Evaluation of iron deficiency anemia as a predisposing factor in the occurrence of pneumonia in children

Trends in Medical Research

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 69-75

  Abdel Maksoud, Hussein M ^a   Hasan, Kamel Abdelghafar ^a   Helwa, Mohamed Ahmed ^b  

^a AL AZHAR UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

^b MENOUFIA UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

Author keywords

BMI; CRP; ESR; Iron; Low repiratory tract infection; Pneumonia

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; FERRITIN; HEMOGLOBIN; IRON;

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; ARTICLE; BLOOD CELL COUNT; CHILD; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION COEFFICIENT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; ERYTHROCYTE COUNT; ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE; FERRITIN BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; LABORATORY TEST; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MEDICAL HISTORY; MOTHER; PNEUMONIA; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SCHOOL CHILD; SOCIAL CLASS; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY;

EID: 84964277247     PISSN: 18193587     EISSN: 21516065     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3923/tmr.2016.69.75     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Agweyu, A., N. Opiyo and M. English, 2012. Experience developing national evidence-based clinical guidelines for childhood pneumonia in a low-income setting-making the GRADE? BMC Pediatr., Vol. 12. 10.1186/1471-2431-12-1
2. Angeles, I.T., W.J. Schultink, P. Matulessi, R. Gross and S. Sastroamidjojo, 1993. Decreased rate of stunting among anemic Indonesian preschool children through iron supplementation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 58: 339-342.
3. Berger, J., J.L. Dyck, P. Galan, A. Aplogan, D. Schneider, P. Traissac and S. Hercberg, 2000. Effect of daily iron supplementation on iron status, cell-mediated immunity and incidence of infections in 6-36 month old Togolese children. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 54: 29-35.
4. Bhaskaram, P., K.M. Nair, N. Balakrishna, P. Ravinder and B. Sesikeran, 2003. Serum transferrin receptor in children with respiratory infections. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 57: 75-80.
5. Brant, W.A. and C.A. Helms, 2012. Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology. 4th Edn., Wolters Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, ISBN-13: 978-1608319114, Pages: 1772.
6. Broor, S., R.M. Pandey, M. Ghosh, R.S. Maitreyi, R. Lodha, T. Singhal and S.K. Kabra, 2001. Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in under-five children. Indian Pediatr., 38: 1361-1369.
7. De Bernoist, B., E. McLean, I. Egli and M. Cogswell, 2008. Worldwide Prevalence of Anaemia 1993-2005: WHO Global Database on Anaemia. World Health Organization, Geneva, ISBN: 978-92-4-159665-7, Pages: 40.
8. De Silva, A., S. Atukorala, I. Weerasinghe and N. Ahluwalia, 2003. Iron supplementation improves iron status and reduces morbidity in children with or without upper respiratory tract infections: A randomized controlled study in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77: 234-241.
9. Filteau, S.M. and A.M. Tomkins, 1994. Micronutrients and tropical infections. Trans. Royal Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 88: 1-3, 26.
10. Ganong, W.F., 2005. Gas Transport Between the Lungs and the Tissues. In: Review of Medical Physiology, Ganong, W.F. (Ed.). 22nd Edn., McGraw-Hill, New York, ISBN: 9780071440400, pp: 666-669.
11. Ghio, A., 2009. Disruption of iron homeostasis and lung disease. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 1790: 731-739.
12. Graham, S.M., M. English, T. Hazir, P. Enarson and T. Duke, 2008. Challenges to improving case management of childhood pneumonia at health facilities in resource-limited settings. Bull. World Health Organiz., 86: 349-355.
13. Green, T.P. and S.A. McColley, 2004. Disorders of the Lungs and Lower Airways. In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Behrman, R.E., R.M. Kliegman and H.B. Jensen (Eds.). 17th Edn., Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
14. Hussain, S.Q., M. Ashraf, J.G. Wani and J. Ahmed, 2014. Low hemoglobin level a risk factor for acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) in children. J. Clin. Diagn. Res., 8: PC01-PC03.
15. Javaid, N., F. Haschke, B. Piesching, E. Schuster and C. Huemer et al., 1991. Interactions between infections, malnutrition and iron nutritional status in Pakistani infants. A longitudinal study. Acta Pediatr. Scant. Suppl., 374: 141-150.
16. Johnson, E.E. and M. Wessling-Resnick, 2012. Iron metabolism and the innate immune response to infection. Microbes Infect., 14: 207-216.
17. Kabra, S.K., 2013. Disorders of Repiratory System. In: Ghai Essential Paediatrics, Paul, V.K. and A. Bagga (Eds.). CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, pp: 371-395.
18. Koch, A., K. Molbak, P. Homoe, P. Sorensen and T. Hjuler et al., 2003. Risk factors for acute respiratory tract infections in young greenlandic children. Am. J. Epidemiol., 158: 374-384.
19. Kotecha, P.V., 2011. Nutritional anemia in young children with focus on asia and India. Indian J. Commun. Med., 36: 8-16.
20. Lozoff, B., E. Jimenez, J. Hagen, E. Mollen and A.W. Wolf, 2000. Poorer behavioral and developmental outcome more than 10 years after treatment for iron deficiency in infancy. Pediatrics, Vol. 105.
21. Malla, T., O.K. Pathak and K.K. Malla, 2010. Is low hemoglobin level a risk factor for acute lower respiratory tract infections? J. Nepal Pediatr. Soc., 30: 1-7.
22. Mateos, F., J. Brock and J.L. Perez-Arellano, 1998. Iron metabolism in the lower respiratory tract. Thorax, 53: 594-600.
23. Mourad, S., M. Rajab, A. Alameddine, M. Fares, F. Ziade and B.A. Merhi, 2010. Hemoglobin level as a risk factor for lower respiratory tract infections in Lebanese children. North Am. J. Med. Sci., 2: 461-466.
24. Mudalige, R. and P. Nestel, 1996. Prevalence of anemia in Sri Lanka. Ceylon. J. Med. Sci., 39: 9-16.
25. Muwakkit, S., I. Nuwayhid, M. Nabulsi, R. Al Hajj, R. Khoury, M. Mikati and M.R. Abboud, 2008. Iron deficiency in young Lebanese children: Association with elevated blood lead levels. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol., 30: 382-386.
26. Openheimer, S.J., 2001. Iron and its relation to immunity and infectious disease. J. Nutr., 131: 616S-633S.
27. Pasricha, S.R., J. Black, S. Muthayya, A. Shet and V. Bhat et al., 2010. Determinants of anemia among young children in rural India. Paediatrics, 126: e140-e149.
28. Ramakrishnan, K. and P.S. Harish, 2006. Hemoglobin level as a risk factor for lower respiratory tract infections. Indian J. Pediatr., 73: 881-883.
29. Roth, D.E., L.E. Caulfield, M. Ezzati and R.E. Black, 2008. Acute lower respiratory infections in childhood: opportunities for reducing the global burden through nutritional interventions. Bull. World Health Organ., 86: 321-416.
30. Sharma, S., B. Maycher and G. Eschun, 2007. Radiological imaging in pneumonia: Recent innovations. Curr. Opin. Pulmonary Med., 13: 159-169.
31. Thibault, H., P. Galan, F. Selz, P. Preziosi, C. Olivier, J. Badoual and S. Hercberg, 1993. The immune response in iron-deficient young children: Effect of iron supplementation on cell-mediated immunity. Eur. J. Pediatr., 152: 120-124.
32. WHO., 2001. Iron deficiency anaemia: Assessment, prevention and control: A guide for programme managers. WHO/NHD/01.3, United Nations Children's Fund, United Nations University, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, pp: 1-114.
33. Zuo, X.F., J.X. Li and W.D. Zhou, 2014. The nutrient status of Chinese infants with pneumonia. Biomed. Res., 25: 317-320.