Multimodality imaging in pulmonary hypertension

Canadian Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 440-459

  Bossone, Eduardo ^a,b   Dellegrottaglie, Santo ^c,d   Patel, Smita ^e   Grunig, Ekkehard ^f   D'Andrea, Antonello ^g   Ferrara, Francesco ^b,h   Gargiulo, Paola ⁱ   D'Alto, Michele ^g   Soricelli, Andrea ^i,j   Cittadini, Antonio ^h   Sanz, Javier ^d   Perrone Filardi, Pasquale ^h   Rubenfire, Melvyn ^e  

^a IRCCS POLICLINICO SAN DONATO   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SALERNO   (Italy)

^c Division of Cardiology   (Italy)

^d MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^g SECOND UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES   (Italy)

^h UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

ⁱ IRCCS SDN   (Italy)

^j UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES PARTHENOPE   (Italy)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CONTRAST MEDIUM; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; GADOLINIUM; HYDRALAZINE; ILOPROST; MACROSALB TC 99M; MONOCROTALINE; PENTETATE TECHNETIUM TC 99M; PHOSPHODIESTERASE V INHIBITOR; PRAZOSIN; PROSTACYCLIN; PROSTAGLANDIN INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT;

CARDIAC IMAGING; CARDIOPULMONARY HEMODYNAMICS; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CHRONIC THROMBOEMBOLIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; CLINICAL EVALUATION; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; EXERCISE DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HUMAN; LUNG ANGIOGRAPHY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT SAFETY; PERFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROGNOSIS; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCINTISCANNING; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; THREE DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TISSUE CHARACTERIZATION; TISSUE DOPPLER IMAGING; TRANSTHORACIC DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY;

EID: 84965107509     PISSN: 0828282X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.02.012     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. McLaughlin V.V., Archer S.L., Badesch D.B., et al. ACCF/AHA 2009 expert consensus document on pulmonary hypertension: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association: developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, Inc., and the Pulmonary Hypertension Association. Circulation 2009, 119:2250-2294.
2. Galiè N., Hoeper M.M., Humbert M., et al. ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS), endorsed by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J 2009, 30:2493-2537.
3. Simonneau G., Gatzoulis M.A., Adatia I. Updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. JAm Coll Cardiol 2013, 62(25 suppl):D34-41.
4. Hoeper M.M., Bogaard H.J., Condliffe R., et al. Definitions and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. JAm Coll Cardiol 2013, 62(25 suppl):D42-50.
5. Vachiéry J.L., Adir Y., Barberà J.A., et al. Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart diseases. JAm Coll Cardiol 2013, 62(25 suppl):D100-D108.
6. Seeger W., Adir Y., Barberà J.A., et al. Pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung diseases. JAm Coll Cardiol 2013, 62(25 suppl):D109-D116.
7. Bossone E., D'Andrea A., D'Alto M., et al. Echocardiography in pulmonary arterial hypertension: from diagnosis to prognosis. JAm Soc Echocardiogr 2013, 26:1-14.
8. Grünig E., Barner A., Bell M., et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension: ESC/ERS Guidelines with Updated Commentary of the Cologne Consensus Conference 2011. Int J Cardiol 2011, 154(suppl 1):S3-12.
9. Ho J.K., Steward J.B., Tajik A.J. The Echo Manual 1999, 222. Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 2nd ed.
10. Rudski L.G., Lai W.W., Afilalo J., et al. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. JAm Soc Echocardiogr 2010, 23:685-713.
11. Lang R.M., Badano L.P., Mor-Avi V., et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. JAm Soc Echocardiogr 2015, 28:1-39.
12. Feigenbaum H., Armstrong W.F., Ryan T. Contrast echocardiography. Feingenbaum's Echocardiography 2005, 76-104. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 6th ed. W.F. Armstrong, T. Ryan (Eds.).
13. Bossone E., Rubenfire M., Bach D.S., Ricciardi M., Armstrong W.F. Range of tricuspid regurgitation velocity at rest and during exercise in normal adult men: implications for the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. JAm Coll Cardiol 1999, 33:1662-1666.
14. Argiento P., Chesler N., Mulè M., et al. Exercise stress echocardiography for the study of the pulmonary circulation. Eur Respir J 2010, 35:1273-1278.
15. Argiento P., Vanderpool R.R., Mulè M., et al. Exercise stress echocardiography of the pulmonary circulation: limits of normal and sex differences. Chest 2012, 142:1158-1165.
16. Grünig E., Weissmann S., Ehlken N., et al. Stress Doppler echocardiography in relatives of patients with idiopathic and familial pulmonary arterial hypertension: results of a multicenter European analysis of pulmonary artery pressure response to exercise and hypoxia. Circulation 2009, 119:1747-1757.
17. Bossone E., Naeije R. Exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension. Heart Fail Clin 2012, 8:485-495.
18. Lewis G.D., Bossone E., Naeije R., et al. Pulmonary vascular hemodynamic response to exercise in cardiopulmonary diseases. Circulation 2013, 128:1470-1479.
19. Vriz O., Argiento D'Alto M., et al. Increased pulmonary vascular resistance in early stage systemic hypertension: a resting and exercise stress echocardiography study. Can J Cardiol 2015, 31:537-543.
20. Grünig E., Tiede H., Enyimayew E.O., et al. Assessment and prognostic relevance of right ventricular contractile reserve in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 2013, 128:2005-2015.
21. Mor-Avi V., Lang R.M., Badano L.P., et al. Current and evolving echocardiographic techniques for the quantitative evaluation of cardiac mechanics: ASE/EAE consensus statement on methodology and indications endorsed by the Japanese Society of Echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2011, 12:167-205.
22. Nagueh S.F., Middleton K.J., Kopelen H.A., Zoghbi W.A., Quinones M.A. Doppler tissue imaging: a noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures. JAm Coll Cardiol 1997, 30:1527-1533.
23. Meluzín J., Spinarová L., Bakala J., et al. Pulsed Doppler tissue imaging of the velocity of tricuspid annular systolic motion: a new, rapid, and noninvasive method of evaluating right ventricular systolic function. Eur Heart J 2001, 22:340-348.
24. Utsunomiya H., Nakatani S., Okada T., et al. Asimple method to predict impaired right ventricular performance and disease severity in chronic pulmonary hypertension using strain rate imaging. Int J Cardiol 2011, 147:88-94.
25. Jurcut R., Giusca S., Ticulescu R., et al. Different patterns of adaptation of the right ventricle to pressure overload: a comparison between pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary stenosis. JAm Soc Echocardiogr 2011, 24:1109-1117.
26. Fukuda Y., Tanaka H., Sugiyama D., et al. Utility of right ventricular free wall speckle-tracking strain for evaluation of right ventricular performance in patients with pulmonary hypertension. JAm Soc Echocardiogr 2011, 24:1101-1108.
27. Puwanant S., Park M., Popović Z.B., et al. Ventricular geometry, strain, and rotational mechanics in pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 2010, 121:259-266.
28. Sachdev A., Villarraga H.R., Frantz R.P., et al. Right ventricular strain for prediction of survival in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest 2011, 139:1299-1309.
29. Hardegree E.L., Sachdev A., Villarraga H.R., et al. Role of serial quantitative assessment of right ventricular function by strain in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2013, 111:143-148.
30. Haeck M.L., Scherptong R.W., Ajmone Marsan N., et al. Prognostic value of right ventricular longitudinal peak systolic strain in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012, 5:628-636.
31. Grapsa J., O'Regan D.P., Pavlopoulos H., et al. Right ventricular remodelling in pulmonary arterial hypertension with three-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Echocardiogr 2010, 11:64-73.
32. Morikawa T., Murata M., Okuda S., et al. Quantitative analysis of right ventricular function in patients with pulmonary hypertension using three-dimensional echocardiography and a two-dimensional summation method compared to magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 2011, 107:484-489.
33. Bhave N.M., Patel A.R., Weinert L., et al. Three-dimensional modeling of the right ventricle from two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic images: utility of knowledge-based reconstruction in pulmonary arterial hypertension. JAm Soc Echocardiogr 2013, 26:860-867.
34. Grapsa J., Gibbs J.S., Dawson D., et al. Morphologic and functional remodeling of the right ventricle in pulmonary hypertension by real time three dimensional echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 2012, 109:906-913.
35. Contractor S., Maldjian P.D., Sharma V.K., Gor D.M. Role of helical CT in detecting right ventricular dysfunction secondary to acute pulmonary embolism. JComput Assist Tomogr 2002, 26:587-591.
36. Remy-Jardin M., Duhamel A., Deken V., et al. Systemic collateral supply in patients with chronic thromboembolic and primary pulmonary hypertension: assessment with multi-detector row helical CT angiography. Radiology 2005, 235:274-281.
37. Sherrick A.D., Swensen S.J., Hartman T.E. Mosaic pattern of lung attenuation on CT scans: frequency among patients with pulmonary artery hypertension of different causes. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997, 169:79-82.
38. Tardivon A.A., Musset D., Maitre S., et al. Role of CT in chronic pulmonary embolism: comparison with pulmonary angiography. JComput Assist Tomogr 1993, 17:345-351.
39. Wittram C., Kalra M.K., Maher M.M., et al. Acute and chronic pulmonary emboli: angiography-CT correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006, 186:S421-S429.
40. Tunariu N., Gibbs S.J., Win Z., et al. Ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy is more sensitive than multidetector CTPA in detecting chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease as a treatable cause of pulmonary hypertension. JNucl Med 2007, 48:680-684.
41. Kim N.H., Delcroix M., Jenkins D.P., et al. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. JAm Coll Cardiol 2013, 62(25 suppl):D92-D99.
42. Heinrich M., Uder M., Tscholl D., et al. CT scan findings in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: predictors of hemodynamic improvement after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. Chest 2005, 127:1606-1613.
43. Nadrous H.F., Pellikka P.A., Krowka M.J., et al. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2005, 128:2393-2399.
44. Mathai S.C., Hassoun P.M. Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with systemic sclerosis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2011, 5:267-279.
45. Kocheril S.V., Appleton B.E., Somers E.C., et al. Comparison of disease progression and mortality of connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Arthritis Rheum 2005, 53:549-557.
46. Seferian A., Helal B., Jaïs X., et al. Ventilation/perfusion lung scan in pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Eur Respir J 2012, 40:75-83.
47. Montani D., Kemp K., Dorfmuller P., et al. Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease: similarities and differences. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2009, 30:411-420.
48. Frazier A.A., Franks T.J., Mohammed T.L., Ozbudak I.H., Galvin J.R. From the Archives of the AFIP: pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis. Radiographics 2007, 27:867-882.
49. Langleben D. Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis: the puzzle takes shape. Chest 2014, 145:197-199.
50. Taylor A.J., Cerqueira M., Hodgson J.M., et al. American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force; Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; American College of Radiology; American Heart Association; American Society of Echocardiography; American Society of Nuclear Cardiology; North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Circulation 2010, 122:e525-e555.
51. Nicol E.D., Kafka H., Stirrup J., et al. Asingle, comprehensive noninvasive cardiovascular assessment in pulmonary arterial hypertension: combined computed tomography pulmonary and coronary angiography. Int J Cardiol 2009, 136:278-288.
52. Pennell D.J. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 2010, 121:692-705.
53. Swift A.J., Rajaram S., Condliffe R., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging of right ventricular morphology and function in the assessment of suspected pulmonary hypertension: results from the ASPIRE registry. JCardiovasc Magn Reson 2012, 14:40.
54. Dellegrottaglie S., Sanz J., Poon M., et al. Pulmonary hypertension: accuracy of detection with left ventricular septal-to-free wall curvature ratio measured at cardiac MR. Radiology 2007, 243:63-69.
55. Reiter G., Reiter U., Kovacs G., et al. Magnetic resonance-derived 3-dimensional blood flow patterns in the main pulmonary artery as a marker of pulmonary hypertension and a measure of elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2008, 1:23-30.
56. Sanz J., Kuschnir P., Rius T., et al. Pulmonary arterial hypertension: noninvasive detection with phase-contrast MR imaging. Radiology 2007, 243:70-79.
57. Blyth K.G., Groenning B.A., Martin T.N., et al. Contrast enhanced-cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J 2005, 26:1993-1999.
58. Sanz J., Dellegrottaglie S., Kariisa M., et al. Prevalence and correlates of septal delayed contrast enhancement in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2007, 100:731-735.
59. Bradlow W.M., Assomull R., Kilner P.J., et al. Understanding late gadolinium enhancement in pulmonary hypertension. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010, 3:501-503.
60. Shehata M.L., Lossnitzer D., Skrok J., et al. Myocardial delayed enhancement in pulmonary hypertension: pulmonary hemodynamics, right ventricular function, and remodeling. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011, 196:87-94.
61. Kreitner K.F., Ley S., Kauczor H.U., et al. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: pre- and postoperative assessment with breath-hold MR imaging techniques. Radiology 2004, 232:535-543.
62. Ohno Y., Hatabu H., Murase K., et al. Primary pulmonary hypertension: 3D dynamic perfusion MRI for quantitative analysis of regional pulmonary perfusion. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007, 188:48-56.
63. van Wolferen S.A., Marcus J.T., Boonstra A., et al. Prognostic value of right ventricular mass, volume, and function in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 2007, 28:1250-1257.
64. Dellegrottaglie S., Perrone-Filardi P., García-Alvarez A., et al. Serial phase-contrast MRI for prediction of pulmonary hemodynamic changes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2012, 157:140-142.
65. Roeleveld R.J., Vonk-Noordegraaf A., Marcus J.T., et al. Effects of epoprostenol on right ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation in pulmonary hypertension. Chest 2004, 125:572-579.
66. Gan C.T., Lankhaar J.W., Westerhof N., et al. Noninvasively assessed pulmonary artery stiffness predicts mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest 2007, 132:1906-1912.
67. Freed B.H., Gomberg-Maitland M., Chandra S., et al. Late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance predicts clinical worsening in patients with pulmonary hypertension. JCardiovasc Magn Reson 2012, 14:11.
68. Bradlow W.M., Gibbs J.S., Mohiaddin R.H. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in pulmonary hypertension. JCardiovasc Magn Reson 2012, 14:6.
69. Greenwood J.P., Maredia N., Younger J.F., et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and single-photon emission computed tomography for diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CE-MARC): a prospective trial. Lancet 2012, 379:453-460.
70. Myerson S.G. Heart valve disease: investigation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. JCardiovasc Magn Reson 2012, 14:7.
71. Warnes C.A., Williams R.G., Bashore T.M., et al. ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease). Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. JAm Coll Cardiol 2008, 52:143-263. American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease); American Society of Echocardiography; Heart Rhythm Society; International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society of Thoracic Surgeons.
72. Ramani G.V., Gurm G., Dilsizian V., Park M.H. Noninvasive assessment of right ventricular function: will there be resurgence in radionuclide imaging techniques?. Curr Cardiol Rep 2010, 12:162-169.
73. Soler X., Hoh C.K., Test V.J., et al. Single photon emission computed tomography in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Respirology 2011, 16:131-137.
74. Skoro-Sajer N., Becherer A., Klepetko W., et al. Longitudinal analysis of perfusion lung scintigrams of patients with unoperated chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Thromb Haemost 2004, 92:201-207.
75. Oikawa M., Kagaya Y., Otani H., et al. Increased [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation in right ventricular free wall in patients with pulmonary hypertension and the effect of epoprostenol. JAm Coll Cardiol 2005, 45:1849-1855.
76. Zhao L., Ashek A., Wang L., et al. Heterogeneity in lung (18)FDG uptake in pulmonary arterial hypertension: potential of dynamic (18)FDG positron emission tomography with kinetic analysis as a bridging biomarker for pulmonary vascular remodeling targeted treatments. Circulation 2013, 128:1214-1224.
77. Hagan G., Southwood M., Treacy C., et al. (18)FDG PET imaging can quantify increased cellular metabolism in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a proof-of-principle study. Pulm Circ 2011, 1:448-455.
78. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for diagnosis and monitoring of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012, 185:670-679.
79. Rich J.D., Shah S.J., Swamy R.S., Kamp A., Rich S. Inaccuracy of Doppler echocardiographic estimates of pulmonary artery pressures in patients with pulmonary hypertension: implications for clinical practice. Chest 2011, 139:988-993.
80. Farber H.W., Foreman A.J., Miller D.P., McGoon M.D. REVEAL Registry: correlation of right heart catheterization and echocardiography in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Congest Heart Fail 2011, 17:56-64.
81. Fisher M.R., Forfia P.R., Chamera E., et al. Accuracy of Doppler echocardiography in the hemodynamic assessment of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009, 179:615-621.
82. Coghlan J.G., Denton C.P., Grünig E., et al. Evidence-based detection of pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis: the DETECT study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014, 73:1340-1349. DETECT Study Group.
83. D'Alto M., Romeo E., Argiento P., et al. Accuracy and precision of echocardiography versus right heart catheterization for the assessment of pulmonary hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2013, 168:4058-4062.
84. Greiner S., Jud A., Aurich M., et al. Reliability of noninvasive assessment of systolic pulmonary artery pressure by Doppler echocardiography compared to right heart catheterization: analysis in a large patient population. JAm Heart Assoc 2014, 3(4).
85. Fazel R., Krumholz H.M., Wang Y., et al. Exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation from medical imaging procedures. NEngl J Med 2009, 361:849-857.
86. Gerges M., Gerges C., Lang I.M. Advanced imaging tools rather than hemodynamics should be the primary approach for diagnosing, following, and managing pulmonary arterial hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2015, 31:521-528.
87. Ryan J.J., Thenappan T., Luo N. The WHO classification of pulmonary hypertension: a case-based imaging compendium. Pulm Circ 2012, 2:107-121.
88. Eysmann S.B., Palevsky H.I., Reichek N., Hackney K., Douglas P.S. Two-dimensional and Doppler-echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization correlates of survival in primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 1989, 80:353-360.
89. Yeo T.C., Dujardin K.S., Tei C., et al. Value of a Doppler-derived index combining systolic and diastolic time intervals in predicting outcome in primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1998, 81:1157-1161.
90. Hinderliter A.L., Willis Pulsed-Wave, Long W., et al. Frequency and prognostic significance of pericardial effusion in primary pulmonary hypertension. PPH Study Group. Primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1999, 84:481-484. A10.
91. Raymond R.J., Hinderliter A.L., Willis Pulsed-Wave, et al. Echocardiographic predictors of adverse outcomes in primary pulmonary hypertension. JAm Coll Cardiol 2002, 39:1214-1219.
92. Forfia P.R., Fisher M.R., Mathai S.C., et al. Tricuspid annular displacement predicts survival in pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006, 174:1034-1041.
93. Mahapatra S., Nishimura R.A., Oh J.K., McGoon M.D. The prognostic value of pulmonary vascular capacitance determined by Doppler echocardiography in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. JAm Soc Echocardiogr 2006, 19:1045-1050.
94. Brierre G., Blot-Souletie N., Degano B., et al. New echocardiographic prognostic factors for mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur J Echocardiogr 2010, 11:516-522.
95. Ghio S., Pazzano A.S., Klersy C., et al. Clinical and prognostic relevance of echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular geometry in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2011, 107:628-632.
96. Takeda Y., Takeda Y., Yamamoto K., et al. Pulmonary venous occlusion and death in pulmonary arterial hypertension: survival analyses using radiographic surrogates. BMC Pulm Med 2011, 11:47.
97. Hagger D., Condliffe R., Woodhouse N., et al. Ventricular mass index correlates with pulmonary artery pressure and predicts survival in suspected systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009, 48:1137-1142.
98. Ghio S., Klersy C., Magrini G., et al. Prognostic relevance of the echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular function in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2010, 140:272-278.
99. Galiè N., Rubin L., Simonneau G. Developing a heart score: next steps. Am J Cardiol 2012, 110(6 suppl):49S-51S.
100. Magne J., Pibarot P., Sengupta P.P., et al. Pulmonary hypertension in valvular disease: a comprehensive review on pathophysiology to therapy from the HAVEC Group. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015, 8:83-99.