Coping Skills and Exposure Therapy in Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: Latest Advances and Future Directions

Behavior Therapy

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 271-284

  Meuret, Alicia E ^a   Wolitzky Taylor, Kate B ^b   Twohig, Michael P ^c   Craske, Michelle G ^b  

^a SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Acceptance; Cognitions; Coping skills; Exposure; Mediation

Indexed keywords

ALPRAZOLAM;

AGORAPHOBIA; BREATHING EXERCISE; CAPNOMETRY ASSISTED RESPIRATORY TRAINING; CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COGNITION; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COPING BEHAVIOR; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EXPOSURE THERAPY; HUMAN; IN VIVO STUDY; KINESIOTHERAPY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PANIC; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RELAXATION TRAINING; REVIEW; SELF EVALUATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADULT; AGORAPHOBIA; HUMANS; IMPLOSIVE THERAPY; PANIC DISORDER; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84858619294     PISSN: 00057894     EISSN: 18781888     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.08.002     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Andrews G., Cuijpers P., Craske M.G., McEvoy P., Titov N. Computer therapy for anxiety and depressive disorders is effective, acceptable and practice health care: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2010, 5(10):e13196.
2. Antony M.M., Ledley D.R., Liss A., Swinson R.P. Responses to symptom induction exercises in panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2006, 44:85-98.
3. Barlow D.H., Craske M.G., Cerny J.A., Klosko J.S. Behavioral treatment of panic disorder. Behavior Therapy 1989, 20:261-282.
4. Barlow D.H., Gorman J.M., Shear M.K., Woods S.W. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, imipramine, or their combination for panic disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2000, 283:2573-2574.
5. Bass C. Hyperventilation syndrome: A chimera?. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1997, 42:421-426.
6. Beck J.G., Stanley M.A., Baldwin L.E., Deagle E.A., Averill P. Comparison of cognitive therapy and relaxation training for panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1994, 62:818-826.
7. Bernstein D.A., Borkovec T.D. Progressive relaxation training: A manual for the helping professions 1973, Research Press, Champaign, IL.
8. 2 enriched air in panic disorder, social phobia, and healthy controls. Biological Psychology 2010, 84:104-111.
9. Bonn J.A., Readhead C.P.A., Timmons B.H. Enhanced behavioral response in agoraphobic patients pretreated with breathing retraining. Lancet 1984, 2:665-669.
10. Borkovec T.D., Sides J.K. Critical procedural variables related to the physiological effects of progressive relaxation: A review. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1979, 17:119-125.
11. Bouchard S., Gauthier J., Laberge B., French D., Pelletier M.H., Godbout C. Exposure versus cognitive restructuring in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1996, 34:213-224.
12. Bouchard S., Gauthier J., Nouwen A., Ivers H., Vallières A., Simard S., Fournier T. Temporal relationship between dysfunctional beliefs, self-efficacy and panic apprehension in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2007, 38:275-292.
13. Brown T.A., Barlow D.H. Long-term outcome in cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder: Clinical predictors and alternative strategies for assessment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1995, 63:754-765.
14. Caldirola D., Bellodi L., Caumo A., Migliarese G., Perna G. Approximate entropy of respiratory patterns in panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004, 161:79-87.
15. Chambless D.L., Caputo G.C., Bright P., Gallagher R. Assessment of fear of fear in agoraphobics: The Body Sensations Questionnaire and the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1984, 52:1090-1097.
16. Clark D.M. A cognitive approach to panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1986, 24:461-470.
17. Clark D.M., Salkovskis P.M., Chalkley A.J. Respiratory control as a treatment for panic attacks. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1985, 16:23-30.
18. Clark D.M., Salkovskis P.M., Gelder M., Koehler C., Martin M., Anastasiades P., ..., Jeavons A. Tests of a cognitive theory of panic. Panic and phobias II 1988, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. I. Hand, H. Wittchen (Eds.).
19. Clark D.M., Salkovskis P.M., Hackmann A., Middleton H., Anastasiades P., Gelder M. A comparison of cognitive therapy, applied relaxation and imipramine in the treatment of panic disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 1994, 164:759-769.
20. Clark D.M., Salkovskis P.M., Hackmann A., Wells A., Ludgate J., Gelder M. Brief cognitive therapy for panic disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1999, 67:583-589.
21. Conrad A., Müller A., Doberenz S., Kim S., Meuret A.E., Wollburg E., Roth W.T. Psychophysiological effects of breathing instructions for stress management. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 2007, 32:89-98.
22. Craske M.G., Barlow D.H. Panic disorder and agoraphobia. Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual 2008, 1-64. Guildford Press, New York. 4th ed. D.H. Barlow (Ed.).
23. Craske M.G., Rowe M., Lewin M., Noriega-Dimitri R. Interoceptive exposure versus breathing retraining within cognitive-behavioural therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1997, 36:85-99.
24. Dager S.R., Strauss W.L., Marro K.I., Richards T.L., Metzger G.D., Artru A.A. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigation of hyperventilation in subjects with panic disorder and comparison subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995, 152:666-672.
25. Davison G.C., Vogel R.S., Coffman S.G. Think-aloud approaches to cognitive assessment and the articulated thoughts in simulated situations paradigm. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1997, 65:950-958.
26. Davison G.C., Williams M.E., Nezami E., Bice T.L., DeQuattro V.L. Relaxation, reduction in angry articulated thoughts, and improvements in borderline hypertension and heart rate. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1991, 14:453-468.
27. Dawson R.W., McMurray N.E. Desensitization without hierarchical presentation and concomitant relaxation. Australian Journal of Psychology 1978, 30:119-132.
28. Deacon B., Lickel J., Abramowitz J.S. Medical utilization across the anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2008, 22:344-350.
29. de Beurs E., Lange A., van Dyck R., Koele P. Respiratory training prior to exposure in vivo in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia: Efficacy and predictors of outcome. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1995, 29:104-113.
30. de Beurs E., van Balkom A.J., Lange A., Koele P., van Dyck R. Treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia: Comparison of fluvoxamine, placebo, and psychological panic management combined with exposure and of exposure in vivo alone. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995, 152:683-691.
31. de Ruiter C., Rijken H., Garssen B., Kraaimaat F. Breathing retraining, exposure and a combination of both, in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1989, 27:647-655.
32. Ehlers A., Margraf J., Davies S., Roth W. Selective processing of threat cues in subjects with panic attacks. Cognition and Emotion 1988, 2:201-219.
33. 2, a prospective therapy in hyperventilation. Asthma: Progress in respiratory research 1980, Vol. 14:26-30. Karger, Basle, Switzerland.
34. Forman E.M., Herbert J.D., Moitra E., Yeomans P.D., Geller P.A. A randomized controlled effectiveness trial of acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. Behavior Modification 2007, 31:772-799.
35. Fridhandler B.M. Conceptual note on state, trait, and the state-trait distinction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986, 50(1):169-174.
36. Gorman J.M., Fyer M.R., Goetz R., Askanazi J., Liebowitz M.R., Fyer A.J., ..., Klein D.F. Ventilatory physiology of patients with panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 1988, 45:31-39.
37. Gorman J.M., Martinez J., Coplan J.D., Kent J., Kleber M. The effect of successful treatment on the emotional and physiological response to carbon dioxide inhalation in patients with panic disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2004, 56:862-867.
38. 2 and hyperventilation in patients with panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994, 151:547-553.
39. Grossman P., de Swart J.C., Defares P.B. A controlled study of a breathing therapy for treatment of hyperventilation syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1985, 29:49-58.
40. Han J.N., Stegen K., de Valck C., Clement J., Van de Woestijne K.P. Influence of breathing therapy on complaints, anxiety and breathing pattern in patients with hyperventilation syndrome and anxiety disorders. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1996, 41:481-493.
41. Hayes S.C., Strosahl K.D., Wilson K.G. Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change 1999, Guilford Press, New York.
42. Hibbert G.A., Chan M. Respiratory control: Its contribution to the treatment of panic attacks: A controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry 1989, 154:232-236.
43. Hoffart A. A comparison of cognitive and guided mastery therapy of agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1995, 33:423-434.
44. Hoffart A., Sexton H., Hedley L.M., Martinsen E. Mechanisms of change in cognitive therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2008, 39:262-275.
45. Hofmann S.G., Meuret A.E., Rosenfield D., Suvak M.K., Barlow D.H., Gorman J.M., ..., Woods S.W. Preliminary evidence for cognitive mediation during cognitive behavioral therapy of panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2007, 75:374-379.
46. Hofmann S.G., Smits J.A. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2008, 69:621-632.
47. Hope D.A., Rapee R.M., Heimberg R.G., Dombeck M.J. Representations of the self in social phobia: Vulnerability to social threat. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1990, 14:177-189.
48. Jacob R.G., Furman J.M., Clark D.B., Durrant J.D. Vestibular symptoms, panic, and phobia: Overlap and possible relationships. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 1992, 4:163-174.
49. Jacobson E. Electrical measurements concerning muscular contraction (tonus) and the cultivation of relaxation in man: Relaxation times of individuals. American Journal of Physiology 1934, 108:573-580.
50. Jacobson E. Progressive relaxation 1938, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 2nd ed.
51. Jarrett R.B., Vittengl J.R., Doyle K., Clark L.A. Changes in cognitive content during and following cognitive therapy for recurrent depression: Substantial and enduring, but not predictive of change in depressive symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2007, 75:432-446.
52. Katon W., Von Korff M., Lin E., Lipscomb P., Russo J., Wagner E., Polk E. Distressed high utilizers of medical care. DSM-III-R diagnoses and treatment needs. General Hospital Psychiatry 1990, 12:355-362.
53. Kazdin A.E. Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2007, 3:1-27.
54. Kazdin A.E., Wilcoxon L.A. Systematic desensitization and nonspecific treatment effects: A methodological evaluation. Psychological Bulletin 1976, 83:729-758.
55. Keller M.B., Yonkers K.A., Warshaw M.G., Pratt L.A., Gollan J.K., Massion A.O., ..., Lavori P.W. Remission and relapse in subjects with panic disorder and panic with agoraphobia: A prospective short-interval naturalistic follow-up. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1994, 182:290-296.
56. Kessler R.C., Chiu W.T., Demler O., Walters E.E. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62:617-627.
57. Klein D.F. Panic disorder with agoraphobia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993, 163:835-837.
58. Klerman G.L., Weissman M.M., Ouellette R., Johnson J., Greenwald S. Panic attacks in the community. Social morbidity and health care utilization. Journal of the American Medical Association 1991, 265:742-746.
59. Kraft A.R., Hoogduin C.A. The hyperventilation syndrome: A pilot study on the effectiveness of treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry 1984, 145:538-542.
60. Kroeze S., van den Hout M.A. Selective attention for cardiac information in panic patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2000, 38:63-72.
61. Leboeuf A., Lodge J. A comparison of frontalis EMG feedback training and progressive relaxation in the treatment of chronic anxiety. British Journal of Psychiatry 1980, 137:279-284.
62. Leon A.C., Portera L., Weissman M.M. The social costs of anxiety disorders. [Supplemental material]. British Journal of Psychiatry 1995, 27:19-22.
63. Levin R.B., Gross A.M. The role of relaxation in systematic desensitization. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1985, 23:187-196.
64. Levitt J.T., Brown T.A., Orsillo S.M., Barlow D.H. The effects of acceptance versus suppression of emotion on subjective and psychophysiological response to carbon dioxide challenge in patients with panic disorder. Behavior Therapy 2004, 35:747-766.
65. Ley R.A. Blood, breath and fears: A hyperventilation theory of panic attacks and agoraphobia. Clinical Psychology Review 1985, 5:271-285.
66. Ley R.A. The efficacy of breathing retraining and the centrality of hyperventilation in panic disorder: A reinterpretation of experimental findings. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1991, 29:301-304.
67. Maidenberg E., Chen E., Craske M., Bohn P., Bystritsky A. Specificity of attentional bias in panic disorder and social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1996, 10:529-541.
68. Marks I.M., Swinson R.P., Basoglu M., Kuch K., Noshirvani H., O'Sullivan G., ..., Wickwire K. Alprazolam and exposure alone and combined in panic disorder with agoraphobia: A controlled study in London and Toronto. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993, 162:776-782.
69. McGlynn F.D., Solomon G.S., Barrios B.A. Graded imagination and relaxation as components of experimental desensitization: A psychophysiological evaluation. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1979, 35:542-546.
70. McNally R.J. Panic disorder: A critical analysis 1994, Guilford Press, New York.
71. McNally R.J., Lorenz M. Anxiety sensitivity in agoraphobics. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1987, 18:3-11.
72. McNally R.J., Riemann B.C., Louro C.E., Lukach B.M., Kim E. Cognitive processing of emotional information in panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1992, 30:143-149.
73. Meulenbeek P., Spinhoven P., Smit F., van Balkom A., Cuijpers P. Cognitive mediation of panic reduction during an early intervention for panic. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2010, 122:20-29.
74. Meuret A.E., Hofmann S.G., Rosenfield D. Catastrophic appraisal and perceived control as moderators of treatment response in panic disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy 2010, 3:262-277.
75. Meuret A.E., Ritz T. Hyperventilation in panic disorder and asthma: Empirical evidence and clinical strategies. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2010, 78:68-79.
76. Meuret A.E., Rosenfield D., Hofmann S.G., Suvak M.K., Roth W.T. Changes in respiration mediate changes in fear of bodily sensations in panic disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2009, 43:634-641.
77. Meuret A.E., Rosenfield D., Seidel A., Bhaskara L., Hofmann S.G. Respiratory and cognitive mediators of treatment change in panic disorder: Evidence for intervention specificity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2010, 78:691-704.
78. Meuret, A. E., Rosenfield, D., Wilhelm, F. H., Zhou, E., Conrad, A., Ritz, T., & Roth, W. T. (in press). Do unexpected panic attacks occur spontaneously? Biological Psychiatry.
79. Meuret, A. E., Twohig, M., Rosenfield, D., Hayes, S., Craske, M. G. (submitted for publication). Brief acceptance and exposure therapy for panic disorder: A pilot study.
80. Meuret A.E., Wilhelm F.H., Ritz T., Roth W.T. Breathing training for treating panic disorder. Useful intervention or impediment?. Behavior Modification 2003, 27:731-754.
81. 2 as a therapeutic approach for panic disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2008, 42:560-568.
82. Michelson L.K., Mavissakalian M., Marchione K., Ulrich R.F., Marchione N., Testa S. Psychophysiological outcome of cognitive, behavioral and psychophysiologically-based treatments of agoraphobia. Behavior Research and Therapy 1990, 28:127-139.
83. Milrod B., Leon A.C., Busch F., Rudden M., Schwalberg M., Clarkin J., ..., Shear M.K. A randomized controlled clinical trial of psychoanalytic psychotherapy for panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 164:265-272.
84. Murphy M.T., Michelson L.K., Marchione K., Marchione N., Testa S. The role of self-directed in vivo exposure in combination with cognitive therapy, relaxation training, or therapist-assisted exposure in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1998, 12:117-138.
85. Norton P.J., Price E.C. A meta-analytic review of adult cognitive-behavioral treatment outcome across the anxiety disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2007, 195:521-531.
86. Öst L.-G. Applied relaxation vs. progressive relaxation in the treatment of panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1988, 26:13-22.
87. Öst L.-G., Thulin U., Ramneroe J. Cognitive behavior therapy vs. exposure in vivo in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2004, 42:1105-1127.
88. Öst L.-G., Westling B.E. Applied relaxation vs. cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1995, 33:145-158.
89. Öst L.-G., Westling B.E., Hellström K. Applied relaxation, exposure in vivo and cognitive methods in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1993, 31:383-394.
90. 2 challenges. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995, 152:85-89.
91. Rapee R.M. A case of panic disorder treated with breathing retraining. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1985, 16:63-65.
92. Rapee R.M. Differential response to hyperventilation in panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1986, 95:24-28.
93. Reiss S., Peterson R.A., Gursky D.M., McNally R.J. Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1986, 24:1-8.
94. Roy-Byrne P.P., Stein M.B., Russo J., Craske M.G., Katon W., Sullivan G., Sherbourne C. Medical illness and response to treatment in primary care panic disorder. General Hospital Psychiatry 1999, 27:237-243.
95. Salkovskis P.M., Clark D.M., Hackmann A. Treatment of panic attacks using cognitive therapy without exposure or breathing retraining. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1991, 29:161-166.
96. 2. British Journal of Psychiatry 1986, 148:526-532.
97. Schmidt N.B., Bates M.J. Evaluation of a pathoplastic relationship between anxiety sensitivity and panic disorder. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping 2003, 16:17-30.
98. Schmidt N.B., Woolaway-Bickel K., Trakowski J., Santiago H., Storey J., Koselka M., Cook J. Dismantling cognitive-behavioral treatment for panic disorder: Questioning the utility of breathing retraining. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000, 68:417-424.
99. Segal Z.V., Williams J.M., Teasdale J.D. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression 2002, Guilford Press, New York.
100. Seidel A., Rosenfield D., Bhaskara L., Hofmann S.G., Meuret A.E. Pathways of biobehavioral change in exposure therapy of panic disorder. Paper presented at the 43rd Annual Convention of the Association of Advancement of Behavior and Cognitive Therapy, New York, NY 2009, November.
101. Shear M.K., Brown T.A., Barlow D.H., Money R., Sholomskas D.E., Woods S.W., ..., Laszlo A. Multicenter Collaborative Panic Disorder Severity Scale. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997, 154:1571-1575.
102. Smits J.A.J., Powers M.B., Cho Y., Telch M.J. Mechanism of change in cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder: Evidence for the fear of fear mediational hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004, 72:646-652.
103. Spinhoven P., Onstein E.J., Sterk P.J., le Haen-Versteijnen D. Discordance between symptom and physiological criteria for the hyperventilation syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1993, 37:281-289.
104. Teachman B.A., Marker C.D., Smith-Janik S.B. Automatic associations and panic disorder: Trajectories of change over the course of treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2008, 76:988-1002.
105. Telch M.J., Lucas J.A., Schmidt N.B., Hanna H.H., Jaimez T.L., Lucas R. Group cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1993, 31:279-287.
106. Van den Hout M., Arntz A., Hoekstra R. Exposure reduced agoraphobia but not panic, and cognitive therapy reduced panic but not agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1994, 32:447-451.
107. 2 in the hyperventilation syndrome: Effects of biofeedback and breathing instructions compared. Bulletin of European Physiopathological Respiration 1982, 18:829-836.
108. Vögele C., Ehlers A., Meyer A.H., Frank M., Hahlweg K., Margraf J. Cognitive mediation of clinical improvement after intensive exposure therapy of agoraphobia and social phobia. Depression and Anxiety 2010, 27:294-301.
109. Waters W.F., McDonald D.G., Koresko R.L. Psychophysiological responses during analogue systematic desensitization and non-relaxation control procedures. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1972, 10:381-393.
110. Westen D., Morrison K. A multidimensional meta-analysis of treatments for depression, panic, and generalized anxiety disorder: An empirical examination of the status of empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2001, 69:875-899.
111. White K., Barlow D.H. Panic disorder and agoraphobia. Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic 2002, 292-327. Guilford Press, New York. 2nd ed. D.H. Barlow (Ed.).
112. Wilhelm F.H., Gerlach A.L., Roth W.T. Slow recovery from voluntary hyperventilation in panic disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine 2001, 63:638-649.
113. Williams S.L., Falbo J. Cognitive and performance-based treatments for panic attacks in people with varying degrees of agoraphobic disability. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1996, 34:253-264.
114. Williams S.L., Kinney P.J., Harap S.T., Liebmann M. Thoughts of agoraphobic people during scary tasks. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1997, 106:511-520.
115. Wolpe W. Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition 1958, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
116. Yates A. Theory and practice in behavior therapy 1975, Wiley-Interscience, New York.