Determinants of anemia among young children in rural India

Pediatrics

Volumn 126, Issue 1, 2010, Pages

  Pasricha, Sant Rayn ^a,b   Black, James ^a   Muthayya, Sumithra ^b   Shet, Anita ^a,b   Bhat, Vijay ^c   Nagaraj, Savitha ^b   Prashanth, N S ^d   Sudarshan, H ^d   Biggs, Beverley Ann ^a   Shet, Arun S ^b,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b ST JOHN'S NATIONAL ACADEMY OF HEALTH SCIENCES   (India)

^c MANIPAL HOSPITAL   (India)

^d Karuna Trust   (India)

^e KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Anemia; Child preschool; Food security; India; Iron deficiency anemia; Poverty; Public health

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; FERRITIN; FOLIC ACID; HEMOGLOBIN; RETINOL BINDING PROTEIN;

ANEMIA; ARTICLE; BREAST FEEDING; CALORIC INTAKE; CHILD; FEMALE; FERRITIN BLOOD LEVEL; FOLIC ACID BLOOD LEVEL; FOOD DEPRIVATION; FOOD SECURITY; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; INDIA; INFANT; IRON DEFICIENCY; IRON INTAKE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; RURAL AREA; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANEMIA; ANEMIA, IRON-DEFICIENCY; BLOOD CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; FOOD SUPPLY; HUMANS; HUNGER; INDIA; INFANT; IRON, DIETARY; MALE; MALNUTRITION; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; POVERTY; PROBABILITY; QUESTIONNAIRES; RURAL POPULATION; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 77954367534     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: 10984275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-3108     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Benoist B, McLean E, Egli I, Cogswell, eds. Worldwide Prevalence of Anaemia 1993-2005. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2008. Available at: whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596657-eng.pdf. Accessed April 11, 2010
2. International Institute for Population Sciences and Macro International. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005-2006: Key Findings. Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences; 2007. Available at: www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/SR128/SR128.pdf. Accessed April 11, 2010
3. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Census of India. New Delhi, India: Office of the Registrar General, India; 2001. Available at: www.censusindia.net. Accessed April 11, 2010.
4. Chatterjee P. Child malnutrition rises in India despite economic boom. Lancet. 2007;369(9571):1417-1418
5. Kumar A. National nutritional anaemia control programme in India. Indian J Public Health. 1999;43(1):3-5, 16
6. International Institute for Population Sciences. The Second National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2), 1998-1999. Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ORC Macro; 2000. Available at: www.nfhsindia.org/india2.html. Accessed April 11, 2010
7. Sachdev H, Gera T, Nestel P. Effect of iron supplementation on mental and motor development in children: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Public Health Nutr. 2005;8(2):117-132
8. Hurtado EK, Claussen AH, Scott KG. Early childhood anemia and mild or moderate mental retardation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(1):115-119 (Pubitemid 29031260)
9. World Health Organization. Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention, and Control - A Guide for Programme Managers. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001. Available at: www.who. int/nutrition/ publications/micronutrients/anaemia-iron-deficiency/WHO-NHD-01.3/en/index.html. Accesses April 12, 2010
10. Thankachan P, Walczyk T, Muthayya S, et al. Iron absorption in young Indian women: the interaction of iron status with the influence of tea and ascorbic acid. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(4):881-886
11. Duque X, Flores-Hernandez S, Flores-Huerta S, et al. Prevalence of anemia and deficiency of iron, folic acid, and zinc in children younger than 2 years of age who use the health services provided by the Mexican Social Security Institute. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:345
12. Calis JC, Phiri KS, Faragher EB, et al. Severe anemia in Malawian children. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(9):888-899
13. Schneider JM, Fujii ML, Lamp CL, et al. Anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia in 12-36-mo-old children from low-income families. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(6):1269-1275
14. PHC Monthly Data: November 2007. Bangalore, India: Karuna Trust; 2008
15. Bhandari L, Kale S. Karnataka: Performance, Facts and Figures. Delhi, India: Indicus Analytics; 2007
16. Haahr M. Random.org Web site. Available at: www.random.org/mads. Accessed April 12, 2010
17. Pasricha SR, Vijaykumar V, Prashanth N, et al. A community based field research project investigating anaemia amongst young children living in rural Karnataka, India: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2009;9(1):59
18. Swindale A, Bilinsky P. Development of a universally applicable household food insecurity measurement tool: process, current status, and outstanding issues. J Nutr. 2006;136(5):1449S-1452S
19. Coates J, Swindale A, Bilinsky P. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for Measurement of Household Food Access: Indicator Guide. Version 3. Washington, DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development; 2007. Available at: www.foodsec.org/tr/nut/hfias.pdf. Accessed April 12, 2010
20. Rutstein SO, Johnson K. The DHS Wealth Index. Calverton, MD: ORC Macro; 2004
21. Horst CH, Obermann-De Boer GL, Kromhout D. Validity of the 24-hour recall method in infancy: the Leiden Pre-school Children Study. Int J Epidemiol. 1988;17(1):217-221
22. Gopalan C, Rama Sastri BV, Balasubramanian S. Updated by Narasinga Rao BS, Deosthale YG, Pant KC. Nutritive Value of Indian Foods. Hyderabad, India: National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research; 1989
23. World Health Organization. The WHO Child Growth Standards. Geneva, Switzerland: Department of Nutrition, World Health Organization; 2008. Available at: www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/en. Accessed April 12, 2010
24. Ash LR, Orihel TC, Savioli L, Abu Sin M, Montresor A, Renganathan E, eds. Training Manual on Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites: Tutor's Guide. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2004. Available at: www.who.int/entity/ wormcontrol/documents/benchaids/en/trainingmanual-sip98-2.pdf. Accessed April 12, 2010
25. Pulliam PN, Attia MW, Cronan KM. C-reactive protein in febrile children 1 to 36 months of age with clinically undetectable serious bacterial infection. Pediatrics. 2001;108(6):1275-1279
26. Bain BJ. Haemoglobinopathy Diagnosis. 2nd ed. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing; 2006
27. de Pee S, Dary O. Biochemical indicators of vitamin A deficiency: serum retinol and serum retinol binding protein. J Nutr. 2002;132(9 suppl):2895S-2901S
28. Gamble MV, Ramakrishnan R, Palafox NA, et al. Retinol binding protein as a surrogate measure for serum retinol: studies in vitamin A-deficient children from the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(3):594-601 (Pubitemid 32176511)
29. Kirkwood BR, Sterne JA. Essential Medical Statistics. 2nd ed. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Science; 2003
30. Bain B. Blood Cells: A Practical Guide. 4th ed. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell; 2006
31. Wharton BA. Iron deficiency in children: detection and prevention. Br J Haematol. 1999;106(2):270-280
32. Kumar A, Rai AK, Basu S, et al. Cord blood and breast milk iron status in maternal anemia. Pediatrics. 2008;121(3). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/ content/full/121/3/e673
33. Sharpe LM, Peacock WC, Cooke R, et al. The effect of phytate and other food factors on iron absorption. J Nutr. 1950;41(3):433-446
34. Farley MA, Smith PD, Mahoney AW, et al. Adult dietary characteristics affecting iron intake: a comparison based on iron density. J Am Diet Assoc. 1987;87(2):184-189
35. Chen K, Zhang X, Li TY, et al. Co-assessment of iron, vitamin A and growth status to investigate anemia in preschool children in suburb Chongqing, China. World J Pediatr. 2009;5(4):275-281
36. Domellöf M, Lonnerdal B, Dewey KG, et al. Gender differences in iron status during infancy. Pediatrics. 2002;110(3):545-552
37. Skalicky A, Meyers AF, Adams WG, et al. Child food insecurity and iron deficiency anemia in low-income infants and toddlers in the United States. Matern Child Health J. 2006;10(2):177-185
38. Smith RR, Spivak JL. Marrow cell necrosis in anorexia nervosa and involuntary starvation. Br J Haematol. 1985;60(3):525-530
39. Russell RM, Suter PM. Vitamin and trace mineral deficiency and excess. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, et al, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2008:441-450
40. Mishra V, Retherford RD. Does biofuel smoke contribute to anaemia and stunting in early childhood? Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36(1):117-129
41. McMichael AJ, Powles JW, Butler CD, et al. Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health. Lancet. 2007;370(9594):1253-1263
42. Horton R. The global financial crisis: an acute threat to health. Lancet. 2009;373(9661):355-356
43. Gomber S, Kumar S, Rusia U, et al. Prevalence and etiology of nutritional anaemias in early childhood in an urban slum. Indian J Med Res. 1998;107:269-273 (Pubitemid 28379648)
44. Thurlow R, Winichagoon P, Green T, et al. Only a small proportion of anemia in northeast Thai schoolchildren is associated with iron deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;(82):380-387
45. White KC. Anemia is a poor predictor of iron deficiency among toddlers in the United States: for heme the bell tolls. Pediatrics. 2005;115(2):315-320
46. Jain NB, Laden F, Guller U, et al. Relation between blood lead levels and childhood anemia in India. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161(10):968-973
47. Nhien NV, Khan NC, Yabutani T, et al. Relationship of low serum selenium to anemia among primary school children living in rural Vietnam. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2008;54(6):454-459
48. Fisher JO, Butte NF, Mendoza PM, et al. Overestimation of infant and toddler energy intake by 24-h recall compared with weighed food records. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(2):407-415
49. Olinto MT, Victora CG, Barros FC, et al. Twenty-four-hour recall overestimates the dietary intake of malnourished children. J Nutr. 1995;125(4):880-884
50. Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, et al. Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet. 2002;360(9343):1347-1360
51. Hunt JM. Reversing productivity losses from iron deficiency: the economic case. J Nutr. 2002;132(4 suppl):794S-801S
52. Zimmermann MB, Hurrell RF. Nutritional iron deficiency. Lancet. 2007;370(9586):511-520
53. Saxena S. Review of the Policy Regarding Micronutrients: Iron Folic Acid (IFA). New Delhi, India: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; 2007
54. Vijayaraghavan K, Brahmam GN, Nair KM, et al. Evaluation of national nutritional anemia prophylaxis programme. Indian J Pediatr. 1990;57(2):183-190
55. Galloway R, McGuire J. Determinants of compliance with iron supplementation: supplies, side effects, or psychology? Soc Sci Med. 1994;39(3):381-390 (Pubitemid 24433134)
56. Allen LH. Anemia and iron deficiency: effects on pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(5 suppl):1280S-1284S
57. Vir SC, Singh N, Nigam AK, et al. Weekly iron and folic acid supplementation with counseling reduces anemia in adolescent girls: a large-scale effectiveness study in Uttar Pradesh, India. Food Nutr Bull. 2008;29(3):186-194