The network model of depression as a basis for new therapeutic strategies for treating major depressive disorder in Parkinson’s disease

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Volumn 10, Issue APR2016, 2016, Pages 1-10

  D’Ostilio, Kevin ^a   Garraux, Gaëtan ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Cognitive and behavioral therapy; Depression; Neurostimulation; Parkinson s disease; Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ARTICLE; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DORSOLATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EXERCISE INTENSITY; FEASIBILITY STUDY; HAMILTON DEPRESSION RATING SCALE; HUMAN; KINESIOTHERAPY; LIMBIC SYSTEM; MAJOR DEPRESSION; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NETWORK MODEL; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONBIOLOGICAL MODEL; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATIENT MOBILITY; PATIENT SAFETY; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PREVALENCE; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK REDUCTION; THERAPY EFFECT; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

EID: 84964712039     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16625161     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00161     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Anderson, I. M., and Fergusson, G. M. (2013). '‘Mechanism of action of ECT,'' in The ECT Handbook, eds J. Waite and A. Easton (London: RCPsych Publications), 1-7.
2. Bakker, N., Shahab, S., Giacobbe, P., Blumberger, D. M., Daskalakis, Z. J., Kennedy, S. H., et al. (2015). rTMS of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex for major depression: safety, tolerability, effectiveness and outcome predictors for 10 Hz versus intermittent theta-burst stimulation. Brain Stimul. 8, 208-215. doi: 10. 1016/j.brs.2014.11.002
3. Barone, P., Poewe, W., Albrecht, S., Debieuvre, C., Massey, D., Rascol, O., et al. (2010). Pramipexole for the treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Lancet Neurol. 9, 573-580. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10) 70106-X
4. Beck, J. S. (1995). Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Basics and Beyond. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
5. Beck, A., Rush, A., Shaw, B., and Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
6. Bennett, M. R. (2011). The prefrontal-limbic network in depression: modulation by hypothalamus, basal ganglia and midbrain. Prog. Neurobiol. 93, 468-487. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.01.006
7. Biundo, R., Weis, L., Fiorenzato, E., Gentile, G., Giglio, M., Schifano, R., et al. (2015). Double-blind randomized trial of t-DCS versus sham in Parkinson patients with mild cognitive impairment receiving cognitive training. Brain Stimul. 8, 1223-1225. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2015. 07.043
8. Bonelli, R. M., and Cummings, J. L. (2007). Frontal-subcortical circuitry and behavior. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 9, 141-151.
9. Broeder, S., Nackaerts, E., Heremans, E., Vervoort, G., Meesen, R., Verheyden, G., et al. (2015). Transcranial direct current stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: neurophysiological mechanisms and behavioral effects. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 57, 105-107. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015. 08.010
10. Burn, D. J. (2002). Beyond the iron mask: towards better recognition and treatment of depression associated with Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 3, 445-454. doi: 10.1002/mds.10114
11. Cardoso, E. F., Fregni, F., Martins Maia, F., Boggio, P. S., Luis Myczkowski, M., Coracini, K., et al. (2008). rTMS treatment for depression in Parkinson’s disease increases BOLD responses in the left prefrontal cortex. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 11, 173-183. doi: 10.1017/s1461145707 007961
12. Castrén, E. (2005). Is mood chemistry? Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 241-246. doi: 10. 1038/nrn1629
13. Castrén, E. (2013). Neuronal network plasticity and recovery from depression. JAMA Psychiatry 70, 983-989. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1
14. Castrén, E., and Rantamäki, T. (2010). Role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the aetiology of depression: implications for pharmacological treatment. CNS Drugs 24, 1-7. doi: 10.2165/11530010-000000000-00000
15. Chan-Palay, V., and Asan, E. (1989). Alterations in catecholamine neurons of the locus coeruleus in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and in Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia and depression. J. Comp. Neurol. 287, 373-392. doi: 10.1002/cne.9028 70308
16. Chaudhuri, K. R., Healy, D. G., Schapira, A. H., and National Institute for Clinical Excellence. (2006). Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol. 5, 235-245. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(06) 70373-8
17. Chen, J., Zhou, C., Wu, B., Wang, Y., Li, Q., Wei, Y., et al. (2013). Left versus right repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treating major depression: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Psychiatry Res. 210, 1260-1264. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.09.007
18. Concerto, C., Lanza, G., Cantone, M., Ferri, R., Pennisi, G., Bella, R., et al. (2015). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with drug-resistant major depression: a six-month clinical follow-up study. Int. J. Psychiatry Clin. Pract. 19, 252-258. doi: 10.3109/13651501.2015.1084329
19. Connolly, K. R., Helmer, A., Cristancho, M. A., Cristancho, P., and O’Reardon, J. P. (2012). Effectiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice post-FDA approval in the United States: results observed with the first 100 consecutive cases of depression at an academic medical center. J. Clin. Psychiatry 73, e567-e573. doi: 10.4088/JCP.11m07413
20. Cools, R., Barker, R. A., Sahakian, B. J., and Robbins, T. W. (2001). Enhanced or impaired cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease as a function of dopaminergic medication and task demands. Cereb. Cortex 11, 1136-1143. doi: 10.1093/cercor/11.12.1136
21. Cugusi, L., Solla, P., Serpe, R., Carzedda, T., Piras, L., Oggianu, M., et al. (2015). Effects of a nordic walking program on motor and non-motor symptoms, functional performance and body composition in patients with Parkinson’s disease. NeuroRehabilitation 37, 245-254. doi: 10.3233/NRE-151257
22. Cugusi, L., Solla, P., Zedda, F., Loi, M., Serpe, R., Cannas, A., et al. (2014). Effects of an adapted physical activity program on motor and non-motor functions and quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease. NeuroRehabilitation 35, 789-794. doi: 10.3233/NRE-141162
23. Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., Bohlmeijer, E., Hollon, S. D., and Andersson, G. (2010). Efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy and other psychological treatments for adult depression: meta-analytic study of publication bias. Br. J. Psychiatry 196, 173-178. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.066001
24. Cummings, J. L. (1992). Depression and Parkinson’s disease: a review. Am. J. Psychiatry 149, 443-454. doi: 10.1176/ajp.149.4.443
25. Davidson, R. J., Pizzagalli, D., Nitschke, J. B., and Putnam, K. (2002). Depression: perspectives from affective neuroscience. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 53, 545-574. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135148
26. de Lange, F. P., Koers, A., Kalkman, J. S., Bleijenberg, G., Hagoort, P., van der Meer, J. W., et al. (2008). Increase in prefrontal cortical volume following cognitive behavioural therapy in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Brain 131, 2172-2180. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn140
27. Dell’osso, B., Camuri, G., Castellano, F., Vecchi, V., Benedetti, M., Bortolussi, S., et al. (2011). Meta-review of metanalytic studies with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for the treatment of major depression. Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health 7, 167-177. doi: 10.2174/1745017901107010167
28. Dichter, G. S., Felder, J. N., and Smoski, M. J. (2010). The effects of brief behavioral activation therapy for depression on cognitive control in affective contexts: an fMRI investigation. J. Affect. Disord. 126, 236-244. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010. 03.022
29. Dobkin, R. D., Menza, M., Allen, L. A., Gara, M. A., Mark, M. H., Tiu, J., et al. (2011). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, controlled trial. Am. J. Psychiatry 168, 1066-1074. doi: 10. 1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111669
30. Downar, J., and Daskalakis, Z. J. (2013). New targets for rTMS in depression: a review of convergent evidence. Brain Stimul. 6, 231-240. doi: 10.1016/j.brs. 2012.08.006
31. Dunlop, B. W., and Nemeroff, C. B. (2007). The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 64, 327-337. doi: 10. 1001/archpsyc.64.3.327
32. D’Urso, G., Mantovani, A., Micillo, M., Priori, A., and Muscettola, G. (2013). Transcranial direct current stimulation and cognitive-behavioral therapy: evidence of a synergistic effect in treatment-resistant depression. Brain Stimul. 6, 465-467. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.09.003
33. Epstein, C. M., Evatt, M. L., Funk, A., Girard-Siqueira, L., Lupei, N., Slaughter, L., et al. (2007). An open study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression with Parkinson’s disease. Clin. Neurophysiol. 118, 2189-2194. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.07.010
34. Eriksson, S., and Gard, G. (2011). Physical exercise and depression. Phys. Ther. Rev. 16, 261-268. doi: 10.1179/1743288x11y.0000000026
35. Farabaugh, A., Locascio, J. J., Yap, L., Growdon, J., Fava, M., Crawford, C., et al. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with Parkinson’s disease and comorbid major depressive disorder. Psychosomatics 51, 124-129. doi: 10. 1176/appi.psy.51.2.124
36. Fearnley, J. M., and Lees, A. J. (1991). Ageing and Parkinson’s disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity. Brain 114, 2283-2301. doi: 10.1093/brain/114.5.2283
37. Fitzgerald, P. B. (2009). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for depression: lots of promise but still lots of questions. Brain Stimul. 2, 185-187. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2009.08.005
38. Fitzgerald, P. B., Oxley, T. J., Laird, A. R., Kulkarni, J., Egan, G. F., and Daskalakis, Z. J. (2006). An analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of dorsolateral prefrontal cortical activity in depression. Psychiatry Res. 148, 33-45. doi: 10. 1016/j.pscychresns.2006.04.006
39. Fregni, F., Santos, C. M., Myczkowski, M. L., Rigolino, R., Gallucci-Neto, J., Barbosa, E. R., et al. (2004). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is as effective as fluoxetine in the treatment of depression in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 75, 1171-1174. doi: 10. 1136/jnnp.2003.027060
40. Gainotti, G. (1972). Emotional behavior and hemispheric side of the lesion. Cortex 8, 41-55. doi: 10.1016/s0010-9452(72)80026-1
41. Goldapple, K., Segal, Z., Garson, C., Lau, M., Bieling, P., Kennedy, S., et al. (2004). Modulation of cortical-limbic pathways in major depression: treatmentspecific effects of cognitive behavior therapy. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 61, 34-41. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.61.1.34
42. Herbsman, T., Avery, D., Ramsey, D., Holtzheimer, P., Wadjik, C., Hardaway, F., et al. (2009). More lateral and anterior prefrontal coil location is associated with better repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation antidepressant response. Biol. Psychiatry 66, 509-515. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009. 04.034
43. Herwig, U., Padberg, F., Unger, J., Spitzer, M., and Schönfeldt-Lecuona, C. (2001). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in therapy studies: examination of the reliability of '‘standard’' coil positioning by neuronavigation. Biol. Psychiatry 50, 58-61. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01153-2
44. Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., and Fang, A. (2013). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. Cognit. Ther. Res. 36, 427-440. doi: 10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1
45. Horvath, J. C., Mathews, J., Demitrack, M. A., and Pascual-Leone, A. (2010). The NeuroStar TMS device: conducting the FDA approved protocol for treatment of depression. J. Vis. Exp. 45: e2345. doi: 10.3791/2345
46. Huebl, J., Spitzer, B., Brücke, C., Schönecker, T., Kupsch, A., Alesch, F., et al. (2014). Oscillatory subthalamic nucleus activity is modulated by dopamine during emotional processing in Parkinson’s disease. Cortex 60, 69-81. doi: 10. 1016/j.cortex.2014.02.019
47. Jha, A. P., Krompinger, J., and Baime, M. J. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 7, 109-119. doi: 10. 3758/cabn.7.2.109
48. Kho, K. H., van Vreeswijk, M. F., Simpson, S., and Zwinderman, A. H. (2003). A meta-analysis of electroconvulsive therapy efficacy in depression. J. ECT 19, 139-147. doi: 10.1097/00124509-200309000-00005
49. Kish, S. J., Shannak, K., and Hornykiewicz, O. (1988). Uneven pattern of dopamine loss in the striatum of patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Pathophysiologic and clinical implications. N Engl. J. Med. 318, 876-880. doi: 10.1056/nejm198804073181402
50. Knapen, J., Van de Vliet, P., Van Coppenolle, H., David, A., Peuskens, J., Pieters, G., et al. (2005). Comparison of changes in physical self-concept, global selfesteem, depression and anxiety following two different psychomotor therapy programs in nonpsychotic psychiatric inpatients. Psychother. Psychosom. 74, 353-361. doi: 10.1159/000087782
51. Krystal, J. H. (2007). Neuroplasticity as a target for the pharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders: new opportunities for synergy with psychotherapy. Biol. Psychiatry 62, 833-834. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007. 08.017
52. Kühn, A. A., Hariz, M. I., Silberstein, P., Tisch, S., Kupsch, A., Schneider, G. H., et al. (2005). Activation of the subthalamic region during emotional processing in Parkinson disease. Neurology 65, 707-713. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000174438. 78399.bc
53. Lang, A. E., and Lozano, A. M. (1998). Parkinson’s disease. First of two parts. N Engl. J. Med. 339, 1044-1053. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199810083391506
54. Lattari, E., Pereira-Junior, P. P., Neto, G. A., Lamego, M. K., Moura, A. M., de Sá, A. S., et al. (2014). Effects of chronic exercise on severity, quality of life and functionality in an elderly Parkinson’s disease patient: case report. Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health 10, 126-128. doi: 10.2174/17450179014100 10126
55. Lavergne, F., and Jay, T. M. (2010). A new strategy for antidepressant prescription. Front. Neurosci. 4: 192. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2010.00192
56. Lefaucheur, J. P., André-Obadia, N., Antal, A., Ayache, S. S., Baeken, C., Benninger, D. H., et al. (2014). Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Clin. Neurophysiol. 125, 2150-2206. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.021
57. Leichsenring, F. (2001). Comparative effects of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in depression: a meta-analytic approach. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 21, 401-419. doi: 10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00 057-4
58. Liston, C., Chen, A. C., Zebley, B. D., Drysdale, A. T., Gordon, R., Leuchter, B., et al. (2014). Default mode network mechanisms of transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression. Biol. Psychiatry 76, 517-526. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych. 2014.01.023
59. Liu, J., Dong, J., Wang, L., Su, Y., Yan, P., and Sun, S. (2013). Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antidepressants in Parkinson’s disease: a network meta-analysis. PLoS One 8: e76651. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.00 76651
60. Marsh, L. (2013). Depression and Parkinson’s disease: current knowledge. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 13: 409. doi: 10.1007/s11910-013-0409-5
61. Mayeux, R., Stern, Y., Cote, L., and Williams, J. B. (1984). Altered serotonin metabolism in depressed patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 34, 642-646. doi: 10.1212/wnl.34.5.642
62. Murrough, J. W., Iacoviello, B., Neumeister, A., Charney, D. S., and Iosifescu, D. V. (2011). Cognitive dysfunction in depression: neurocircuitry and new therapeutic strategies. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 96, 553-563. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm. 2011.06.006
63. Neumann, W. J., Huebl, J., Brücke, C., Gabriëls, L., Bajbouj, M., Merkl, A., et al. (2014). Different patterns of local field potentials from limbic DBS targets in patients with major depressive and obsessive compulsive disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 1, 1186-1192. doi: 10.1038/mp.2014.2
64. O’Reardon, J. P., Solvason, H. B., Janicak, P. G., Sampson, S., Isenberg, K. E., Nahas, Z., et al. (2007). Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biol. Psychiatry 62, 1208-1216. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007. 01.018
65. Pal, E., Nagy, F., Aschermann, Z., Balazs, E., and Kovacs, N. (2010). The impact of left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depression in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mov. Disord. 25, 2311-2317. doi: 10.1002/mds. 23270
66. Paulus, W., and Jellinger, K. (1991). The neuropathologic basis of different clinical subgroups of Parkinson’s disease. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 50, 743-755. doi: 10.1097/00005072-199111000-00006
67. Pickut, B. A., Van Hecke, W., Kerckhofs, E., Marien, P., Vanneste, S., Cras, P., et al. (2013). Mindfulness based intervention in Parkinson’s disease leads to structural brain changes on MRI: a randomized controlled longitudinal trial. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 115, 2419-2425. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2013. 10.002
68. Ravina, B., Camicioli, R., Como, P. G., Marsh, L., Jankovic, J., Weintraub, D., et al. (2007). The impact of depressive symptoms in early Parkinson disease. Neurology 69, 342-347. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000268695.63392.10
69. Reijnders, J. S., Ehrt, U., Weber, W. E., Aarsland, D., and Leentjens, A. F. (2008). A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 23, 183-189. doi: 10.1002/mds.21803
70. Rektorová, I., Rektor, I., Bares, M., Dostál, V., Ehler, E., Fanfrdlova, Z., et al. (2003). Pramipexole and pergolide in the treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease: a national multicentre prospective randomized study. Eur. J. Neurol. 10, 399-406. doi: 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00612.x
71. Remy, P., Doder, M., Lees, A., Turjanski, N., and Brooks, D. (2005). Depression in Parkinson’s disease: loss of dopamine and noradrenaline innervation in the limbic system. Brain 128, 1314-1322. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh445
72. Rethorst, C. D., Wipfli, B. M., and Landers, D. M. (2009). The antidepressive effects of exercise: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Sports Med. 39, 491-511. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200939060-00004
73. Ritchey, M., Dolcos, F., Eddington, K. M., Strauman, T. J., and Cabeza, R. (2011). Neural correlates of emotional processing in depression: changes with cognitive behavioral therapy and predictors of treatment response. J. Psychiatr. Res. 45, 577-587. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.09.007
74. Rossi, S., Hallett, M., Rossini, P. M., Pascual-Leone, A., and Safety of TMSCG. (2009). Safety, ethical considerations and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin. Neurophysiol. 120, 2008-2039. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009. 08.016
75. Ruhé, H. G., Mason, N. S., and Schene, A. H. (2007). Mood is indirectly related to serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine levels in humans: a meta-analysis of monoamine depletion studies. Mol. Psychiatry 12, 331-359. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp. 4001949
76. Schildkraut, J. J. (1965). The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence. Am. J. Psychiatry 122, 509-522. doi: 10.1176/ajp. 122.5.509
77. Schrag, A., Hovris, A., Morley, D., Quinn, N., and Jahanshahi, M. (2003). Youngversus older-onset Parkinson’s disease: impact of disease and psychosocial consequences. Mov. Disord. 18, 1250-1256. doi: 10.1002/mds.10527
78. Seppi, K., Weintraub, D., Coelho, M., Perez-Lloret, S., Fox, S. H., Katzenschlager, R., et al. (2011). The movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review update: treatments for the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 26, S42-S80. doi: 10.1002/mds.23884
79. Speelman, A. D., van de Warrenburg, B. P., van Nimwegen, M., Petzinger, G. M., Munneke, M., and Bloem, B. R. (2011). How might physical activity benefit patients with Parkinson disease? Nat. Rev. Neurol. 7, 528-534. doi: 10. 1038/nrneurol.2011.107
80. Steele, J. D., Currie, J., Lawrie, S. M., and Reid, I. (2007). Prefrontal cortical functional abnormality in major depressive disorder: a stereotactic meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 101, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2006. 11.009
81. Takeshita, S., Kurisu, K., Trop, L., Arita, K., Akimitsu, T., and Verhoeff, N. P. (2005). Effect of subthalamic stimulation on mood state in Parkinson’s disease: evaluation of previous facts and problems. Neurosurg. Rev. 28, 179-186. doi: 10. 1007/s10143-005-0399-0
82. Tekin, S., and Cummings, J. L. (2002). Frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits and clinical neuropsychiatry: an update. J. Psychosom. Res. 53, 647-654. doi: 10. 1016/s0022-3999(02)00428-2
83. Temel, Y., Tan, S., Visser-Vandewalle, V., and Sharp, T. (2009). Parkinson’s disease, DBS and suicide: a role for serotonin? Brain 132: e126. doi: 10. 1093/brain/awp150
84. UK ECT Review Group. (2003). Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Lancet 361, 799-808. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03) 12705-5
85. Veazey, C., Aki, S. O., Cook, K. F., Lai, E. C., and Kunik, M. E. (2005). Prevalence and treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 17, 310-323. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17.3.310
86. Vedeniapin, A., Cheng, L., and George, M. S. (2010). Feasibility of simultaneous cognitive behavioral therapy and left prefrontal rTMS for treatment resistant depression. Brain Stimul. 3, 207-210. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2010. 03.005
87. Wagle Shukla, A., Shuster, J. J., Chung, J. W., Vaillancourt, D. E., Patten, C., and Ostrem, J. (2015). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) therapy in Parkinson disease: a meta-analysis. PM R 3, 207-210. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.08.009 [Epub ahead of print].
88. Weintraub, D., Moberg, P. J., Duda, J. E., Katz, I. R., and Stern, M. B. (2004). Effect of psychiatric and other nonmotor symptoms on disability in Parkinson’s disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 52, 784-788. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004. 52219.x
89. Wensel, S. P., Bohac, D., and Burke, W. J. (2005). '‘Depression in Parkinson’s disease,'' in Parkinson’s Disease, eds M. Ebadi and R. F. Pfeiffer (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press), 329-337.
90. Wipfli, B. M., Rethorst, C. D., and Landers, D. M. (2008). The anxiolytic effects of exercise: a meta-analysis of randomized trials and dose-response analysis. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 30, 392-410.
91. World Health Organization. (2004). Prevention of Mental Disorders: Effective Interventions and Policy Option: Summary Report. Geneva: World Health Organization.
92. Xie, C. L., Chen, J., Wang, X. D., Pan, J. L., Zhou, Y., Lin, S. Y., et al. (2015). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for the treatment of depression in Parkinson disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Neurol. Sci. 36, 1751-1761. doi: 10.1007/s10072-015-2345-4
93. Yang, S., Sajatovic, M., and Walter, B. L. (2012). Psychosocial interventions for depression and anxiety in Parkinson’s disease. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol. 25, 113-121. doi: 10.1177/0891988712445096
94. Yoshimura, S., Okamoto, Y., Onoda, K., Matsunaga, M., Okada, G., Kunisato, Y., et al. (2014). Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression changes medial prefrontal and ventral anterior cingulate cortex activity associated with self-referential processing. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 9, 487-493. doi: 10. 1093/scan/nst009