Brain fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET in dementia

Ageing Research Reviews

Volumn 30, Issue , 2016, Pages 73-84

  Kato, Takashi ^a   Inui, Yoshitaka ^a   Nakamura, Akinori ^a   Ito, Kengo ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR GERIATRICS AND GERONTOLOGY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Dementia; FDG PET; Fluorodeoxyglucose; Mild cognitive impairment; Preclinical AD

Indexed keywords

FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; GLUCOSE; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ASSOCIATION CORTEX; BRAIN MAPPING; BRAIN METABOLISM; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COGNITIVE RESERVE; CORTICOBASAL DEGENERATION; DEMENTIA; DEPRESSION; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DIFFUSE LEWY BODY DISEASE; FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HUMAN; LOGOPENIC PROGRESSIVE APHASIA; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; NERVOUS SYSTEM INJURY; NEUROIMAGING; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PARIETAL LOBE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; POSTERIOR CINGULATE; PRECUNEUS; PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE APHASIA; PROGRESSIVE NONFLUENT APHASIA; PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY; QUANTITATIVE STUDY; REVIEW; SEMANTIC DEMENTIA; TEMPORAL LOBE; ANIMAL; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; IMAGE PROCESSING; METABOLISM; PROCEDURES;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; DEMENTIA; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F18; GLUCOSE; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS;

EID: 84964319102     PISSN: 15681637     EISSN: 18729649     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.02.003     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Albert, M.S., DeKosky, S.T., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H.H., Fox, N.C., Gamst, A., Holtzman, D.M., Jagust, W.J., Petersen, R.C., Snyder, P.J., Carrillo, M.C., Thies, B., Phelps, C.H., The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Demen. J. Alzheimer's Assoc. 7 (2011), 270–279.
2. Arbizu, J., Prieto, E., Martinez-Lage, P., Marti-Climent, J.M., Garcia-Granero, M., Lamet, I., Pastor, P., Riverol, M., Gomez-Isla, M.T., Penuelas, I., Richter, J.A., Weiner, M.W., Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging, I., Automated analysis of FDG PET as a tool for single-subject probabilistic prediction and detection of Alzheimer's disease dementia. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 40 (2013), 1394–1405.
3. Arenaza-Urquijo, E.M., Gonneaud, J., Fouquet, M., Perrotin, A., Mezenge, F., Landeau, B., Egret, S., De la Sayette, V., Desgranges, B., Chetelat, G., Interaction between years of education and APOE epsilon4 status on frontal and temporal metabolism. Neurology 85 (2015), 1392–1399.
4. Ashburner, J., A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm. NeuroImage 38 (2007), 95–113.
5. Bateman, R.J., Xiong, C., Benzinger, T.L., Fagan, A.M., Goate, A., Fox, N.C., Marcus, D.S., Cairns, N.J., Xie, X., Blazey, T.M., Holtzman, D.M., Santacruz, A., Buckles, V., Oliver, A., Moulder, K., Aisen, P.S., Ghetti, B., Klunk, W.E., McDade, E., Martins, R.N., Masters, C.L., Mayeux, R., Ringman, J.M., Rossor, M.N., Schofield, P.R., Sperling, R.A., Salloway, S., Morris, J.C., Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer, N., Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 367 (2012), 795–804.
6. Belanger, M., Allaman, I., Magistretti, P.J., Brain energy metabolism: focus on astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation. Cell Metab. 14 (2011), 724–738.
7. Bohnen, N.I., Djang, D.S., Herholz, K., Anzai, Y., Minoshima, S., Effectiveness and safety of 18F-FDG PET in the evaluation of dementia: a review of the recent literature. J. Nucl. Med. 53 (2012), 59–71.
8. Bouchard, M., Suchowersky, O., Tauopathies: one disease or many?. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 38 (2011), 547–556.
9. Braak, H., Thal, D.R., Ghebremedhin, E., Del Tredici, K., Stages of the pathologic process in Alzheimer disease: age categories from 1 to 100 years. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 70 (2011), 960–969.
10. Burns, C.M., Chen, K., Kaszniak, A.W., Lee, W., Alexander, G.E., Bandy, D., Fleisher, A.S., Caselli, R.J., Reiman, E.M., Higher serum glucose levels are associated with cerebral hypometabolism in Alzheimer regions. Neurology 80 (2013), 1557–1564.
11. Busche, M.A., Eichhoff, G., Adelsberger, H., Abramowski, D., Wiederhold, K.H., Haass, C., Staufenbiel, M., Konnerth, A., Garaschuk, O., Clusters of hyperactive neurons near amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Science 321 (2008), 1686–1689.
12. Cerami, C., Della Rosa, P.A., Magnani, G., Santangelo, R., Marcone, A., Cappa, S.F., Perani, D., Brain metabolic maps in mild cognitive impairment predict heterogeneity of progression to dementia. NeuroImage Clin. 7 (2015), 187–194.
13. Cohen, A.D., Klunk, W.E., Early detection of Alzheimer's disease using PiB and FDG PET. Neurobiol. Dis. 72:Pt A (2014), 117–122.
14. Corneveaux, J.J., Liang, W.S., Reiman, E.M., Webster, J.A., Myers, A.J., Zismann, V.L., Joshipura, K.D., Pearson, J.V., Hu-Lince, D., Craig, D.W., Coon, K.D., Dunckley, T., Bandy, D., Lee, W., Chen, K., Beach, T.G., Mastroeni, D., Grover, A., Ravid, R., Sando, S.B., Aasly, J.O., Heun, R., Jessen, F., Kolsch, H., Rogers, J., Hutton, M.L., Melquist, S., Petersen, R.C., Alexander, G.E., Caselli, R.J., Papassotiropoulos, A., Stephan, D.A., Huentelman, M.J., Evidence for an association between KIBRA and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 31 (2010), 901–909.
15. Curiati, P.K., Tamashiro-Duran, J.H., Duran, F.L., Buchpiguel, C.A., Squarzoni, P., Romano, D.C., Vallada, H., Menezes, P.R., Scazufca, M., Busatto, G.F., Alves, T.C., Age-related metabolic profiles in cognitively healthy elders: results from a voxel-based [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission tomography study with partial volume effects correction. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 32 (2011), 560–565.
16. de Leon, M.J., Convit, A., Wolf, O.T., Tarshish, C.Y., DeSanti, S., Rusinek, H., Tsui, W., Kandil, E., Scherer, A.J., Roche, A., Imossi, A., Thorn, E., Bobinski, M., Caraos, C., Lesbre, P., Schlyer, D., Poirier, J., Reisberg, B., Fowler, J., Prediction of cognitive decline in normal elderly subjects with 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose/poitron-emission tomography (FDG/PET). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 (2001), 10966–10971.
17. De Santi, S., de Leon, M.J., Rusinek, H., Convit, A., Tarshish, C.Y., Roche, A., Tsui, W.H., Kandil, E., Boppana, M., Daisley, K., Wang, G.J., Schlyer, D., Fowler, J., Hippocampal formation glucose metabolism and volume losses in MCI and AD. Neurobiol. Aging 22 (2001), 529–539.
18. DeCarli, C., Mild cognitive impairment: prevalence, prognosis, aetiology, and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2 (2003), 15–21.
19. Della Rosa, P.A., Cerami, C., Gallivanone, F., Prestia, A., Caroli, A., Castiglioni, I., Gilardi, M.C., Frisoni, G., Friston, K., Ashburner, J., Perani, D., Consortium, E.P., A standardized [18F]-FDG-PET template for spatial normalization in statistical parametric mapping of dementia. Neuroinformatics 12 (2014), 575–593.
20. Delrieu, J., Desmidt, T., Camus, V., Sourdet, S., Boutoleau-Bretonniere, C., Mullin, E., Vellas, B., Payoux, P., Lebouvier, T., Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging, I., Apathy as a feature of prodromal Alzheimer's disease: an FDG-PET ADNI study. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 30 (2015), 470–477.
21. Dickson, D.W., Kouri, N., Murray, M.E., Josephs, K.A., Neuropathology of frontotemporal lobar degeneration-tau (FTLD-tau). J. Mol. Neurosci. 45 (2011), 384–389.
22. Diehl-Schmid, J., Grimmer, T., Drzezga, A., Bornschein, S., Perneczky, R., Forstl, H., Schwaiger, M., Kurz, A., Longitudinal changes of cerebral glucose metabolism in semantic dementia. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 22 (2006), 346–351.
23. Diehl-Schmid, J., Grimmer, T., Drzezga, A., Bornschein, S., Riemenschneider, M., Forstl, H., Schwaiger, M., Kurz, A., Decline of cerebral glucose metabolism in frontotemporal dementia: a longitudinal 18F-FDG-PET-study. Neurobiol. Aging 28 (2007), 42–50.
24. Diehl, J., Grimmer, T., Drzezga, A., Riemenschneider, M., Forstl, H., Kurz, A., Cerebral metabolic patterns at early stages of frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia. A PET study. Neurobiol. Aging 25 (2004), 1051–1056.
25. Dowling, N.M., Johnson, S.C., Gleason, C.E., Jagust, W.J., Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging, I., The mediational effects of FDG hypometabolism on the association between cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and neurocognitive function. NeuroImage 105 (2015), 357–368.
26. Dubois, B., Feldman, H.H., Jacova, C., Dekosky, S.T., Barberger-Gateau, P., Cummings, J., Delacourte, A., Galasko, D., Gauthier, S., Jicha, G., Meguro, K., O'Brien, J., Pasquier, F., Robert, P., Rossor, M., Salloway, S., Stern, Y., Visser, P.J., Scheltens, P., Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Lancet Neurol. 6 (2007), 734–746.
27. Dubois, B., Feldman, H.H., Jacova, C., Hampel, H., Molinuevo, J.L., Blennow, K., DeKosky, S.T., Gauthier, S., Selkoe, D., Bateman, R., Cappa, S., Crutch, S., Engelborghs, S., Frisoni, G.B., Fox, N.C., Galasko, D., Habert, M.O., Jicha, G.A., Nordberg, A., Pasquier, F., Rabinovici, G., Robert, P., Rowe, C., Salloway, S., Sarazin, M., Epelbaum, S., de Souza, L.C., Vellas, B., Visser, P.J., Schneider, L., Stern, Y., Scheltens, P., Cummings, J.L., Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease: the IWG-2 criteria. Lancet Neurol. 13 (2014), 614–629.
28. Eckert, T., Barnes, A., Dhawan, V., Frucht, S., Gordon, M.F., Feigin, A.S., Eidelberg, D., FDG PET in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders. NeuroImage 26 (2005), 912–921.
29. Ewers, M., Brendel, M., Rizk-Jackson, A., Rominger, A., Bartenstein, P., Schuff, N., Weiner, M.W., Reduced FDG-PET brain metabolism and executive function predict clinical progression in elderly healthy subjects. NeuroImage Clin. 4 (2014), 45–52.
30. Feher, E.P., Doody, R.S., Whitehead, J., Pirozzolo, F.J., Progressive nonfluent aphasia with dementia: a case report. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol. 4 (1991), 236–240.
31. Foster, N.L., Heidebrink, J.L., Clark, C.M., Jagust, W.J., Arnold, S.E., Barbas, N.R., DeCarli, C.S., Turner, R.S., Koeppe, R.A., Higdon, R., Minoshima, S., FDG-PET improves accuracy in distinguishing frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Brain 130 (2007), 2616–2635.
32. Friston, K.J., Frith, C.D., Liddle, P.F., Frackowiak, R.S., Comparing functional (PET) images: the assessment of significant change. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11 (1991), 690–699.
33. Graff-Radford, J., Murray, M.E., Lowe, V.J., Boeve, B.F., Ferman, T.J., Przybelski, S.A., Lesnick, T.G., Senjem, M.L., Gunter, J.L., Smith, G.E., Knopman, D.S., Jack, C.R. Jr., Dickson, D.W., Petersen, R.C., Kantarci, K., Dementia with Lewy bodies: basis of cingulate island sign. Neurology 83 (2014), 801–809.
34. Herholz, K., Guidance for reading FDG PET scans in dementia patients. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 58 (2014), 332–343.
35. Herholz, K., Carter, S.F., Jones, M., Positron emission tomography imaging in dementia. Br. J. Radiol. 80:2 (2007), S160–S167.
36. Herholz, K., Salmon, E., Perani, D., Baron, J.C., Holthoff, V., Frolich, L., Schonknecht, P., Ito, K., Mielke, R., Kalbe, E., Zundorf, G., Delbeuck, X., Pelati, O., Anchisi, D., Fazio, F., Kerrouche, N., Desgranges, B., Eustache, F., Beuthien-Baumann, B., Menzel, C., Schroder, J., Kato, T., Arahata, Y., Henze, M., Heiss, W.D., Discrimination between Alzheimer dementia and controls by automated analysis of multicenter FDG PET. NeuroImage 17 (2002), 302–316.
37. Herholz, K., Westwood, S., Haense, C., Dunn, G., Evaluation of a calibrated (18)F-FDG PET score as a biomarker for progression in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment. J. Nucl. Med. 52 (2011), 1218–1226.
38. Hodges, J.R., Patterson, K., Oxbury, S., Funnell, E., Semantic dementia: progressive fluent aphasia with temporal lobe atrophy. Brain 115:Pt 6 (1992), 1783–1806.
39. Hosaka, K., Ishii, K., Sakamoto, S., Mori, T., Sasaki, M., Hirono, N., Mori, E., Voxel-based comparison of regional cerebral glucose metabolism between PSP and corticobasal degeneration. J. Neurol. Sci. 199 (2002), 67–71.
40. Hsieh, T.C., Lin, W.Y., Ding, H.J., Sun, S.S., Wu, Y.C., Yen, K.Y., Kao, C.H., Sex- and age-related differences in brain FDG metabolism of healthy adults: an SPM analysis. J. Neuroimaging 22 (2012), 21–27.
41. Hu, X., Okamura, N., Arai, H., Higuchi, M., Maruyama, M., Itoh, M., Yamaguchi, K., Sasaki, H., Neuroanatomical correlates of low body weight in Alzheimer's disease: a PET study. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 26 (2002), 1285–1289.
42. Ikari, Y., Nishio, T., Makishi, Y., Miya, Y., Ito, K., Koeppe, R.A., Senda, M., Head motion evaluation and correction for PET scans with 18F-FDG in the Japanese Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative (J-ADNI) multi-center study. Ann. Nucl. Med. 26 (2012), 535–544.
43. Imamura, T., Ishii, K., Sasaki, M., Kitagaki, H., Yamaji, S., Hirono, N., Shimomura, T., Hashimoto, M., Tanimukai, S., Kazui, H., Mori, E., Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease: a comparative study using positron emission tomography. Neurosci. lett. 235 (1997), 49–52.
44. Ishibashi, K., Miura, Y., Oda, K., Ishiwata, K., Ishii, K., Alzheimer's disease-like pattern of (18)F-FDG uptake during a hyperglycemic state and negative (11)C-PiB binding in a patient with mild cognitive impairment. J. Alzheimer's Dis. 42 (2014), 385–389.
45. Ishii, K., PET approaches for diagnosis of dementia. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 35 (2014), 2030–2038.
46. Ishii, K., Higashi, Y., Tabata, M., Miyaishi, M., Mizutani, T., Sasaki, M., Necessity of a uniform start for scanning after FDG injection in brain PET study. Ann. Nucl. Med. 20 (2006), 329–331.
47. Ishii, K., Imamura, T., Sasaki, M., Yamaji, S., Sakamoto, S., Kitagaki, H., Hashimoto, M., Hirono, N., Shimomura, T., Mori, E., Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in dementia with lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 51 (1998), 125–130.
48. Ishii, K., Kono, A.K., Sasaki, H., Miyamoto, N., Fukuda, T., Sakamoto, S., Mori, E., Fully automatic diagnostic system for early- and late-onset mild Alzheimer's disease using FDG PET and 3D-SSP. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 33 (2006), 575–583.
49. Ito, K., Fukuyama, H., Senda, M., Ishii, K., Maeda, K., Yamamoto, Y., Ouchi, Y., Ishii, K., Okumura, A., Fujiwara, K., Kato, T., Arahata, Y., Washimi, Y., Mitsuyama, Y., Meguro, K., Ikeda, M., Group, S.J.S., Prediction of outcomes in mild cognitive impairment by using 18F-FDG-PET: a multicenter study. J. Alzheimer's Dis. 45 (2015), 543–552.
50. Iwatsubo, T., Japanese Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: present status and future. Alzheimer's Demen. J. Alzheimer's Assoc. 6 (2010), 297–299.
51. Jack, C.R. Jr., Albert, M.S., Knopman, D.S., McKhann, G.M., Sperling, R.A., Carrillo, M.C., Thies, B., Phelps, C.H., Introduction to the recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Demen. J. Alzheimer's Assoc. 7 (2011), 257–262.
52. Jagust, W., Gitcho, A., Sun, F., Kuczynski, B., Mungas, D., Haan, M., Brain imaging evidence of preclinical Alzheimer's disease in normal aging. Ann. Neurol. 59 (2006), 673–681.
53. Jeong, Y., Cho, S.S., Park, J.M., Kang, S.J., Lee, J.S., Kang, E., Na, D.L., Kim, S.E., 18F-FDG PET findings in frontotemporal dementia: an SPM analysis of 29 patients. J. Nucl. Med. 46 (2005), 233–239.
54. Johnson, S.C., Christian, B.T., Okonkwo, O.C., Oh, J.M., Harding, S., Xu, G., Hillmer, A.T., Wooten, D.W., Murali, D., Barnhart, T.E., Hall, L.T., Racine, A.M., Klunk, W.E., Mathis, C.A., Bendlin, B.B., Gallagher, C.L., Carlsson, C.M., Rowley, H.A., Hermann, B.P., Dowling, N.M., Asthana, S., Sager, M.A., Amyloid burden and neural function in people at risk for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 35 (2014), 576–584.
55. Kakimoto, A., Ito, S., Okada, H., Nishizawa, S., Minoshima, S., Ouchi, Y., Age-related sex-specific changes in the brain metabolism and morphology. J. Nucl. Med. 57 (2016), 221–225.
56. Kalpouzos, G., Chetelat, G., Baron, J.C., Landeau, B., Mevel, K., Godeau, C., Barre, L., Constans, J.M., Viader, F., Eustache, F., Desgranges, B., Voxel-based mapping of brain gray matter volume and glucose metabolism profiles in normal aging. Neurobiol. Aging 30 (2009), 112–124.
57. Kanda, T., Ishii, K., Uemura, T., Miyamoto, N., Yoshikawa, T., Kono, A.K., Mori, E., Comparison of grey matter and metabolic reductions in frontotemporal dementia using FDG-PET and voxel-based morphometric MR studies. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 35 (2008), 2227–2234.
58. Kemppainen, N.M., Aalto, S., Karrasch, M., Nagren, K., Savisto, N., Oikonen, V., Viitanen, M., Parkkola, R., Rinne, J.O., Cognitive reserve hypothesis: Pittsburgh compound B and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in relation to education in mild Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 63 (2008), 112–118.
59. Kennedy, A.M., Newman, S.K., Frackowiak, R.S., Cunningham, V.J., Roques, P., Stevens, J., Neary, D., Bruton, C.J., Warrington, E.K., Rossor, M.N., Chromosome 14 linked familial Alzheimer's disease: a clinico-pathological study of a single pedigree. Brain 118:Pt 1 (1995), 185–205.
60. Kim, E.J., Cho, S.S., Jeong, Y., Park, K.C., Kang, S.J., Kang, E., Kim, S.E., Lee, K.H., Na, D.L., Glucose metabolism in early onset versus late onset Alzheimer's disease: an SPM analysis of 120 patients. Brain 128 (2005), 1790–1801.
61. Kim, I.J., Kim, S.J., Kim, Y.K., Age- and sex-associated changes in cerebral glucose metabolism in normal healthy subjects: statistical parametric mapping analysis of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose brain positron emission tomography. Acta Radiol. 50 (2009), 1169–1174.
62. Kirshner, H.S., Primary progressive aphasia and Alzheimer's disease: brief history, recent evidence. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 12 (2012), 709–714.
63. Knopman, D.S., Jack, C.R. Jr., Wiste, H.J., Lundt, E.S., Weigand, S.D., Vemuri, P., Lowe, V.J., Kantarci, K., Gunter, J.L., Senjem, M.L., Mielke, M.M., Roberts, R.O., Boeve, B.F., Petersen, R.C., 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, aging, and apolipoprotein E genotype in cognitively normal persons. Neurobiol. Aging 35 (2014), 2096–2106.
64. Labbe, C., Froment, J.C., Kennedy, A., Ashburner, J., Cinotti, L., Positron emission tomography metabolic data corrected for cortical atrophy using magnetic resonance imaging. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 10 (1996), 141–170.
65. Landau, S.M., Harvey, D., Madison, C.M., Reiman, E.M., Foster, N.L., Aisen, P.S., Petersen, R.C., Shaw, L.M., Trojanowski, J.Q., Jack, C.R. Jr., Weiner, M.W., Jagust, W.J., Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging, I., Comparing predictors of conversion and decline in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 75 (2010), 230–238.
66. Langbaum, J.B., Chen, K., Caselli, R.J., Lee, W., Reschke, C., Bandy, D., Alexander, G.E., Burns, C.M., Kaszniak, A.W., Reeder, S.A., Corneveaux, J.J., Allen, A.N., Pruzin, J., Huentelman, M.J., Fleisher, A.S., Reiman, E.M., Hypometabolism in Alzheimer-affected brain regions in cognitively healthy Latino individuals carrying the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele. Arch. Neurol. 67 (2010), 462–468.
67. Lawlor, B.A., Ryan, T.M., Schmeidler, J., Mohs, R.C., Davis, K.L., Clinical symptoms associated with age at onset in Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Psychiatry 151 (1994), 1646–1649.
68. Lee, D.Y., Choo, I.H., Jhoo, J.H., Kim, K.W., Youn, J.C., Lee, D.S., Kang, E.J., Lee, J.S., Kang, W.J., Woo, J.I., Frontal dysfunction underlies depressive syndrome in Alzheimer disease: a FDG-PET study. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 14 (2006), 625–628.
69. Lee, H.S., Choo, I.H., Lee, D.Y., Kim, J.W., Seo, E.H., Kim, S.G., Park, S.Y., Shin, J.H., Kim, K.W., Woo, J.I., Frontal dysfunction underlies depression in mild cognitive impairment: a FDG-PET study. Psychiatry Invest. 7 (2010), 208–214.
70. Lehman, V.T., Carter, R.E., Claassen, D.O., Murphy, R.C., Lowe, V., Petersen, R.C., Peller, P.J., Visual assessment versus quantitative three-dimensional stereotactic surface projection fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for detection of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Clin. Nucl. Med. 37 (2012), 721–726.
71. Lehmann, M., Ghosh, P.M., Madison, C., Laforce, R. Jr., Corbetta-Rastelli, C., Weiner, M.W., Greicius, M.D., Seeley, W.W., Gorno-Tempini, M.L., Rosen, H.J., Miller, B.L., Jagust, W.J., Rabinovici, G.D., Diverging patterns of amyloid deposition and hypometabolism in clinical variants of probable Alzheimer's disease. Brain 136 (2013), 844–858.
72. Leyton, C.E., Villemagne, V.L., Savage, S., Pike, K.E., Ballard, K.J., Piguet, O., Burrell, J.R., Rowe, C.C., Hodges, J.R., Subtypes of progressive aphasia: application of the international consensus criteria and validation using beta-amyloid imaging. Brain 134 (2011), 3030–3043.
73. Lim, S.M., Katsifis, A., Villemagne, V.L., Best, R., Jones, G., Saling, M., Bradshaw, J., Merory, J., Woodward, M., Hopwood, M., Rowe, C.C., The 18F-FDG PET cingulate island sign and comparison to 123I-beta-CIT SPECT for diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies. J. Nucl. Med. 50 (2009), 1638–1645.
74. Lowe, V.J., Weigand, S.D., Senjem, M.L., Vemuri, P., Jordan, L., Kantarci, K., Boeve, B., Jack, C.R. Jr., Knopman, D., Petersen, R.C., Association of hypometabolism and amyloid levels in aging, normal subjects. Neurology 82 (2014), 1959–1967.
75. Maldjian, J.A., Whitlow, C.T., Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging, I., Whither the hippocampus? FDG-PET hippocampal hypometabolism in Alzheimer disease revisited. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 33 (2012), 1975–1982.
76. Marra, C., Villa, G., Quaranta, D., Valenza, A., Vita, M.G., Gainotti, G., Probable Alzheimer's disease patients presenting as focal temporal lobe dysfunction show a slow rate of cognitive decline. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 18 (2012), 144–150.
77. Martino, M.E., de Villoria, J.G., Lacalle-Aurioles, M., Olazaran, J., Cruz, I., Navarro, E., Garcia-Vazquez, V., Carreras, J.L., Desco, M., Comparison of different methods of spatial normalization of FDG-PET brain images in the voxel-wise analysis of MCI patients and controls. Ann. Nucl. Med. 27 (2013), 600–609.
78. Mathis, C.A., Wang, Y., Holt, D.P., Huang, G.F., Debnath, M.L., Klunk, W.E., Synthesis and evaluation of 11C-labeled 6-substituted 2-arylbenzothiazoles as amyloid imaging agents. J. Med. Chem. 46 (2003), 2740–2754.
79. Matias-Guiu, J.A., Cabrera-Martin, M.N., Moreno-Ramos, T., Valles-Salgado, M., Fernandez-Matarrubia, M., Carreras, J.L., Matias-Guiu, J., Amyloid and FDG-PET study of logopenic primary progressive aphasia: evidence for the existence of two subtypes. J. Neurol. 262 (2015), 1463–1472.
80. McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., Stadlan, E.M., Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 34 (1984), 939–944.
81. McKhann, G.M., Knopman, D.S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B.T., Jack, C.R. Jr., Kawas, C.H., Klunk, W.E., Koroshetz, W.J., Manly, J.J., Mayeux, R., Mohs, R.C., Morris, J.C., Rossor, M.N., Scheltens, P., Carrillo, M.C., Thies, B., Weintraub, S., Phelps, C.H., The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Demen. J. Alzheimer's Assoc. 7 (2011), 263–269.
82. Mesulam, M.M., Primary progressive aphasia. Ann. Neurol. 49 (2001), 425–432.
83. Minoshima, S., Foster, N.L., Sima, A.A., Frey, K.A., Albin, R.L., Kuhl, D.E., Alzheimer's disease versus dementia with Lewy bodies: cerebral metabolic distinction with autopsy confirmation. Ann. Neurol. 50 (2001), 358–365.
84. Minoshima, S., Frey, K.A., Koeppe, R.A., Foster, N.L., Kuhl, D.E., A diagnostic approach in Alzheimer's disease using three-dimensional stereotactic surface projections of fluorine-18-FDG PET. J. Nucl. Med. 36 (1995), 1238–1248.
85. Minoshima, S., Giordani, B., Berent, S., Frey, K.A., Foster, N.L., Kuhl, D.E., Metabolic reduction in the posterior cingulate cortex in very early Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 42 (1997), 85–94.
86. Morbelli, S., Brugnolo, A., Bossert, I., Buschiazzo, A., Frisoni, G.B., Galluzzi, S., van Berckel, B.N., Ossenkoppele, R., Perneczky, R., Drzezga, A., Didic, M., Guedj, E., Sambuceti, G., Bottoni, G., Arnaldi, D., Picco, A., De Carli, F., Pagani, M., Nobili, F., Visual versus semi-quantitative analysis of 18F-FDG-PET in amnestic MCI: an European Alzheimer's Disease Consortium (EADC) project. J. Alzheimer's Dis. 44 (2015), 815–826.
87. Mosconi, L., Brain glucose metabolism in the early and specific diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: FDG-PET studies in MCI and AD. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 32 (2005), 486–510.
88. Mosconi, L., Berti, V., Glodzik, L., Pupi, A., De Santi, S., de Leon, M.J., Pre-clinical detection of Alzheimer's disease using FDG-PET, with or without amyloid imaging. J. Alzheimer's Dis. 20 (2010), 843–854.
89. Mosconi, L., Brys, M., Glodzik-Sobanska, L., De Santi, S., Rusinek, H., de Leon, M.J., Early detection of Alzheimer's disease using neuroimaging. Exp. Gerontol. 42 (2007), 129–138.
90. Mosconi, L., Brys, M., Switalski, R., Mistur, R., Glodzik, L., Pirraglia, E., Tsui, W., De Santi, S., de Leon, M.J., Maternal family history of Alzheimer's disease predisposes to reduced brain glucose metabolism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104 (2007), 19067–19072.
91. Mosconi, L., De Santi, S., Li, J., Tsui, W.H., Li, Y., Boppana, M., Laska, E., Rusinek, H., de Leon, M.J., Hippocampal hypometabolism predicts cognitive decline from normal aging. Neurobiol. Aging 29 (2008), 676–692.
92. Mosconi, L., Murray, J., Tsui, W.H., Li, Y., Spector, N., Goldowsky, A., Williams, S., Osorio, R., McHugh, P., Glodzik, L., Vallabhajosula, S., de Leon, M.J., Brain imaging of cognitively normal individuals with 2 parents affected by late-onset AD. Neurology 82 (2014), 752–760.
93. Mosconi, L., Tsui, W.H., De Santi, S., Li, J., Rusinek, H., Convit, A., Li, Y., Boppana, M., de Leon, M.J., Reduced hippocampal metabolism in MCI and AD: automated FDG-PET image analysis. Neurology 64 (2005), 1860–1867.
94. Mosconi, L., Tsui, W.H., Herholz, K., Pupi, A., Drzezga, A., Lucignani, G., Reiman, E.M., Holthoff, V., Kalbe, E., Sorbi, S., Diehl-Schmid, J., Perneczky, R., Clerici, F., Caselli, R., Beuthien-Baumann, B., Kurz, A., Minoshima, S., de Leon, M.J., Multicenter standardized 18F-FDG PET diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and other dementias. J. Nucl. Med. 49 (2008), 390–398.
95. Nobili, F., Salmaso, D., Morbelli, S., Girtler, N., Piccardo, A., Brugnolo, A., Dessi, B., Larsson, S.A., Rodriguez, G., Pagani, M., Principal component analysis of FDG PET in amnestic MCI. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 35 (2008), 2191–2202.
96. Oh, H., Habeck, C., Madison, C., Jagust, W., Covarying alterations in abeta deposition, glucose metabolism, and gray matter volume in cognitively normal elderly. Hum. Brain Mapp. 35 (2014), 297–308.
97. Pagani, M., De Carli, F., Morbelli, S., Oberg, J., Chincarini, A., Frisoni, G.B., Galluzzi, S., Perneczky, R., Drzezga, A., van Berckel, B.N., Ossenkoppele, R., Didic, M., Guedj, E., Brugnolo, A., Picco, A., Arnaldi, D., Ferrara, M., Buschiazzo, A., Sambuceti, G., Nobili, F., Volume of interest-based [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET discriminates MCI converting to Alzheimer's disease from healthy controls. A European Alzheimer's Disease Consortium (EADC) study. NeuroImage Clin. 7 (2015), 34–42.
98. Passow, S., Specht, K., Adamsen, T.C., Biermann, M., Brekke, N., Craven, A.R., Ersland, L., Gruner, R., Kleven-Madsen, N., Kvernenes, O.H., Schwarzlmuller, T., Olesen, R.A., Hugdahl, K., Default-mode network functional connectivity is closely related to metabolic activity. Hum. Brain Mapp. 36 (2015), 2027–2038.
99. Pellerin, L., Magistretti, P.J., Glutamate uptake into astrocytes stimulates aerobic glycolysis: a mechanism coupling neuronal activity to glucose utilization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91 (1994), 10625–10629.
100. Perani, D., Della Rosa, P.A., Cerami, C., Gallivanone, F., Fallanca, F., Vanoli, E.G., Panzacchi, A., Nobili, F., Pappata, S., Marcone, A., Garibotto, V., Castiglioni, I., Magnani, G., Cappa, S.F., Gianolli, L., Consortium, E.-P., Validation of an optimized SPM procedure for FDG-PET in dementia diagnosis in a clinical setting. NeuroImage. Clin. 6 (2014), 445–454.
101. Phelps, M.E., Huang, S.C., Hoffman, E.J., Selin, C., Sokoloff, L., Kuhl, D.E., Tomographic measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in humans with (F-18) 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: validation of method. Ann. Neurol. 6 (1979), 371–388.
102. Rabinovici, G.D., Jagust, W.J., Furst, A.J., Ogar, J.M., Racine, C.A., Mormino, E.C., O'Neil, J.P., Lal, R.A., Dronkers, N.F., Miller, B.L., Gorno-Tempini, M.L., Abeta amyloid and glucose metabolism in three variants of primary progressive aphasia. Ann. Neurol. 64 (2008), 388–401.
103. Rabinovici, G.D., Rosen, H.J., Alkalay, A., Kornak, J., Furst, A.J., Agarwal, N., Mormino, E.C., O'Neil, J.P., Janabi, M., Karydas, A., Growdon, M.E., Jang, J.Y., Huang, E.J., Dearmond, S.J., Trojanowski, J.Q., Grinberg, L.T., Gorno-Tempini, M.L., Seeley, W.W., Miller, B.L., Jagust, W.J., Amyloid vs FDG-PET in the differential diagnosis of AD and FTLD. Neurology 77 (2011), 2034–2042.
104. Reiman, E.M., Chen, K., Langbaum, J.B., Lee, W., Reschke, C., Bandy, D., Alexander, G.E., Caselli, R.J., Higher serum total cholesterol levels in late middle age are associated with glucose hypometabolism in brain regions affected by Alzheimer's disease and normal aging. NeuroImage 49 (2010), 169–176.
105. Riedl, L., Mackenzie, I.R., Forstl, H., Kurz, A., Diehl-Schmid, J., Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: current perspectives. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 10 (2014), 297–310.
106. Roberts, R.O., Knopman, D.S., Cha, R.H., Mielke, M.M., Pankratz, V.S., Boeve, B.F., Kantarci, K., Geda, Y.E., Jack, C.R. Jr., Petersen, R.C., Lowe, V.J., Diabetes and elevated hemoglobin A1c levels are associated with brain hypometabolism but not amyloid accumulation. J. Nucl. Med. 55 (2014), 759–764.
107. Sakamoto, S., Ishii, K., Sasaki, M., Hosaka, K., Mori, T., Matsui, M., Hirono, N., Mori, E., Differences in cerebral metabolic impairment between early and late onset types of Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 200 (2002), 27–32.
108. Small, G.W., Mazziotta, J.C., Collins, M.T., Baxter, L.R., Phelps, M.E., Mandelkern, M.A., Kaplan, A., La Rue, A., Adamson, C.F., Chang, L., et al. Apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and cerebral glucose metabolism in relatives at risk for familial Alzheimer disease. JAMA 273 (1995), 942–947.
109. Sokoloff, L., Reivich, M., Kennedy, C., Des Rosiers, M.H., Patlak, C.S., Pettigrew, K.D., Sakurada, O., Shinohara, M., The [14C]deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: theory, procedure, and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. J. Neurochem. 28 (1977), 897–916.
110. Sperling, R.A., Aisen, P.S., Beckett, L.A., Bennett, D.A., Craft, S., Fagan, A.M., Iwatsubo, T., Jack, C.R. Jr., Kaye, J., Montine, T.J., Park, D.C., Reiman, E.M., Rowe, C.C., Siemers, E., Stern, Y., Yaffe, K., Carrillo, M.C., Thies, B., Morrison-Bogorad, M., Wagster, M.V., Phelps, C.H., Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Demen. J. Alzheimer's Assoc. 7 (2011), 280–292.
111. Stern, Y., What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 8 (2002), 448–460.
112. Takahashi, R., Ishii, K., Senda, M., Ito, K., Ishii, K., Kato, T., Makishi, Y., Nishio, T., Ikari, Y., Iwatsubo, T., Japanese Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging, I., Equal sensitivity of early and late scans after injection of FDG for the detection of Alzheimer pattern: an analysis of 3D PET data from J-ADNI, a multi-center study. Ann. Nucl. Med. 27 (2013), 452–459.
113. Toledo, J.B., Cairns, N.J., Da, X., Chen, K., Carter, D., Fleisher, A., Householder, E., Ayutyanont, N., Roontiva, A., Bauer, R.J., Eisen, P., Shaw, L.M., Davatzikos, C., Weiner, M.W., Reiman, E.M., Morris, J.C., Trojanowski, J.Q., Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging, I., Clinical and multimodal biomarker correlates of ADNI neuropathological findings. Acta Neuropathol. Commun., 1, 2013, 65.
114. Tripathi, M., Dhawan, V., Peng, S., Kushwaha, S., Batla, A., Jaimini, A., D'Souza, M.M., Sharma, R., Saw, S., Mondal, A., Differential diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes using F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Neuroradiology 55 (2013), 483–492.
115. Van Der Gucht, A., Verger, A., Guedj, E., Malandain, G., Hossu, G., Yagdigul, Y., Roch, V., Poussier, S., Maillard, L., Karcher, G., Marie, P.Y., Age-related changes in FDG brain uptake are more accurately assessed when applying an adaptive template to the SPM method of voxel-based quantitative analysis. Ann. Nucl. Med. 29 (2015), 921–928.
116. Varrone, A., Asenbaum, S., Vander Borght, T., Booij, J., Nobili, F., Nagren, K., Darcourt, J., Kapucu, O.L., Tatsch, K., Bartenstein, P., Van Laere, K., European Association of Nuclear Medicine Neuroimaging, C., EANM procedure guidelines for PET brain imaging using [18F]FDG, version 2. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 36 (2009), 2103–2110.
117. Villemagne, V.L., Burnham, S., Bourgeat, P., Brown, B., Ellis, K.A., Salvado, O., Szoeke, C., Macaulay, S.L., Martins, R., Maruff, P., Ames, D., Rowe, C.C., Masters, C.L., Australian Imaging, B., Lifestyle Research, G., Amyloid beta deposition, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 12 (2013), 357–367.
118. Walker, Z., Possin, K.L., Boeve, B.F., Aarsland, D., Lewy body dementias. Lancet 386 (2015), 1683–1697.
119. Weiner, M.W., Aisen, P.S., Jack, C.R. Jr., Jagust, W.J., Trojanowski, J.Q., Shaw, L., Saykin, A.J., Morris, J.C., Cairns, N., Beckett, L.A., Toga, A., Green, R., Walter, S., Soares, H., Snyder, P., Siemers, E., Potter, W., Cole, P.E., Schmidt, M., Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging, I., The Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: progress report and future plans. Alzheimer's Demen. J. Alzheimer's Assoc. 6 (2010), 202–211 e207.
120. Whitwell, J.L., Dickson, D.W., Murray, M.E., Weigand, S.D., Tosakulwong, N., Senjem, M.L., Knopman, D.S., Boeve, B.F., Parisi, J.E., Petersen, R.C., Jack, C.R. Jr., Josephs, K.A., Neuroimaging correlates of pathologically defined subtypes of Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study. Lancet Neurol. 11 (2012), 868–877.
121. Whitwell, J.L., Duffy, J.R., Strand, E.A., Machulda, M.M., Senjem, M.L., Schwarz, C.G., Reid, R., Baker, M.C., Perkerson, R.B., Lowe, V.J., Rademakers, R., Jack, C.R. Jr., Josephs, K.A., Clinical and neuroimaging biomarkers of amyloid-negative logopenic primary progressive aphasia. Brain Lang. 142 (2015), 45–53.
122. Yamane, T., Ikari, Y., Nishio, T., Ishii, K., Ishii, K., Kato, T., Ito, K., Silverman, D.H., Senda, M., Asada, T., Arai, H., Sugishita, M., Iwatsubo, T., Group, J.A.S., Visual-statistical interpretation of (18)F-FDG-PET images for characteristic Alzheimer patterns in a multicenter study: inter-rater concordance and relationship to automated quantitative evaluation. AJNR. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 35 (2014), 244–249.
123. Yanase, D., Matsunari, I., Yajima, K., Chen, W., Fujikawa, A., Nishimura, S., Matsuda, H., Yamada, M., Brain FDG PET study of normal aging in Japanese: effect of atrophy correction. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 32 (2005), 794–805.
124. Yoshizawa, H., Gazes, Y., Stern, Y., Miyata, Y., Uchiyama, S., Characterizing the normative profile of 18F-FDG PET brain imaging: sex difference, aging effect, and cognitive reserve. Psychiatry Res. 221 (2014), 78–85.
125. Yuan, Y., Gu, Z.X., Wei, W.S., Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission tomography, single-photon emission tomography, and structural MR imaging for prediction of rapid conversion to Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis. AJNR. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 30 (2009), 404–410.
126. Zhang, S., Han, D., Tan, X., Feng, J., Guo, Y., Ding, Y., Diagnostic accuracy of 18 F-FDG and 11C-PIB-PET for prediction of short-term conversion to Alzheimer's disease in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 66 (2012), 185–198.