Psychological therapies for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults: A network meta-analysis

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2016, Issue 4, 2016, Pages

  Pompoli, Alessandro ^a   Furukawa, Toshi A ^b   Imai, Hissei ^b   Tajika, Aran ^b   Efthimiou, Orestis ^c   Salanti, Georgia ^d  

^a Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior ^*  (Italy)

^b KYOTO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Japan)

^c UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA   (Greece)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGORAPHOBIA; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DATA BASE; HUMAN; MEDLINE; META ANALYSIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PANIC; PHYSIOLOGICAL THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY; PSYCHOEDUCATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REMISSION; REVIEW; SUPPORTIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; ADULT; PANIC DISORDER; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY;

ADULT; AGORAPHOBIA; HUMANS; PANIC DISORDER; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 84963655331     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011004.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (268)

1. Addis ME, Hatgis C, Cardemil E, Jacob K, Krasnow AD, Mansfield A. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment for panic disorder versus treatment as usual in a managed care setting: 2-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006;74(2):377-85.
2. Addis ME, Hatgis C, Krasnow AD, Jacob K, Bourne L, Mansfield A. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment for panic disorder versus treatment as usual in a managed care setting. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004;72(4):625-35.
3. Al Kubaisy T, Marks I, Logsdail S, Marks MP, Lovell K, Sungur M, et al. Role of exposure homework in phobia reduction: a controlled study. Behavior Therapy 1992;23:599-621.
4. Park JM, Mataix-Cols D, Marks IM, Ngamthipwatthana T, Marks M, Araya R, et al. Two-year follow-up after a randomised controlled trial of self- and clinician-accompanied exposure for phobia/panic disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 2001;178:543-8.
5. Arch JJ, Eifert GH, Davies C, Plumb VJC, Rose RD, Craske MG. Randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) versus acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for mixed anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2012;80(5):750-65.
6. Arch JJ, Wolitzky-Taylor KB, Eifert GH, Craske MG. Longitudinal treatment mediation of traditional cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2012;50:469-78.
7. Arntz A. Cognitive therapy versus interoceptive exposure as treatment of panic disorder without agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2002;40(3):325-41.
8. Barlow DH, Brown TA, Craske MG, Rapee RM, Antony MM. Treatment of panic disorder: follow-up and mechanisms of action. 25th Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy. New York, 1991.
9. Barlow DH, Craske MG, Cerny JA, Klosko JS. Behavioral treatment of panic disorder. Behavior Therapy 1989;20(2):261-82.
10. Brown TA, Antony MM, Barlow DH. Diagnostic comorbidity in panic disorder: effect on treatment outcome and course of comorbid diagnoses following treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1995;63(3):408-18.
11. Brown TA, Barlow DH. Long-term outcome in cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder: clinical predictors and alternative strategies for assessment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1995;63(5):754-65.
12. Craske MG, Brown TA, Barlow DH. Behavioral treatment of panic disorder: a two-year follow-up. Behavior Therapy 1991;22(3):289-304.
13. Margraf J, Barlow DH, Clark DM, Telch MJ. Psychological treatment of panic: work in progress on outcome, active ingredients, and follow-up. Behavior Research and Therapy 1993;31(1):1-8.
14. Beck AT. Cognitive approaches to panic disorder: theory and therapy. In: Rachman S, Maseck J editor(s). Panic: Psychological Perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1988:91-109.
15. Sokol-Kessler L, Beck AT. Cognitive treatment of panic disorders. 140th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. Chicago, May 1987.
16. Beck AT, Sokol L, Clark DA, Berchick R, Wright F. A crossover study of focused cognitive therapy for panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992;149(6):778-83.
17. Beck JG, Stanley MA, Baldwin LE, Deagle EA, Averill PM. Comparison of cognitive therapy and relaxation training for panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1994;62(4):818-26.
18. Stanley MA, Beck JG, Averill PM, Baldwin LE, Deagle EA, Stadler JG. Patterns of change during cognitive behavioral treatment for panic disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1996;184(9):567-72.
19. Beutel M. Short-term psychotherapy for patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia - a randomised comparative study between the panic-focused psychodynamic and cognitive behavioural psychotherapy [Kurzzeittherapie der Panikstörung mit oder ohne Agoraphobie mittels panikfokussierender Psychodynamischer Psychotherapie (PfPP) und kognitiver Verhaltenstherapie (KVT) - eine randomisierte und kontrollierte Therapievergleichsstudie]. https://drks-neu.uniklinik-freiburg.de/ 2009 (accessed 16 March 2015):S00000245. [DRKS00000245]
20. Beutel ME, Scheurich V, Knebel A, Michal M, Wiltink J, Graf-Morgenstern M, et al. Implementing panic-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy into clinical practice. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2013;58(6):326-34.
21. Botella C, Garcia-Palacios A, Villa H, Banos RM, Quero S, Alcaniz M, et al. Virtual reality exposure in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia: a controlled study. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 2007;14(3):164-75.
22. Botella C, Villa H, Garcia Palacios A, Quero S, Banos RM, Alcaniz M. The use of VR in the treatment of panic disorders and agoraphobia. Studies in Health Technology & Informatics 2004;99:73-90.
23. Brown GK, Beck AT, Newman CF, Beck JS, Tran GQ. A comparison of focused and standard cognitive therapy for panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1997;11(3):329-45.
24. Burke M, Drummond LM, Johnston DW. Treatment choice for agoraphobic women: exposure or cognitive-behaviour therapy?. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1997;36(Pt 3):409-20.
25. Carter MM, Sbrocco T, Gore KL, Marin NW, Lewis EL. Cognitive-behavioral group therapy versus a wait-list control in the treatment of African American women with panic disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2003;27(5):505-18.
26. Clark DM, Salkovskis PM, Hackmann A, Middleton H, Anastasiades P, Gelder M. A comparison of cognitive therapy, applied relaxation and imipramine in the treatment of panic disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 1994;164(6):759-69.
27. Clark DM, Salkovskis PM, Hackmann A, Wells A, Ludgate J, Gelder M. Brief cognitive therapy for panic disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1999;67(4):583-9.
28. Cottraux J. A comparative controlled study of virtual reality therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in panic disorder with agoraphobia. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00129610 2005 (accessed 16 March 2015).
29. Lambrey S, Jouvent R, Allilaire JF, Pelissolo A. Virtual reality therapies in the treatment of phobic disorders [French]. Annales Medico-Psychologiques 2010;168(1):44-6.
30. Pelissolo A, Zaoui M, Aguayo G, Yao SN, Roche S, Ecochard R, et al. Virtual reality exposure therapy versus cognitive behavior therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia: a randomized comparison study. Journal of CyberTherapy and Rehabilitation 2012;5(1):35-43.
31. Pull C, Pelissolo A, Zaoui M, et al. A randomized controlled study of virtual reality exposure therapy and cognitive-behavior therapy in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Cyberpsychology & Behavior (Abstracts from CyberTherapy 14 Designing the Future of Healthcare, June 21-23, 2009, Lago Maggiore, Verbania, Italy) 2009;12(5):647.
32. Craske MG, Maidenberg E, Bystritsky A. Brief cognitive-behavioral versus nondirective therapy for panic disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1995;26(2):113-20.
33. Craske MG, Lang AJ, Aikins D, Mystkowski JL. Cognitive behavioral therapy for nocturnal panic. Behavior Therapy 2005;36(1):43-54.
34. Tsao JC, Mystkowski JL, Zucker BG, Craske MG. Impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder on comorbidity: a controlled investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2005;43(7):959-70.
35. Creager Berger B. The treatment of panic disorder: a comparative study between breathing retraining and cognitive behavioral therapy. Dissertation Abstracts International 2001; Vol. 61, issue 8b.
36. Creager Berger B, Gevirtz R. The treatment of panic disorder: a comparison between breathing retraining and cognitive behavioral therapy. Biological Psychology 2001;56(1):78-9.
37. Rijken H, Kraaimaat F, de Ruiter C, Garssen B. A follow-up study on short-term treatment of agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1992;30(1):63-6.
38. de Ruiter C, Ryken H, Garssen B, Kraaimaat F. Breathing retraining, exposure and a combination of both, in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1989;27(6):647-55.
39. Casey LM, Newcombe PA, Oei TP. Cognitive mediation of panic severity: the role of catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations and panic self-efficacy. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2005;29(2):187-200.
40. Dow MG, Kenardy JA, Johnston DW, Newman MG, Taylor CB, Thomson A. Prognostic indices with brief and standard CBT for panic disorder: I. Predictors of outcome. Psychological Medicine 2007;37(10):1493-502.
41. Kenardy J, Robinson S, Dob R. Cognitive behaviour therapy for panic disorder: long-term follow up. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2005;34(2):75-8.
42. Kenardy JA, Dow MG, Johnston DW, Newman MG, Thomson A, Taylor CB. A comparison of delivery methods of cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder: an international multicenter trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2003;71(6):1068-75.
43. Arntz A, van den Hout M. Psychological treatments of panic disorder without agoraphobia: cognitive therapy versus applied relaxation. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1996;34(2):113-21.
44. Emmelkamp PM, Brilman E, Kuiper H, Mersch PP. The treatment of agoraphobia. A comparison of self-instructional training, rational emotive therapy, and exposure in vivo. Behavior Modification 1986;10:37-53.
45. Erickson DH, Janeck AS, Tallman K. A cognitive-behavioral group for patients with various anxiety disorders. Psychiatric Services 2007;58(9):1205-11.
46. Erickson DH, Janeck AS, Tallman K. Group CBT for heterogeneous anxiety disorders. 34th Annual Conference of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies. Warwick, 19-21 July 2006.
47. Erickson DH, Janeck AS, Tallman K. Group CBT for heterogeneous anxiety disorders: preliminary evidence for effectiveness. 31st Annual Conference of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies. York, 16-19 July 2003.
48. Arolt V, Zwanziger P, Strohle A, Hamm A, Gerlach A, Kircher T, et al. The research network PANIC-NET: improving the treatment of panic disorder - From a better understanding of fear circuit mechanisms to more effective psychological treatment and routine care. Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie 2009;59:124-31.
49. Emmrich A, Beesdo-Baum K, Gloster AT, Knappe S, Hfler M, Arolt V, et al. Depression does not affect the treatment outcome of CBT for panic and agoraphobia: results from a multicenter randomized trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2012;81(3):161-72.
50. Gloster AT, Hauke C, Hofler M, Einsle F, Fydrich T, Hamm A, et al. Long-term stability of cognitive behavioral therapy effects for panic disorder with agoraphobia: a two-year follow-up study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2013;51(12):830-9.
51. Gloster AT, Klotsche J, Gerlach AL, Hamm A, Strohle A, Gauggel S, et al. Timing matters: change depends on the stage of treatment in cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2014;82(1):141-53.
52. Gloster AT, Wittchen HU, Einsle F, Hofler M, Lang T, Helbig-Lang S, et al. Mechanism of action in CBT (MAC): methods of a multi-center randomized controlled trial in 369 patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience 2009;259(Suppl 2):S155-66.
53. Gloster AT, Wittchen HU, Einsle F, Lang T, Helbig-Lang S, Fydrich T, et al. Correction to Gloster et al. (2011). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2011;79(5):652.
54. Gloster AT, Wittchen HU, Einsle F, Lang T, Helbig-Lang S, Fydrich T, et al. Psychological treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia: a randomized controlled trial to examine the role of therapist-guided exposure in situ in CBT. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2011;79(3):406-20.
55. Kircher T, Arolt V, Jansen A, Pyka M, Reinhardt I, Kellermann T, et al. Effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on neural correlates of fear conditioning in panic disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2013;73(1):93-101.
56. Lang T, Helbig-Lang S, Gloster AT, et al. Effects of therapist-guided exposure in CBT for panic disorder and agoraphobia [Effekte therapeutenbegleiteter versus patientengeleiteter Exposition bei Panikstörung mit Agoraphobie]. Zeitschrift für klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie 2012;41(2):114-24.
57. Wittchen HU, Lang T. Improving cognitive behavioural therapy for panic by identifying the active ingredients and understanding the mechanisms of action: a multicentre study. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN80046034 2007 (accessed 16 March 2015).
58. Goldstein AJ, De Beurs E, Chambless DL, Wilson KA. EMDR for panic disorder with agoraphobia: comparison with waiting list and credible attention-placebo control conditions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000;68(6):947-56.
59. Gould R, Clum GA, Shapiro D, Weaver T, Blalock J. Evidence for a self-help coping approach for treating panic disorder. Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association. New Orleans, LA, 1991.
60. Gould RA, Clum GA, Shapiro D. The use of bibliotherapy in the treatment of panic: a preliminary investigation. Behavior Therapy 1993;24:241-52.
61. Griegel LE. Breathing retraining in panic disorder: physiological mechanisms or perceived controllability. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 1995;55(9):4120.
62. Hazen AL, Walker JR, Eldridge GD. Anxiety sensitivity and treatment outcome in panic disorder. Anxiety 1996;2(1):34-9.
63. Walker JG, Eldridge A, Hazen, Rallo J, O'Riordan J, Frankel S. Evaluation of a self-help book and workbook for treatment of panic disorder used independently, in a self-help group, or a professional group [Thesis]. University of Manitoba 1996.
64. Hendriks GJ. The efficacy of paroxetine and cognitive-behavioural therapy in the treatment of late-life panic disorder: a randomized controlled trial. http://www.trialregister.nl/ 2007 (accessed 16 March 2015). [NTR1144]
65. Hendriks GJ, Keijsers GPJ, Kampman M, Hoogduin CAL, Oude Voshaar RC. Predictors of outcome of pharmacological and psychological treatment of late-life panic disorder with agoraphobia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2012;27(2):146-50.
66. Hendriks GJ, Keijsers GPJ, Kampman M, Oude Voshaar RC, Verbraak M, Broekman TG, et al. A randomized controlled study of paroxetine and cognitive-behavioural therapy for late-life panic disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2010;122(1):11-9.
67. Hoffart A. A comparison of cognitive and guided mastery therapy of agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1995;33(4):423-34.
68. Hoffart A. Cognitive and guided mastery therapy of agoraphobia: long-term outcome and mechanisms of change. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1998;22(3):195-207.
69. Hoffart A. Cognitive mediators of situational fear in agoraphobia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1995;26(4):313-20.
70. Hoffart A. Interpersonal problems among patients suffering from panic disorder with agoraphobia before and after treatment. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1997;70(2):149-57.
71. Hoffart A, Hedley LM. Personality traits among panic disorder with agoraphobia patients before and after symptom-focused treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1997;11(1):77-87.
72. Hoffart A, Hedley LM, Thornes K, Larsen SM, Friis S. Therapists' emotional reactions to patients as a mediator in cognitive behavioural treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2006;35(3):174-82.
73. Karekla M. A Comparison Between Acceptance Enhanced Cognitive Behavioral and Panic Control Treatment for Panic Disorder [Doctoral dissertation]. University at Albany, State University of New York, 2004.
74. Karekla M. A comparison between acceptance-enhanced panic control treatment and panic control treatment for panic disorder. Dissertation Abstracts International 2005;65(9b):4835.
75. Levitt Jill T, Karekla M. Integrating acceptance and mindfulness with cognitive behavioral treatment for panic disorder. Acceptance and mindfulness-based approaches to anxiety: conceptualization and treatment. Springer US, 2005:165-88.
76. Klosko JS. Comparison of alprazolam and cognitive-behavior therapy in treatment of panic disorder. Dissertation Abstracts International 1988;49(5-b):1945.
77. Klosko JS, Barlow DH, Tassinari R, Cerny JA. A comparison of alprazolam and behavior therapy in treatment of panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1990;58(1):77-84.
78. Klosko JS, Barlow DH, Tassinari RB, Cerny JA. Comparison of alprazolam and cognitive-behavior therapy in the treatment of panic disorder. A preliminary report. Panic and Phobias: Treatment and Variables Affecting Course and Outcome. Springer-Verlag, 1988.
79. Korrelboom K, Peeters S, Blom S, Huijbrechts I. Competitive memory training (COMET) for panic and applied relaxation (AR) are equally effective in the treatment of panic in panic-disordered patients. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 2014;44(3):183-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10879-013-9259-3]
80. Lidren DM. The differential efficacy of self-help and group therapy in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia: a treatment comparison study. Dissertation Abstracts International 1994;54(12-b):6465.
81. Lidren DM, Watkins PL, Gould RA, Clum GA, Asterino M, Tulloch HL. A comparison of bibliotherapy and group therapy in the treatment of panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1994;62(4):865-9.
82. Malbos E, Rapee RM, Kavakli M. A controlled study of agoraphobia and the independent effect of virtual reality exposure therapy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2013;47(2):160-8.
83. Malbos E, Rapee RM, Kavakli M. Isolating the effect of virtual reality based exposure therapy for agoraphobia: a comparative trial. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 2011;167:45-50.
84. Marchione KE, Michelson L, Greenwald M, Dancu C. Cognitive behavioral treatment of agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1987;25(5):319-28.
85. Meulenbeek P, Spinhoven P, Smit F, van Balkom A, Cuijpers P. Cognitive mediation of panic reduction during an early intervention for panic. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2010;122(1):20-9.
86. Meulenbeek P, Willemse G, Smit F, van Balkom A, Spinhoven P, Cuijpers P. Early intervention in panic: pragmatic randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2010;196:326-31.
87. Meulenbeek P, Willemse G, Smit F, van Balkom A, Spinhoven P, Cuijpers P. Early intervention in panic: pragmatic randomised controlled trial: Erratum. British Journal of Psychiatry 2010;196(6):497.
88. Meulenbeek P, Willemse G, Smit F, van Balkom A, Spinhoven P, Cuijpers P. Early intervention in panic: randomized controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis. Trials 2008;9:67.
89. Willemse G. Prevention of panic disorder: a randomised clinical trial adjoining cost-effectiveness study. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN33407455 2005 (accessed 16 March 2015).
90. Meuret AE, Wilhelm FH, Ritz T, Roth WT. Feedback of end-tidal pCO2 as a therapeutic approach for panic disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2008;42(7):560-8.
91. Meuret AE, Hofmann SG, Rosenfield D. Catastrophic appraisal and perceived control as moderators of treatment response in panic disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy 2010;3(3):262-77.
92. Meuret AE, Rosenfield D, Seidel A, Bhaskara L, Hofmann SG. Respiratory and cognitive mediators of treatment change in panic disorder: evidence for intervention specificity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2010;78(5):691-704.
93. Meuret AE, Seidel A, Rosenfield B, Hofmann SG, Rosenfield D. Does fear reactivity during exposure predict panic symptom reduction?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2012;80(5):777-85.
94. Emmelkamp PMG. Virtual reality exposure therapy in agoraphobic participants. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00734370 2008 (accessed 16 March 2015).
95. Meyerbroker K, Morina N, Kerkhof G, Emmelkamp PM. Virtual reality exposure treatment of agoraphobia: a comparison of computer automatic virtual environment and head-mounted display. Studies in Health Technology & Informatics 2011;167:51-6.
96. Meyerbroker K, Morina N, Kerkhof G, Emmelkamp PMG. Virtual reality exposure therapy does not provide any additional value in agoraphobic patients: a randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2013;82(3):170-6.
97. Meyerbroker K, Morina N, Kerkhof G, Emmelkamp PMG. Virtual reality exposure treatment of agoraphobia: a comparison of computer automatic virtual environment and head-mounted display. Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine 2011;9(1):41-5.
98. Klass ET, Milrod BL, Leon AC, Kay SJ, Schwalberg M, Li C, et al. Does interpersonal loss preceding panic disorder onset moderate response to psychotherapy? An exploratory study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Diseases of the Nervous System 2009;70(3):406-11.
99. Milrod B. Outcome studies in psychodynamic psychotherapy for panic disorder. 37th International Meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research; 2006 21-24 June. Edinburgh, 2006:103-4.
100. Milrod B. Randomized controlled trial of psychodynamic psychotherapy vs. applied relaxation for panic disorder. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00128388 2005 (accessed 16 March 2015). [NCT00128388]
101. Milrod B, Leon AC, Busch F, Rudden M, Schwalberg M, Clarkin J, et al. A randomized controlled clinical trial of psychoanalytic psychotherapy for panic disorder [published erratum appears in The American Journal of Psychiatry 2009;164(7):1123]. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007;164(2):265-72.
102. Milrod B, Leon AC, Busch F, Rudden M, Schwalberg M, Clarkin J, et al. A randomized controlled clinical trial of psychoanalytic psychotherapy for panic disorder: Erratum. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2007;164(3):529.
103. Muncy SM. Panic: a comparison of four treatment methods. Dissertation Abstracts International 1991;51(12b, pt 1):6115.
104. Ost LG, Westling BE, Hellstrom K. Applied relaxation, exposure in vivo and cognitive methods in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1993;31(4):383-94.
105. Ost LG, Westling BE. Applied relaxation vs cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1995;33(2):145-58.
106. Ost LG, Thulin U, Ramnero J. Cognitive behavior therapy vs exposure in vivo in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2004;42(10):1105-27.
107. Ramnero J, Ost LG. Panic and avoidance in panic disorder with agoraphobia: clinical relevance of change in different aspects of the disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2007;38(1):29-39.
108. Petterson K, Cesare S. Panic disorder: a cognitive-behavioural approach to treatment. Counselling Psychology Quarterly 1996;9(2):191-201.
109. Rees CS, Richards JC, Smith LM. The efficacy of information-giving in cognitive-behavioural treatment for panic disorder. Behaviour Change 1999;16(3):175-81.
110. Reinecke A, Waldenmaier L, Cooper MJ, Harmer CJ. Changes in automatic threat processing precede and predict clinical changes with exposure-based cognitive-behavior therapy for panic disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2013;73(11):1064-70.
111. Salkovskis PM, Clark DM, Hackmann A, Wells A, Gelder MG. An experimental investigation of the role of safety-seeking behaviours in the maintenance of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1999;37(6):559-74.
112. Salkovskis PM, Hackmann A, Wells A, Gelder MG, Clark DM. Belief disconfirmation versus habituation approaches to situational exposure in panic disorder with agoraphobia: a pilot study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2007;45(5):877-85.
113. Schmidt NB, Trakowski JH, Staab JP. Extinction of panicogenic effects of a 35% CO2 challenge in patients with panic disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1997;106(4):630-8.
114. Schmidt NB, Staab JP, Trakowski JH Jr, Sammons M. Efficacy of a brief psychosocial treatment for panic disorder in an active duty sample: implications for military readiness. Military Medicine 1997;162(2):123-9.
115. Schmidt NB, Woolaway-Bickel K, Trakowski J, Santiago H, Storey J, Koselka M, et al. Dismantling cognitive-behavioral treatment for panic disorder: questioning the utility of breathing retraining. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000;68(3):417-24.
116. Scott MJ, Stradling SG, Greenfield TA. The efficacy of brief group cognitive therapy programmes for anxiety and depression, and the relevance of a personality disorder diagnosis. World Congress of Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies; 1995 July 11-15. Copenhagen, 1995.
117. Sharp DM, Power KG, Swanson V. A comparison of the efficacy and acceptability of group versus individual cognitive behaviour therapy in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia in primary care. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 2004;11(2):73-82.
118. Shear MK, Leon AC, Portera L, Klosko J, Cloitre M. Psychoeducation /reflective listening compared to cognitive-behavioural treatment in panic disorder. New Research Program and Abstracts - 144th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 1991 May 11-16. New Orleans, Louisiana, US, 1991.
119. Shear MK, Pilkonis PA, Cloitre M, Leon AC. Cognitive behavioral treatment compared with nonprescriptive treatment of panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 1994;51(5):395-401.
120. Taylor CB, Kenigsberg ML, Robinson JM. A controlled comparison of relaxation and diazepam in panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1982;43(10):423-5.
121. Telch MJ, Lucas JA, Schmidt NB, Hanna HH, LaNae Jaimez T, Lucas RA. Group cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1993;31(3):279-87.
122. Kingdon D, Tyrer P, Seivewright N, Ferguson B, Murphy S. The Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder: influence of cognitive therapists on outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996;169:93-7.
123. Klein DF. Nottingham study of neurotic disorder. Lancet 1988;2:1015.
124. Knerer G, Byford S, Johnson T, Seivewright H, Tyrer P. The Nottingham study of neurotic disorder: predictors of 12 year costs. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2005;112(3):224-32.
125. Seivewright H, Tyrer P, Johnson T. Change in personality status in neurotic disorders. Lancet 2002;359:2253-4.
126. Seivewright H, Tyrer P, Johnson T. Prediction of outcome in neurotic disorder: a 5-year prospective study. Psychological Medicine 1998;28(5):1149-57.
127. Seivewright N, Tyrer P, Ferguson B, Murphy S, Johnson T. Longitudinal study of the influence of life events and personality status on diagnostic change in three neurotic disorders. Depression & Anxiety 2000;11(3):105-13.
128. Tyrer P, Seivewright H, Ferguson B, Johnson T. Cold calling in psychiatric follow up studies: is it justified?. Journal of Medical Ethics 2003;29(4):238-42.
129. Tyrer P, Seivewright H, Johnson T. The Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder: Predictors of 12-year outcome of dysthymic, panic and generalized anxiety disorder. Psychological Medicine 2004;34(8):1385-94.
130. Tyrer P, Seivewright H, Simmonds S, Johnson T. Prospective studies of cothymia (mixed anxiety-depression): How do they inform clinical practice?. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience 2001;251(Suppl 2):1153-6.
131. Tyrer P, Seivewright N, Ferguson B, Murphy S, Darling C, Brothwell J, et al. The Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder: relationship between personality status and symptoms. Psychological Medicine 1990;20(2):423-31.
132. Tyrer P, Seivewright N, Ferguson B, Murphy S, Johnson AL. The Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder: effect of personality status on response to drug treatment, cognitive therapy and self-help over two years. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993;162:219-26.
133. Tyrer P, Seivewright N, Ferguson B, Tyrer J. The general neurotic syndrome: a coaxial diagnosis of anxiety, depression and personality disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1992;85(3):201-6.
134. Tyrer P, Seivewright N, Murphy S, Ferguson B, Kingdon D, Barczak P, et al. The Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder: comparison of drug and psychological treatments. Lancet 1988;2:235-40.
135. Tyrer P, Seivewright N, Seivewright H. Long-term outcome of hypochondriacal personality disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1999;46(2):177-85.
136. Williams SL, Falbo J. Cognitive and performance-based treatments for panic attacks in people with varying degrees of agoraphobic disability. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1996;34(3):253-64.
137. Kim S, Wollburg E, Roth WT. Opposing breathing therapies for panic disorder: a randomized controlled trial of lowering vs raising end-tidal PCO2. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2012;73(7):931-9.
138. Roth WT. Breathing regulation training for individuals with panic disorder. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00183521 2005 (accessed 16 March 2015).
139. Wollburg E, Roth WT, Kim S. Effects of breathing training on voluntary hypo- and hyperventilation in patients with panic disorder and episodic anxiety. Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback 2011;36:81-91.
140. Andersson G. Internet-administrated treatment of anxiety symptoms for young adults. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01402258 2011 (accessed 16 March 2015).
141. Barlow DH, Gorman JM, Shear MK, Woods SW. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, imipramine, or their combination for panic disorder. a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000;283(19):2529-36.
142. Barlow DH, Gorman JM, Shear MK, Woods SW. ERRATUM: Cognitive-behavioral therapy, imipramine, or their combination for panic disorder. a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000;284(19):2450.
143. Barlow DH, Gorman JM, Shear MK, Woods SW. ERRATUM: Cognitive-behavioral therapy, imipramine, or their combination for panic disorder. a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;284(20):2597.
144. Shear MK, Houck P, Greeno C, Masters S. Emotion-focused psychotherapy for patients with panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001;158(12):1993-8.
145. Bélanger C, Vaillancourt L, Dulude D, Archambault M, Rochfort J, Pecknold J, et al. The differential effect of two behavioral therapies on attentional processes of subjects presenting panic disorder [L'effet différentiel de deux thérapies comportementales sur les processus attentionnels de sujets présentant un trouble panique]. Revue Francophone de Clinique Comportamentale et Cognitive 2008;13(2):11-23.
146. Benecke C. Psychoanalytic therapy (PT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in outpatients with anxiety (panic disorder/agoraphobia) and comorbid personality disorders: a multicenter prospective randomized superiority trial. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN12449681 2014 (accessed 16 March 2015).
147. Clum GA, Watkins PL, Borden JW, Broyles S, Hayes J. A comparison of guided imaginal coping and imaginal exposure in the treatment of panic disorder. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 1993;11(4):179.
148. Elsesser K, Mosch A, Sartory G. Brief psychological treatment for the relief of panic disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2002;30(4):423-30.
149. Fava GA, Savron G, Zielezny M, Grandi S, Rafanelli C, Conti S. Overcoming resistance to exposure in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1997;95(4):306-12.
150. Gloster AT. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for treatment-resistant panic disorder with agoraphobia. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN12042066 2010 (accessed 16 March 2015).
151. Ito LM, De Araujo LA, Tess VLC, De Barros-Neto TP, Asbahr FR, Marks I. Self-exposure therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2001;178(4):331-6.
152. Michelson LK, Marchione KE, Greenwald MT, Testa S, Marchione NJ. A comparative outcome and follow-up investigation of panic disorder with agoraphobia: the relative and combined efficacy of cognitive therapy, relaxation training, and therapist-assisted exposure. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1996;10(5):297-330.
153. Murphy MT, Michelson LK, Marchione K, Marchione N, Testa S. The role of self-directed in vivo exposure in combination with cognitive therapy, relaxation training, or therapist-assisted exposure in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1998;12(2):117-38.
154. Teusch L, Bohme H, Gastpar M. The benefit of an insight-oriented and experiential approach on panic and agoraphobia symptoms. Results of a controlled comparison of client-centered therapy alone and in combination with behavioral exposure. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics 1997;66:293-301.
155. Zane G, Williams SL. Performance-related anxiety in agoraphobia: treatment procedures and cognitive mechanisms of change. Behavior Therapy 1993;196:625-43.
156. Bressi C, Ciabatti M, Nocito EP, Catenacci E, Porcellana, M, Invernizzi G, et al. A preliminary longitudinal study on the importance of early intervention in panic disorder [conference abstract]. Journal of Psychosomatic Research [abstracts from the 19th European Congress of Psychiatry, EPA 2011 Vienna Austria, 12-15 Mar]. 2011:610.
157. Foley D, Baille A, Renner P. 29th Australian Association for Cognitive and Behaviour Therapy Annual Conference. Manly, 18-23 October 2006:43.
158. Franklin JA. Behavioural therapy for panic disorder. International Journal of Neuroscience 1990;51:138.
159. Irgens AC. Thought field therapy and cognitive therapy for agoraphobia. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00932919 2009 (accessed 16 March 2015).
160. Margraf J, Schneider S. Outcome and active ingredients of cognitive-behavioural treatments for panic disorder. 25th Conference of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy. New York, 1991.
161. Milrod B, Leon AC, Fishman B, Barber JP, Chambless D. Dynamic treatment vs. CBT for panic disorder. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00353470 2006 (accessed 16 March 2015).
162. Richards JB, Bickley N, Rees C, Beros P. An investigation of the mechanisms of change in the cognitive behavioural treatment of panic disorder. Health Perspectives: Research Policy and Practice 1997;1(1):35-44.
163. Roache JD, Oswald LM, Stanley MA, Creason DR, Shah NN. Effects of psychotherapy-induced anxiety reduction on alprazolam self-medication behavior. CPDD 1998 Annual Meeting. Scottsdale, 1998:121.
164. Strauss WH, Klieser E. Combination of pharmaco- and psychotherapy in the treatment of panic disorder. European Neuropsychopharmachology 1996;6(Suppl 3):206 (O-24-6).
165. Vincelli F, Anolli L, Bouchard S, Wiederhold BK, Zurloni V, Riva G. Experiential cognitive therapy in the treatment of panic disorders with agoraphobia: a controlled study. Cyberpsychology and Behavior 2003;6(3):321-8.
166. Vincelli F, Molinari E, Riva G. CBT Virtual Reality Assisted for the Treatment of Panic Disorders with Agoraphobia: A Controlled Study. 35th International Meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research. Rome, 16-19 June 2004:35.
167. Barlow DH. Efficacy evaluation of a unified transdiagnostic treatment for anxiety disorders. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01243606 2010 (accessed 16 March 2015).
168. Caspi A. The assessment and treatment of balance impairment using virtual reality (VR) in panic disorder patients. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01677429 2012 (accessed 16 March 2015).
169. Gensichen J. Evaluation of a practice team-supported, self-managed exposure training for patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia in primary care [Jena-PARADISE (Patient Activation foR Anxiety DISordErs)]. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN64669297 2012 (accessed 16 March 2015).
170. Gensichen J, Hiller TS, Breitbart J, Teismann T, Brettschneider C, Schumacher U, Piwtorak A, König HH, Hoyer H, Schneider N, Schelle M, Blank W, Thiel P, Wensing M, Margraf J. Evaluation of a practice team-supported exposure training for patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in primary care - study protocol of a cluster randomised controlled superiority trial [2014]. Trials 2014;15:112.
171. Sandell R. Psychotherapy outcome and self-selection effects in panic disorder. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01606592 2012 (accessed 16 March 2015).
172. Teismann T. Cognitive behavior therapy vs exposure in vivo in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01680237 2012 (accessed 16 March 2015).
173. Altman DG, Bland MJ. Detecting skewness for summary information. BMJ 1996;313:1200.
174. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd Edition. American Psychiatric Association, 1980.
175. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd Edition. American Psychiatric Association, 1987.
176. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th Edition. Washington DC: APA, 2000.
177. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th Edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
178. Barlow DH, Craske MG. Mastery of Your Anxiety and Panic: MAP-3. New York: Graywind Publications, 2000.
179. Bernstein DA, Borkovec TD. Progressive Relaxation Training: A Manual for the Helping Professions. Champaign, IL: Research Press, 1973.
180. Bijl RV, Ravelli A, van Zessen G. Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the general population: results of The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1998;33:587-95.
181. Brooks SP, Gelman A. General methods for monitoring convergence of iterative simulations. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 1998;7:434-55.
182. Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Griffith LE, Walter SD. The results of direct and indirect treatment comparisons in meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1997;50(6):683-91.
183. Busch F, Milrod B, Cooper A, Shapiro T. Psychodynamic approaches to panic disorder. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research 1996;5(1):72-83.
184. Caldwell DM, Ades AE, Higgins JP. Simultaneous comparison of multiple treatments: combining direct and indirect evidence. BMJ 2005;331(7521):897-900.
185. Carlbring P, Bohman S, Brunt S, Buhrman M, Westling BE, Ekselius L, et al. Remote treatment of panic disorder: a randomized trial of internet-based cognitive behavior therapy supplemented with telephone calls. American Journal of Psychiatry 2006;163(12):2119-25.
186. Chaimani A, Higgins JPT, Mavridis D, Spyridonos P, Salanti G. Graphical tools for network meta-analysis in STATA. PLoS ONE 2013;8(10):e76654. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076654]
187. Clark DM, Salkovskis PM, Chakley J. Respiratory control as a treatment for panic attacks. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1985;16:23-30.
188. Clark DM. A cognitive approach to panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1986;24(4):461-70.
189. Clark DA, Salkovskis PM. Cognitive Treatment of Panic: Therapist's Manual. Oxford, UK: Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, 1986.
190. Cochrane Comparing Multiple Interventions Group. [Stream 3: summary of findings tables and GRADE assessments for network meta-analysis]. http://methods.cochrane.org/cmi/sites/methods.cochrane.org.cmi/files/uploads/SoFTs%20and%20GRADE%20for%20NMA.pdf (accessed 11 April 2016).
191. Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1960;20:37-46. [DOI: 10.1177/001316446002000104]
192. Dannon PN, Iancu I, Grunhaus L. Psychoeducation in panic disorder patients: effect of a self-information booklet in a randomized, masked-rater study. Depression and Anxiety 2002;16(2):71-6.
193. Eaton WW, Kessler RC, Wittchen H-U, Magee WJ. Panic and panic disorder in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994;151:413-20.
194. Elbourne DR, Altman DG, Higgins JP, Curtin F, Worthington HV, Vail A. Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31:140-9. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/31.1.140]
195. Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, Woodruff RA, Winokur G, Munoz R. Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry 1972;26:57-63.
196. Furukawa TA, Cipriani A, Barbui C, Brambilla P, Watanabe N. Imputing response rates from means and standard deviations in meta-analysis. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 2005;20:49-52.
197. Furukawa TA, Barbui C, Cipriani A, Brambilla P, Watanabe N. Imputing missing standard deviations in meta-analyses can provide accurate results. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2000;59:7-10.
198. Furukawa TA, Watanabe N, Churchill R. Combined psychotherapy plus antidepressants for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004364.pub2]
199. Glenny AM, Altman DG, Song F, Sakarovitch C, Deeks JJ, D'Amico R, et al. Indirect comparisons of competing interventions. Health Technology Assessment 2005;9(26):1-134.
200. Gloster AT, Wittchen HU, Einsle F, Lang T, Helbig-Lang S, Fydrich T, et al. Psychological treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia: a randomized controlled trial to examine the role of therapist-guided exposure in situ in CBT. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2011;79(3):406-20.
201. Goisman RM, Warshaw MG, Steketee GS, Fierman EJ, Rogers MP, Goldenberg I, et al. DSM-IV and the disappearance of agoraphobia without a history of panic disorder: new data on a controversial diagnosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995;152:1438-43.
202. Gorman JM, Kent JM, Sullivan GM, Coplan JD. Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000;157:493-505.
203. Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Goldstein RB, Smith S, et al. The epidemiology of DSM-IV panic disorder and agoraphobia in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2006;67:363-74.
204. Greenberg LS. Emotion-focused therapy. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 2004;11:3-16.
205. Guaiana G, Barbui C, Chiodo D, Cipriani A, Davies SJC, Imai H, et al. Azapirones versus placebo for panic disorder in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010828]
206. Guaiana G, Barbui C, Chiodo D, Cipriani A, Davies SJC, Koesters M. Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010676]
207. Guaiana G, Barbui C, Chiodo D, Cipriani A, Davies SJC, Koesters M. Benzodiazepines versus placebo for panic disorder in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010677]
208. Guy W. Clinical Global Impressions. In: ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, revised (DHEW Publ No ADM 76-338). National Institute of Mental Health, 1976:218-222.
209. Hayes SC, Strosahl KD, Wilson KG. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An Experiential Approach to Behavior Change. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 1999.
210. Hayes SC. Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behavior Therapy 2004;35:639-65.
211. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557-60.
212. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
213. Higgins JPT, Jackson D, Barrett JK, Lu G, Ades AE, White IR. Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: concepts and models for multi-arm studies. Research Synthesis Methods 2012;3(2):98-110.
214. Hofmann SG, Smits JAJ. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2008;69(4):621-32.
215. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Jin R, Ruscio AM, Shear K, Walters EE. The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 2006;63:415-24.
216. Kim YW, Lee SH, Choi TK, Suh SY, Kim B, Kim CM, et al. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as an adjuvant to pharmacotherapy in patients with panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety 2009;26(7):601-6.
217. King M, Nazareth I, Levy G, Walker C, Morris R, Weich S, et al. Prevalence of common mental disorders in general practice attendees across Europe. British Journal of Psychiatry 2008;192:362-7.
218. Klein DF, Zitrin CM, Woerner MG, Ross DC. Treatment of phobias. II. Behavior therapy and supportive psychotherapy: are there any specific ingredients?. Archives of General Psychiatry 1983;40(2):139-45.
219. Klein DF. False suffocation alarms, spontaneous panics, and related conditions. An integrative hypothesis. Archives of General Psychiatry 1993;50:306-17.
220. Lee SH, Ahn SC, Lee YJ, Choi TK, Yook KH, Suh SY. Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress management program as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in patients with anxiety disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2007;62:189-95.
221. Ley RA. Blood, breath and fears: a hyperventilation theory of panic attacks and agoraphobia. Clinical Psychology Review 1985;5:271-85.
222. Lu G, Ades AE. Combination of direct and indirect evidence in mixed treatment comparisons. Statistics in Medicine 2004;30(20):3105-24.
223. Ludwig DS, Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness in medicine. JAMA 2008;300(11):1350-2.
224. Lumley T. Network meta-analysis for indirect treatment comparisons. Statistics in Medicine 2002;21(16):2313-24.
225. Marks IM, Mathews AM. Brief standard self-rating for phobic patients. Behavior Research and Therapy 1979;17:263-7.
226. Marks IM. Cure and Care of Neuroses: Theory and Practice of Behavioural Psychotherapy. New York: Wiley, 1981.
227. Meuret AE, Rosenfield D, Seidel A, Bhaskara L, Hofmann SG. Respiratory and cognitive mediators of treatment change in panic disorder: evidence for intervention specificity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2010;78:691-704.
228. Meuret AE, Ritz T. Hyperventilation in panic disorder and asthma: empirical evidence and clinical strategies. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2010;78(1):68-79.
229. Meuret AE, Wolitzky-Taylor KB, Twohig MP, Craske MG. Coping skills and exposure therapy in panic disorder and agoraphobia: latest advances and future directions. Behavior Therapy 2012;43(2):271-84.
230. Milrod B, Busch F, Cooper A, Shapiro T. Manual of Panic-Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, 1997.
231. Milrod B, Leon AC, Busch F, Rudden M, Schwalberg M, Clarkin J, et al. A randomized controlled clinical trial of psychoanalytic psychotherapy for panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007;164(2):265-72.
232. Mitte K. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of psycho- and pharmacotherapy in panic disorder with and without agoraphobia. Journal of Affective Disorders 2005;88(1):27-45.
233. [CG113] Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia) in adults: management in primary, secondary and community care. NICE clinical guidelines 2011.
234. Nordin S, Carlbring P, Cuijpers P, Andersson G. Expanding the limits of bibliotherapy for panic disorder: randomized trial of self-help without support but with a clear deadline. Behavior Therapy 2010;41(3):267-76.
235. Ost LG. Applied relaxation: description of a coping technique and review of controlled studies. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1987;25(5):397-409.
236. Ost LG. Applied relaxation vs progressive relaxation in the treatment of panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1988;26(1):13-22.
237. Roemer L, Erisman SM, Orsillo SM. Mindfulness and acceptance-based treatments for anxiety disorders. In: Antony MM, Stein MB editor(s). Oxford Handbook of Anxiety and Related Disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008:476-87.
238. Rogers CR. A Way of Being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980.
239. Salanti G, Higgins JPT, Ades AE, Ioannidis JPA. Evaluation of networks of randomized trials. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 2008;17:279. [DOI: 10.1177/0962280207080643]
240. Salanti G, Marinho V, Higgins JP. A case study of multiple-treatments meta-analysis demonstrates that covariates should be considered. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2009;62(8):857-64.
241. Salanti G, Ades AE, Ioannidis JPA. Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: an overview and tutorial. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64:163-71.
242. Salanti G. Indirect and mixed-treatment comparison, network, or multiple-treatments meta-analysis: many names, many benefits, many concerns for the next generation evidence synthesis tool. Research Synthesis Methods 2012;3(2):80-97.
243. Salanti G, Del Giovane C, Chaimani A, Caldwell DM, Higgins JP. Evaluating the quality of evidence from a network meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014;9(7):e99682.
244. Salkovskis PM, Clark DM, Hackmann A. Treatment of panic attacks using cognitive therapy without exposure or breathing retraining. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1991;29:161-6.
245. Schmidt NB. Elimination of Safety Maneuvers: Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia. Bethesda: USUHS, 1994.
246. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG. Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA 1995;273(5):408-12.
247. Shear MK, Brown TA, Barlow DH, Money R, Sholomskas DE, Woods SW, et al. Multicenter collaborative panic disorder severity scale. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997;154(11):1571-5.
248. Sorby NG, Reavley W, Huber JW. Self help programme for anxiety in general practice: controlled trial of an anxiety management booklet. British Journal of General Practice 1991;41(351):417-20.
249. Spineli LM, Higgins JPT, Cipriani A, Leucht S, Salanti G. Evaluating the impact of imputations for missing participant outcome data in a network meta-analysis. Clinical Trials 2013;10(3):378-88. [DOI: 10.1177/1740774512470317]
250. Spitzer RL, Robins E. Research diagnostic criteria: rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry 1978;35(6):773-82.
251. Starcevic V. Anxiety Disorders in Adults: a Clinical Guide. Oxford University Press, 2009.
252. Sterne JA, Gavaghan D, Egger M. Publication and related bias in meta-analysis: power of statistical tests and prevalence in the literature. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2000;53(11):1119-29.
253. Sánchez-Meca J, Rosa-Alcázar AI, Marín-Martínez F, Gómez-Conesa A. Psychological treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review 2010;30(1):37-50.
254. Telch MJ, Schmidt NB. Cognitive-behavioral Treatment for Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: Panic Inoculation Treatment Manual. Unpublished manuscript, 1990.
255. Turner RM, Davey J, Clarke MJ, Thompson SG, Higgins JP. Predicting the extent of heterogeneity in meta-analysis, using empirical data from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. International Journal of Epidemiology 2012;41(3):818-27.
256. Van den Hout M, Arntz A, Hoekstra R. Exposure reduced agoraphobia but not panic, and cognitive therapy reduced panic but not agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1994;32:447-51.
257. Vøllestad J, Nielsen MB, Nielsen GH. Mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions for anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 2012;51:239-60.
258. Watanabe N, Churchill R, Furukawa TA. Combined psychotherapy plus benzodiazepines for panic disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005335.pub2]
259. White IR. Multivariate random-effects meta-regression: updates to mvmeta. The STATA Journal 2011;11:255-70.
260. White IR, Barrett JK, Jacksona D, Higgins JPT. Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: model estimation using multivariate meta-regression. Research Synthesis Methods 2012;3:111-25.
261. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.
262. Wiborg IM, Dahl AA. Does brief dynamic psychotherapy reduce the relapse rate of panic disorder?. Archives of General Psychiatry 1996;53:689-94.
263. Williams SL. Guided mastery treatment of agoraphobia: beyond stimulus exposure. Progress in Behavior Modification 1990;26:89-121.
264. Wims E, Titov N, Andrews G, Choi I. Clinician-assisted Internet-based treatment is effective for panic: a randomized controlled trial. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2010;44(7):599-607.
265. Winston A, Rosenthal RN, Pinsker H. Introduction to Supportive Psychotherapy. American Psychiatric Publishing, 2004.
266. Xiao Z, Li C, Wang J. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for panic disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009083]
267. Zitrin CM, Klein DF, Woerner MG. Behavior therapy, supportive psychotherapy, imipramine, and phobias. Archives of General Psychiatry 1978;35(3):307-16.
268. Pompoli A, Furukawa T A, Imai H, Tajika A, Efthimiou O, Salanti G. Psychological therapies for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 2.