메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 145, Issue 7, 2016, Pages 897-917

A comparison of adaptive and fixed schedules of practice

Author keywords

Adaptive learning; Learning; Memory; Spacing effect

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALGORITHM; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; LONG TERM MEMORY; MALE; REACTION TIME; RECALL; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84964454427     PISSN: 00963445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/xge0000170     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (48)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 0008014135 scopus 로고
    • Optimizing the learning of a second-language vocabulary
    • Atkinson, R. C. (1972). Optimizing the learning of a second-language vocabulary. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 96, 124-129. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0033475
    • (1972) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.96 , pp. 124-129
    • Atkinson, R.C.1
  • 2
    • 0004030013 scopus 로고
    • Working memory
    • Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press
    • Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press.
    • (1986)
    • Baddeley, A.D.1
  • 3
    • 0000898107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieval fluency as a metacognitive index
    • L. Reder (Ed.), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Benjamin, A. S., & Bjork, R. A. (1996). Retrieval fluency as a metacognitive index. In L. Reder (Ed.), Implicit memory and metacognition (pp. 309-338). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1996) Implicit memory and metacognition , pp. 309-338
    • Benjamin, A.S.1    Bjork, R.A.2
  • 4
    • 77956064128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What makes distributed practice effective?
    • Benjamin, A. S., & Tullis, J. (2010). What makes distributed practice effective? Cognitive Psychology, 61, 228-247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2010 .05.004
    • (2010) Cognitive Psychology , vol.61 , pp. 228-247
    • Benjamin, A.S.1    Tullis, J.2
  • 6
    • 79959965979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making things hard on yourself, but in a good way: Creating desirable difficulties to enhance learning
    • M. A. Gernsbacher, R. W. Pew, L. M. Hough, & J. R. Pomerantz (Eds.), New York, NY: Worth
    • Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A. (2011). Making things hard on yourself, but in a good way: Creating desirable difficulties to enhance learning. In M. A. Gernsbacher, R. W. Pew, L. M. Hough, & J. R. Pomerantz (Eds.), Psychology and the real world: Essays illustrating fundamental contributions to society (pp. 56-64). New York, NY: Worth.
    • (2011) Psychology and the real world: Essays illustrating fundamental contributions to society , pp. 56-64
    • Bjork, E.L.1    Bjork, R.A.2
  • 7
    • 0001298749 scopus 로고
    • The spacing effect: Consolidation or differential encoding?
    • Bjork, R. A., & Allen, T. W. (1970). The spacing effect: Consolidation or differential encoding? Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 9, 567-572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(70)80103-7
    • (1970) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.9 , pp. 567-572
    • Bjork, R.A.1    Allen, T.W.2
  • 8
    • 0002918277 scopus 로고
    • A new theory of disuse and an old theory of stimulus fluctuation
    • In A. Healy, S. Kosslyn, & R. Shiffrin (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (1992). A new theory of disuse and an old theory of stimulus fluctuation. In A. Healy, S. Kosslyn, & R. Shiffrin (Eds.), From learning processes to cognitive processes: Essays in honor of William K. Estes (Vol. 2, pp. 35-67). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1992) From learning processes to cognitive processes: Essays in honor of William K. Estes , vol.2 , pp. 35-67
    • Bjork, R.A.1    Bjork, E.L.2
  • 9
    • 84872455026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-regulated learning: Beliefs, techniques, and illusions
    • Bjork, R. A., Dunlosky, J., & Kornell, N. (2013). Self-regulated learning: Beliefs, techniques, and illusions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 417-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143823
    • (2013) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.64 , pp. 417-444
    • Bjork, R.A.1    Dunlosky, J.2    Kornell, N.3
  • 10
    • 84865405448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using spacing to enhance diverse forms of learning: Review of recent research and implications for instruction
    • Carpenter, S. K., Cepeda, N. J., Rohrer, D., Kang, S. H., & Pashler, H. (2012). Using spacing to enhance diverse forms of learning: Review of recent research and implications for instruction. Educational Psychology Review, 24, 369-378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-012-9205-z
    • (2012) Educational Psychology Review , vol.24 , pp. 369-378
    • Carpenter, S.K.1    Cepeda, N.J.2    Rohrer, D.3    Kang, S.H.4    Pashler, H.5
  • 11
    • 22944471447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of the testing and spacing effects to name learning
    • Carpenter, S. K., & DeLosh, E. L. (2005). Application of the testing and spacing effects to name learning. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19, 619-636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.1101
    • (2005) Applied Cognitive Psychology , vol.19 , pp. 619-636
    • Carpenter, S.K.1    DeLosh, E.L.2
  • 12
    • 33744908588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis
    • Cepeda, N. J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2006). Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 354-380.
    • (2006) Psychological Bulletin , vol.132 , pp. 354-380
    • Cepeda, N.J.1    Pashler, H.2    Vul, E.3    Wixted, J.T.4    Rohrer, D.5
  • 13
    • 57349180508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spacing effects in learning: A temporal ridgeline of optimal retention
    • Cepeda, N. J., Vul, E., Rohrer, D., Wixted, J. T., & Pashler, H. (2008). Spacing effects in learning: A temporal ridgeline of optimal retention. Psychological Science, 19, 1095-1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02209.x
    • (2008) Psychological Science , vol.19 , pp. 1095-1102
    • Cepeda, N.J.1    Vul, E.2    Rohrer, D.3    Wixted, J.T.4    Pashler, H.5
  • 14
    • 0344232639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Untangling the benefits of multiple study opportunities and repeated testing for cued recall
    • Cull, W. L. (2000). Untangling the benefits of multiple study opportunities and repeated testing for cued recall. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14, 215-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(200005/06)14: 3-215::AID-ACP6403.0.CO;2-1
    • (2000) Applied Cognitive Psychology , vol.14 , pp. 215-235
    • Cull, W.L.1
  • 15
    • 0001314345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expanding understanding of the expanding-pattern-of-retrieval mnemonic: Toward confidence in applicability
    • Cull, W. L., Shaughnessy, J. J., & Zechmeister, E. B. (1996). Expanding understanding of the expanding-pattern-of-retrieval mnemonic: Toward confidence in applicability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 2, 365-378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.2.4.365
    • (1996) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , vol.2 , pp. 365-378
    • Cull, W.L.1    Shaughnessy, J.J.2    Zechmeister, E.B.3
  • 16
    • 79954925497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spacing and testing effects: A deeply critical, lengthy, and at times discursive review of the literature
    • Delaney, P. F., Verkoeijen, P. P., & Spirgel, A. (2010). Spacing and testing effects: A deeply critical, lengthy, and at times discursive review of the literature. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 53, 63-147. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(10)53003-2
    • (2010) Psychology of Learning and Motivation , vol.53 , pp. 63-147
    • Delaney, P.F.1    Verkoeijen, P.P.2    Spirgel, A.3
  • 17
    • 0011661198 scopus 로고
    • Spacing effects and their implications for theory and practice
    • Dempster, F. N. (1989). Spacing effects and their implications for theory and practice. Educational Psychology Review, 1, 309-330. http://dx.doi .org/10.1007/BF01320097
    • (1989) Educational Psychology Review , vol.1 , pp. 309-330
    • Dempster, F.N.1
  • 18
    • 0004141817 scopus 로고
    • Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology
    • New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.
    • Ebbinghaus, H. (1913). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. http://dx.doi .org/10.1037/10011-000
    • (1913)
    • Ebbinghaus, H.1
  • 19
    • 0001878290 scopus 로고
    • Monotonic and nonmonotonic lag effects in pairedassociate and recognition memory paradigms
    • Glenberg, A. M. (1976). Monotonic and nonmonotonic lag effects in pairedassociate and recognition memory paradigms. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 15, 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(76)90002-5
    • (1976) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.15 , pp. 1-16
    • Glenberg, A.M.1
  • 20
    • 0018449402 scopus 로고
    • Component-levels theory of the effects of spacing of repetitions on recall and recognition
    • Glenberg, A. M. (1979). Component-levels theory of the effects of spacing of repetitions on recall and recognition. Memory & Cognition, 7, 95- 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03197590
    • (1979) Memory & Cognition , vol.7 , pp. 95- 112
    • Glenberg, A.M.1
  • 21
    • 85192297574 scopus 로고
    • Theoretical implications of the spacing effect
    • R. L. Solso (Ed.), Potomac, MD: Erlbaum
    • Hintzman, D. L. (1974). Theoretical implications of the spacing effect. In R. L. Solso (Ed.), Theories in cognitive psychology: The Loyola Symposium (pp. 77-99). Potomac, MD: Erlbaum.
    • (1974) Theories in cognitive psychology: The Loyola Symposium , pp. 77-99
    • Hintzman, D.L.1
  • 22
    • 67650126846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The analysis of missing data.
    • In W. Outhwaite & S. Turner (Eds.), London, United Kingdom: Sage.
    • Howell, D. C. (2007). The analysis of missing data. In W. Outhwaite & S. Turner (Eds.), Handbook of Social Science Methodology. London, United Kingdom: Sage. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781848607958.n11
    • (2007) Handbook of Social Science Methodology.
    • Howell, D.C.1
  • 23
    • 0038444364 scopus 로고
    • The contributions of encoding effort and variability to the spacing effect on free recall
    • Johnston, W. A., & Uhl, C. N. (1976). The contributions of encoding effort and variability to the spacing effect on free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 153-160. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.2.2.153
    • (1976) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , vol.2 , pp. 153-160
    • Johnston, W.A.1    Uhl, C.N.2
  • 25
    • 34548170744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expanding retrieval practice promotes short-term retention, but equally spaced retrieval enhances long-term retention
    • Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger, H. L., III. (2007). Expanding retrieval practice promotes short-term retention, but equally spaced retrieval enhances long-term retention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 704-719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.33.4.704
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.33 , pp. 704-719
    • Karpicke, J.D.1    Roediger, H.L.2
  • 26
    • 75149192693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is expanding retrieval a superior method for learning text materials?
    • Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger, H. L., III. (2010). Is expanding retrieval a superior method for learning text materials? Memory & Cognition, 38, 116-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/MC.38.1.116
    • (2010) Memory & Cognition , vol.38 , pp. 116-124
    • Karpicke, J.D.1    Roediger, H.L.2
  • 27
    • 67349096664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptual learning and human expertise
    • Kellman, P. J., & Garrigan, P. (2009). Perceptual learning and human expertise. Physics of Life Reviews, 6, 53-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.plrev.2008.12.001
    • (2009) Physics of Life Reviews , vol.6 , pp. 53-84
    • Kellman, P.J.1    Garrigan, P.2
  • 28
    • 84893173267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maximizing students' retention via spaced review: Practical guidance from computational models of memory
    • Khajah, M. M., Lindsey, R. V., & Mozer, M. C. (2014). Maximizing students' retention via spaced review: Practical guidance from computational models of memory. Topics in Cognitive Science, 6, 157-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tops.12077
    • (2014) Topics in Cognitive Science , vol.6 , pp. 157-169
    • Khajah, M.M.1    Lindsey, R.V.2    Mozer, M.C.3
  • 29
    • 34547517515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The promise and perils of selfregulated study
    • Kornell, N., & Bjork, R. A. (2007). The promise and perils of selfregulated study. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 219-224. http:// dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03194055
    • (2007) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.14 , pp. 219-224
    • Kornell, N.1    Bjork, R.A.2
  • 30
    • 44949148428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning concepts and categories: Is spacing the "enemy of induction"?
    • Kornell, N., & Bjork, R. A. (2008). Learning concepts and categories: Is spacing the "enemy of induction"? Psychological Science, 19, 585-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02127.x
    • (2008) Psychological Science , vol.19 , pp. 585-592
    • Kornell, N.1    Bjork, R.A.2
  • 31
    • 84907140929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applying perceptual and adaptive learning techniques for teaching introductory histopathology
    • Krasne, S., Hillman, J. D., Kellman, P. J., & Drake, T. A. (2013). Applying perceptual and adaptive learning techniques for teaching introductory histopathology. Journal of Pathology Informatics, 4, 34-41. http://dx .doi.org/10.4103/2153-3539.123991
    • (2013) Journal of Pathology Informatics , vol.4 , pp. 34-41
    • Krasne, S.1    Hillman, J.D.2    Kellman, P.J.3    Drake, T.A.4
  • 32
    • 84976455082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mastering ECG interpretation skills through a perceptual and adaptive learning module
    • (submitted). Manuscript under review.
    • Krasne, S., Stevens, C. D., Kellman, P. J.,& Niemann, J. T. (submitted). Mastering ECG interpretation skills through a perceptual and adaptive learning module. Advances in Health Science Education. Manuscript under review.
    • Advances in Health Science Education
    • Krasne, S.1    Stevens, C.D.2    Kellman, P.J.3    Niemann, J.T.4
  • 33
    • 0001061461 scopus 로고
    • Optimum rehearsal patterns and name learning
    • M. Gruneberg, P. Morris, & R. Sykes (Eds.), London, United Kingdom: Academic Press
    • Landauer, T. K., & Bjork, R. A. (1978). Optimum rehearsal patterns and name learning. In M. Gruneberg, P. Morris, & R. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory (pp. 625-632). London, United Kingdom: Academic Press.
    • (1978) Practical aspects of memory , pp. 625-632
    • Landauer, T.K.1    Bjork, R.A.2
  • 34
    • 84898919209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimizing memory retention with cognitive models
    • In A. Howes, D. Peebles, & R. Cooper (Eds.), 9th International Conference on Cognitive Modeling- ICCM2009, Manchester, United Kingdom.
    • Lindsey, R., Mozer, M., Cepeda, N. J., & Pashler, H. (2009). Optimizing memory retention with cognitive models. In A. Howes, D. Peebles, & R. Cooper (Eds.), 9th International Conference on Cognitive Modeling- ICCM2009, Manchester, United Kingdom.
    • (2009)
    • Lindsey, R.1    Mozer, M.2    Cepeda, N.J.3    Pashler, H.4
  • 35
    • 84896862008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving students' long-term knowledge retention through personalized review
    • Lindsey, R. V., Shroyer, J. D., Pashler, H., & Mozer, M. C. (2014). Improving students' long-term knowledge retention through personalized review. Psychological Science, 25, 639-647. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1177/0956797613504302
    • (2014) Psychological Science , vol.25 , pp. 639-647
    • Lindsey, R.V.1    Shroyer, J.D.2    Pashler, H.3    Mozer, M.C.4
  • 36
    • 42449103096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expanded vs equal spaced retrieval practice in healthy young and older adults
    • Logan, J. M., & Balota, D. A. (2008). Expanded vs equal spaced retrieval practice in healthy young and older adults. Aging, Cognition, and Neuropsychology, 15, 257-280.
    • (2008) Aging, Cognition, and Neuropsychology , vol.15 , pp. 257-280
    • Logan, J.M.1    Balota, D.A.2
  • 37
    • 84976456512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studies of adaptive and fixed schedules in factual and perceptual learning
    • Retrieved from Proquest. #3605425.
    • Mettler, E. (2014). Studies of adaptive and fixed schedules in factual and perceptual learning. Retrieved from Proquest. #3605425.
    • (2014)
    • Mettler, E.1
  • 38
    • 84907140943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive response-time-based category sequencing in perceptual learning
    • Mettler, E., & Kellman, P. J. (2014). Adaptive response-time-based category sequencing in perceptual learning. Vision Research, 99, 111-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2013.12.009
    • (2014) Vision Research , vol.99 , pp. 111-123
    • Mettler, E.1    Kellman, P.J.2
  • 41
    • 34547494227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancing learning and retarding forgetting: Choices and consequences
    • Pashler, H., Rohrer, D., Cepeda, N. J., & Carpenter, S. K. (2007). Enhancing learning and retarding forgetting: Choices and consequences. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(2), 187-193.
    • (2007) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 187-193
    • Pashler, H.1    Rohrer, D.2    Cepeda, N.J.3    Carpenter, S.K.4
  • 43
    • 13844288540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice and forgetting effects on vocabulary memory: An activation-based model of the spacing effect
    • Pavlik, P. I., & Anderson, J. R. (2005). Practice and forgetting effects on vocabulary memory: An activation-based model of the spacing effect. Cognitive Science, 29(4), 559-586.
    • (2005) Cognitive Science , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 559-586
    • Pavlik, P.I.1    Anderson, J.R.2
  • 44
    • 47049121748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using a model to compute the optimal schedule of practice
    • Pavlik, P. I., & Anderson, J. R. (2008). Using a model to compute the optimal schedule of practice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 14, 101-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.14.2.101
    • (2008) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , vol.14 , pp. 101-117
    • Pavlik, P.I.1    Anderson, J.R.2
  • 45
    • 1542657538 scopus 로고
    • A memory schedule
    • Pimsleur, P. (1967). A memory schedule. Modern Language Journal, 51, 73-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1967.tb06700.x
    • (1967) Modern Language Journal , vol.51 , pp. 73-75
    • Pimsleur, P.1
  • 46
    • 62949118502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the retrieval effort hypothesis: Does greater difficulty correctly recalling information lead to higher levels of memory?
    • Pyc, M. A., & Rawson, K. A. (2009). Testing the retrieval effort hypothesis: Does greater difficulty correctly recalling information lead to higher levels of memory? Journal of Memory and Language, 60, 437-447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2009.01.004
    • (2009) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.60 , pp. 437-447
    • Pyc, M.A.1    Rawson, K.A.2
  • 47
    • 0038578769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spacing and repetition effects in human memory: Application of the SAM model
    • Raaijmakers, J. G. W. (2003). Spacing and repetition effects in human memory: Application of the SAM model. Cognitive Science, 27, 431- 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2703_5
    • (2003) Cognitive Science , vol.27 , pp. 431-452
    • Raaijmakers, J.G.W.1
  • 48
    • 79961182226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimizing schedules of retrieval practice for durable and efficient learning: How much is enough?
    • Rawson, K. A., & Dunlosky, J. (2011). Optimizing schedules of retrieval practice for durable and efficient learning: How much is enough? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140, 283-302. http://dx.doi .org/10.1037/a0023956
    • (2011) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.140 , pp. 283-302
    • Rawson, K.A.1    Dunlosky, J.2
  • 49
    • 0011884801 scopus 로고
    • The effect of expanded versus massed practice on the retention of multiplication facts and spelling lists
    • Rea, C. P., & Modigliani, V. (1985). The effect of expanded versus massed practice on the retention of multiplication facts and spelling lists. Human Learning: Journal of Practical Research & Applications, 4, 11-18.
    • (1985) Human Learning: Journal of Practical Research & Applications , vol.4 , pp. 11-18
    • Rea, C.P.1    Modigliani, V.2
  • 50
    • 84925398139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Training pattern recognition of skin lesion morphology, configuration, and distribution
    • Rimoin, L., Altieri, L., Craft, N., Krasne, S., & Kellman, P. J. (2015). Training pattern recognition of skin lesion morphology, configuration, and distribution. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 72, 489-495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.11.016
    • (2015) Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology , vol.72 , pp. 489-495
    • Rimoin, L.1    Altieri, L.2    Craft, N.3    Krasne, S.4    Kellman, P.J.5
  • 51
    • 33845911958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of overlearning and distributed practice on the retention of mathematics knowledge
    • Rohrer, D., & Taylor, K. (2006). The effects of overlearning and distributed practice on the retention of mathematics knowledge. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 1209-1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp .1266
    • (2006) Applied Cognitive Psychology , vol.20 , pp. 1209-1224
    • Rohrer, D.1    Taylor, K.2
  • 52
    • 0345094843 scopus 로고
    • The effects of interpresentation interval on performance in a continuous paired-associate task.
    • Tech. Rep. No. 116, Institute for Mathematical Studies in Social Sciences, Stanford University.
    • Rumelhart, D. E. (1967). The effects of interpresentation interval on performance in a continuous paired-associate task. Tech. Rep. No. 116, Institute for Mathematical Studies in Social Sciences, Stanford University.
    • (1967)
    • Rumelhart, D.E.1
  • 53
    • 35248845468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of spiral versus strand curriculum
    • Snider, V. E. (2004). A comparison of spiral versus strand curriculum. Journal of Direct Instruction, 4, 29-39.
    • (2004) Journal of Direct Instruction , vol.4 , pp. 29-39
    • Snider, V.E.1
  • 54
    • 77953918761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimizing retrieval as a learning event: When and why expanding retrieval practice enhances long-term retention
    • Storm, B. C., Bjork, R. A., & Storm, J. C. (2010). Optimizing retrieval as a learning event: When and why expanding retrieval practice enhances long-term retention. Memory & Cognition, 38, 244-253. http://dx.doi .org/10.3758/MC.38.2.244
    • (2010) Memory & Cognition , vol.38 , pp. 244-253
    • Storm, B.C.1    Bjork, R.A.2    Storm, J.C.3
  • 55
    • 85041891186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive perceptual learning in electrocardiography: The synergy of passive and active classification
    • D. C. Noelle, R. Dale, A. S. Warlaumont, J. Yoshimi, T. Matlock, C. D. Jennings, & P. P. Maglio (Eds.), Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society
    • Thai, K. P., Krasne, S., & Kellman, P. J. (2015). Adaptive perceptual learning in electrocardiography: The synergy of passive and active classification. In D. C. Noelle, R. Dale, A. S. Warlaumont, J. Yoshimi, T. Matlock, C. D. Jennings, & P. P. Maglio (Eds.), Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2350-2355). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
    • (2015) Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society , pp. 2350-2355
    • Thai, K.P.1    Krasne, S.2    Kellman, P.J.3
  • 56
    • 0009888319 scopus 로고
    • Effects of repetition as a function of study-phase retrieval
    • Thios, S. J., & D'Agostino, P. R. (1976). Effects of repetition as a function of study-phase retrieval. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 15, 529-536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5371(76)90047-5
    • (1976) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.15 , pp. 529-536
    • Thios, S.J.1    D'Agostino, P.R.2
  • 57
    • 33744912709 scopus 로고
    • The relation of retention to the distribution of relearning
    • Tsai, L. (1927). The relation of retention to the distribution of relearning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 10, 30-39. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1037/h0071614
    • (1927) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 30-39
    • Tsai, L.1
  • 58
    • 80055052443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spacing enhances the learning of natural concepts: An investigation of mechanisms, metacognition, and aging
    • Wahlheim, C. N., Dunlosky, J., & Jacoby, L. L. (2011). Spacing enhances the learning of natural concepts: An investigation of mechanisms, metacognition, and aging. Memory & Cognition, 39, 750-763. http://dx.doi .org/10.3758/s13421-010-0063-y
    • (2011) Memory & Cognition , vol.39 , pp. 750-763
    • Wahlheim, C.N.1    Dunlosky, J.2    Jacoby, L.L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.