The militarization of anti-poaching: Undermining long term goals?

Environmental Conservation

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 345-348

  Duffy, Rosaleen ^a   St John, Freya A V ^b   Büscher, Bram ^c   Brockington, Dan ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

^c WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALS;

CENTRAL AFRICA; CONSUMER MARKET; ELEPHANT POACHING; GLOBAL SECURITY; LONG-TERM GOALS; POLICY CIRCLES; PUBLIC CONCERN; REGIONAL CONFLICT;

CONSERVATION;

EID: 84949316226     PISSN: 03768929     EISSN: 14694387     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0376892915000119     Document Type: Note

References (37)

1. Alexander, J. & McGregor, J. (2000) Wildlife and politics: CAMPFIRE in Zimbabwe. Development and Change 31: 605-627.
2. Ayling, J. (2013) What sustains wildlife crime? Rhino horn trading and the resilience of criminal networks. Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 16: 57-80.
3. Barron, D. (2013) US Congressional international conservation caucus hearing. International Conservation Caucus Foundation, Washington, DC, USA [www document]. URL https://www. youtube. com/watch?v=lVThOf5lB78
4. Biggs, D., Courchamp, F., Martin, R. & Possingham, H. P. (2013) Legal trade of Africa's rhino horns. Science 339: 1038-1039.
5. Brockington, D. (2002) Fortress Conservation. The Preservation of the Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania. Oxford, UK: James Currey.
6. Burn, R. W., Underwood, F. M. & Blanc, J. (2011) Global trends and factors associated with the illegal killing of elephants: A hierarchical bayesian analysis of carcass encounter data. PLoS ONE 6: e24165.
7. Challender, D. & MacMillan, D. C. (2014) Poaching is more than an enforcement problem. Conservation Letters 7: 484-494.
8. CITES (2014) CITES meets as 'wealth' is replacing 'health' as a driver of wildlife consumption [www document]. URL http://www. cites. org/eng/CITES-SC65-wealth-replacing- health-as-driver-of-wildlife-consumption
9. Doshi, V. (2014) Elephant campaign: how Africa's 'white gold' funds the al-Shabaab militants. The Independent, London, UK [www document]. URL http://www. independent. co. uk/voices/campaigns/elephant-campaign/elephant-campaign-how-africaswhite-gold-funds-the-alshabaab-militants-9102862.
10. html Duffy, R. (2015) War by conservation. Geoforum (in press).
11. Duffy, R., Emslie, R. H. & Knight, M. H. (2013) Rhino poaching: how do we respond? Report. Evidence on Demand with the assistance of the UK Department for International Development (DFID) [www document]. URL http://www. evidenceondemand. info/rhino-poaching-how-dowe-respond
12. Ellis, S. (1994) Of elephants and men: politics and nature conservation in South Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies 20: 53-69.
13. Goldenberg, S. (2013) Hillary and Chelsea Clinton unveil 80m effort to fight illegal ivory trade. The Guardian,London,UK[www document]. URL http://www. Theguardian. com/world/2013/sep/26/hillary-chelsea-clinton-african-elephants-ivorypoaching
14. Hilborn, R., Arcese, P., Borner, M., Hando, J., Hopcraft, G., Loibooki, M., Mduma, S. & Sinclair, A. R. E. (2006) Effective enforcement in a conservation area. Science 314: 1266.
15. Hulme, D. (2010) Global Poverty: How Global Governance is Failing the Poor. London, UK and New York, NY, USA: Routledge.
16. Humane Society International (2014) Word is spreading in Viet Nam: rhino horn isnt medicine [www document]. URL http://www. hsi. org/news/news/2014/10/vietnam-rhino-horndemand-reduced-poll-101614. html
17. Humphreys, J. & Smith, M. L. R. (2011) War and wildlife: the Clausewitz connection. International Affairs 87: 121-142.
18. IIED (2015) Conservation initiative on human rights. IIED, London, UK [www document]. URL http://www. iied. org/conservation-initiative-human-rights
19. Kalron, N. & Crosta, A. (2012) Africa's white gold of Jihad: Al-Shabaab and conflict ivory. Elephant Action League, CA, USA [www document]. URL http://elephantleague. org/project/africas-white-gold-of-jihad-al-shabaab-and-conflict-ivory/
20. Lawson, K. & Vines, A. (2014) Global impacts of the illegal wildlife trade: the costs of crime, insecurity and institutional erosion. Report. Chatham House, London, UK [www document]. URL http://www. chathamhouse. org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Africa/0214Wildlife. pdf
21. Leakey, R. & Morell, V. (2002) Wildlife Wars: My Battle to Save Kenya's Elephants. London, UK: Pan Books.
22. Litchfield, C. A. (2013) Rhino poaching: Apply conservation psychology. Science 340: 1168.
23. Lunstrum, E. (2014) Green organization: Anti-poaching efforts and the spatial contours of Kruger National Park. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 104: 816-832.
24. MacDonald, K. (2004) Developing 'nature': global ecology and the politics of conservation in northern Pakistan. In: Confronting Environments: Local Environmental Understanding In a Globalising World, ed. J. Carrier, pp. 71-96. Lanham, MD, USA: AltaMiraPress.
25. Milburn, R. (2012) Mainstreaming the environment into postwar recovery: the case for 'ecological development. International Affairs 88: 1083-1100.
26. Milliken, T. & Shaw, J. (2012) The South Africa-Viet Nam rhino horn trade nexus: A deadly combination of institutional lapses, corrupt wildlife industry professionals and Asian crime syndicates. Report. TRAFFIC, Johannesburg, South Africa [www document]. URL www. traffic. org/species-reports/traffic-species-mammals66. pdf
27. Neumann, R. P. (2004) Moral and discursive geographies in the war for biodiversity in Africa. Political Geography 23: 813-837.
28. Rademeyer, J. (2012) Killing for Profit: Exposing the Illegal Rhino Horn Trade. Cape Town, South Africa: Zebra Press.
29. Roe, D. (2008) The origins and evolution of the conservation-poverty debate: A review of key literature, events and policy processes. Oryx 42: 491-503.
30. Roe, D., Milledge, S., Cooney, R., 't Sas-Rolfes, M., Biggs, D., Murphree, M. & Kasterine, A. (2014) The elephant in the room: sustainable use in the illegal wildlife trade debate. IIED Policy Briefing, London, UK [www document]. URL http://pubs. iied. org/pdfs/17205IIED. pdf
31. Sen, A. (1999) Development As Freedom. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
32. Standley, S. & Emslie, R. H. (2013) Population and poaching of the African rhinos across African range states. Report. Evidence on Demand with the assistance of the UK Department for InternationalDevelopment [www document]. URL http://www. evidenceondemand. info/population-and-poaching-of-africanrhinos-across-african-range-states
33. The White House (2013) Fact sheet: US efforts to combat wildlife trafficking. Office of the Press Secretary,Washington, DC, USA [www document]. URL http://www. whitehouse. gov/the-press-office/2013/07/01/fact-sheet-us-efforts-combatwildlife-trafficking
34. US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations (2012) Ivory and insecurity: the global implications of poaching in Africa. Report. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, USA [www document]. URL http://www. gpo. gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg76689/pdf/CHRG-112shrg76689. pdf
35. White, N. (2014) The 'White Gold of Jihad': violence, legitimisation and contestation in anti-poaching strategies. Journal of Political Ecology 21: 452-474.
36. Wittemyer, G., Northrup, J. M., Blanc, J., Douglas-Hamilton, I., Omondi, P. & Burnham, K. P. (2014) Illegal killing for ivory drives global decline in African elephant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 111: 13117-13121.
37. Zain, S. (2012) Behaviour change we can believe in: towards a global demand reduction strategy for tigers. Report. TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK [www document]. URL www. traffic. org/species-reports/traffic-species-mammals71. pdf