin, S.R., Fortwangler, C.L., West, P.C., Reinventing a square wheel: critique of a resurgent “protection paradigm” in international biodiversity conservation. Soc. Nat. Resour. 15:1 (2002), 17–40.
89. Wolfe, C., Before the Law: Humans and Other Animals in a Biopolitical Frame. 2012, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
90. Wolmer, W., Transboundary conservation: the politics of ecological integrity in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. J. S. Afr. Stud. 29:1 (2003), 261–278.
91. WWF, 2015. World Wildlife Fund: Stop Wildlife Crime. < http://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/stop-wildlife-crime>.