Does Race Affect Access to Government Services? An Experiment Exploring Street-Level Bureaucrats and Access to Public Housing

American Journal of Political Science

Volumn 61, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 100-116

  Einstein, Katherine Levine ^a   Glick, David M ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84963620762     PISSN: 00925853     EISSN: 15405907     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12252     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Allport, Gordon W. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
2. Arceneaux, Kevin, and Daniel M. Butler. 2016. “How Not to Increase Participation in Local Government: The Advantages of Experiments When Testing Policy Interventions.”Public Administration Review 76(1): 131–139.
3. Ayres, Ian, and Peter Siegelman. 1995. “Race and Gender Discrimination in Bargaining for a New Car.” American Economic Review 85(3): 304–21.
4. BabyCenter en Espanol. 2011. “100 Most Popular Hispanic Baby Names of 2011.” http://www.babycenter.com/0_100-most-popular-hispanic-baby-names-of-2011_10363639.bc.
5. Barreto, Matthew A., Gary M. Segura, and Nathan D. Woods. 2004. “The Mobilizing Effect of Majority-Minority Districts on Latino Turnout.” American Political Science Review 98(1): 65–75.
6. Bertrand, Marianne, and Sendhil Mullainathan. 2004. “Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination.” American Economic Review 94(4): 991–1013.
7. Bobo, Lawrence. 2001. “Racial Attitudes and Relations at the Close of the Twentieth Century.” In America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, ed. Neil J. Smelser, William Julius Wilson, and Faith Mitchell. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 264–301.
8. Bowean, Lolly. 2014. “Chicago Housing Authority Opens Wait Lists for Public Housing Vouchers.” http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-cha-waiting-list-met-1028-20141027-story.html.
9. Bradbury, Mark, and J. Edward Kellough. 2011. “Representative Bureaucracy: Assessing the Evidence on Active Representation.” American Review of Public Administration 2(2): 157–67.
10. Brodkin, Evelyn Z. 1997. “Inside the Welfare Contract: Discretion and Accountability in State Welfare Administration.” Social Service Review 71(1): 1–33.
11. Butler, Daniel M., and David E. Broockman. 2011. “Do Politicians Racially Discriminate Against Constituents? A Field Experiment on State Legislators.” American Journal of Political Science 55(3): 463–477.
12. Clinton, Joshua D., and David E. Lewis. 2008. “Expert Opinion, Agency Characteristics, and Agency Preferences.” Political Analysis 16(1): 3–20.
13. Coleman, Sally, Jeffrey L. Brudney, and J. Edward Kellough. 1998. “Bureaucracy as a Representative Institution: Toward a Reconciliation of Bureaucratic Government and Democratic Theory.” American Journal of Political Science 42(3): 717–44.
14. Davis, Belinda Creel, Michelle Livermore, and Younghee Lim. 2011. “The Extended Reach of Minority Political Power: The Interaction of Descriptive Representation, Managerial Networking, and Race.” Journal of Politics 73(2): 494–507.
15. Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2015a. “HUD's Public Housing Program.” http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/topics/rental_assistance/phprog.
16. Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2015b. “Integrated Assessment Subsystem—Public Housing Assessment System (NASS-PHAS).” http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/public_indian_housing/reac/products/prodphasintrule.
17. Department of Labor. 2012a. “The African-American Labor in the Recovery.” http://www.dol.gov/_sec/media/reports/BlackLaborForce/BlackLaborForce.pdf.
18. Department of Labor. 2012b. “The Latino Labor Force at a Glance.” http://www.dol.gov/_sec/media/reports/HispanicLaborForce/HispanicLaborForce.pdf.
19. Doleac, Jennifer L., and Luke C. D. Stein. 2013. “The Visible Hand: Race and Online Market Outcomes.” Economic Journal 2013: F469–92.
20. Epp, Charles R., Steven Maynard-Moody, and Donald P. Haider-Markel. 2013. Pulled Over: How Police Stops Define Race and Citizenship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
21. Ernst, Rose, Linda Nguyen, and Kamilah C. Taylor. 2013. “Citizen Control: Race at the Welfare Office.” Social Science Quarterly 94(5): 1283–1307.
22. Fording, Richard C., Joe Soss, and Sanford F. Schram. 2007. “Devolution, Discretion, and the Effect of Local Political Values on TANF Sanctioning.” Social Service Review 81: 285–316.
23. Fryer, Roland G., and Steven D. Levitt. 2004. “The Causes and Consequences of Distinctively Black Names.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 119(3): 767–805.
24. Gilens, Martin. 1999. Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Anti-Poverty Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
25. Grose, Christian R. 2014. “Field Experimental Work on Political Institutions.” Annual Review of Political Science 17: 355–70.
26. Hall, Richard L. 1996. Participation in Congress. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
27. Heerwegh, Dirk. 2005. “Effects of Personal Salutations in E-mail Invitations to Participate in a Web Survey.” Public Opinion Quarterly 4(4): 588–98.
28. Henderson, John A., Jasjeet S. Sekhon, and Rocio Titiunik. 2015. “Cause or Effect? Turnout in Hispanic Majority-Minority Districts.” Working paper, University of California at Berkeley and University of Michigan. http://www-personal.umich.edu/titiunik/papers/HispanicTurnout.pdf.
29. Howard, Daniel J., and Roger A. Kerin. 2011. “The Effects of Name Similarity on Message Processing and Persuasion.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46(1): 63–71.
30. Joinson, Adam N., and Ulf-Dietrich Reips. 2007. “Personalized Salutation, Power of Sender and Response Rates to Web-Based Surveys.” Computers in Human Behavior 23(3): 1372–83.
31. Jones, Bryan D., Saadia Greenberg, Clifford Kaufman, and Joseph Drew. 1977. “Bureaucratic Response to Citizen-Initiated Contacts: Environmental Enforcement in Detroit.” American Political Science Review 71(1): 148–65.
32. Katznelson, Ira. 2005. When Affirmative Action Was White. New York: W. W. Norton.
33. Keiser, Lael R., Peter R. Mueser, and Seung-Whan Choi. 2004. “Race, Bureaucratic Discretion, and the Implementation of Welfare Reform.” American Journal of Political Science 48(2): 314–27.
34. Kinder, Donald R., and Cindy D. Kam. 2009. Us Against Them: The Ethnocentric Foundations of American Opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
35. Krislov, Samuel. 1974. Representative Bureaucracy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
36. Lazio, Rick. 1998. “Title V of the FY 99 VA/HUD Appropriations Conference Report: ‘The Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998.” http://www.phada.org/qhwra98.html.
37. Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner. 2010. Freakonomics. New York: Harper-Perennial.
38. Lieberman, Robert C. 1998. Shifting the Color Line: Race and the American Welfare State. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
39. Lipsky, Michael. 1980. Street-Level Bureaucracy. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
40. Marrow, Helen B. 2011. New Destination Dreaming: Immigration, Race, and Legal Status in the Rural American South. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
41. Massey, Douglas S., and Garvey Lundy. 2001. “Use of Black English and Racial Discrimination in Urban Housing Markets: New Methods and Findings.” Urban Affairs Review 36(4): 452–69.
42. McClendon, Gwyneth H. 2016. “Race and Responsiveness: An Experiment with South African Politicians.” Journal of Experimental Political Science. Forthcoming. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxnd3luZXRobWNjbGVuZG9ufGd4OjY4OGNlOWM5NTMyMzlkOGE.
43. Meier, Kenneth J. 1993. “Latinos and Representative Bureaucracy: Testing the Thompson and Henderson Hypotheses.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 3(4): 393–414.
44. Meier, Kenneth J., Robert D. Wrinkle, and J. L. Polinard. 1999. “Representative Bureaucracy and Distributional Equity: Addressing the Hard Question.” Journal of Politics 61(4): 1025–39.
45. Milkman, Katherine L., Modupe Akinola, and Dolly Chugh. 2014. “What Happens Before? A Field Experiment Exploring How Pay and Representation Differentially Shape Bias on the Pathway into Organizations.” Working paper. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2063742.
46. Mosher, Frederick C. 1968. Democracy and the Public Service. New York: Oxford University Press.
47. National Low Income Housing Coalition. 2012. “Who Lives in Federally Assisted Housing?” http://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/HousingSpotlight2-2.pdf.
48. Pager, Devah, and Hana Shepherd. 2008. “The Sociology of Discrimination: Racial Discrimination in Employment, Housing, Credit, and Consumer Markets.” Annual Review of Sociology 34: 181–209.
49. Pager, Devah, Bruce Western, and Bart Bonikowski. 2009. “Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market: A Field Experiment.” American Sociological Review 2009 74(5): 777–99.
50. Pettrigrew, Thomas F. 1998. “Intergroup Contact Theory.” Annual Review of Psychology 49: 65–85.
51. Riccucci, Norma M., Gregg G. Van Ryzin, and Cecilia F. Lavena. 2014. “Representative Bureaucracy in Policing: Does It Increase Perceived Legitimacy?” Journal of Public Administration Theory 24(3): 537–51.
52. Schram, Sanford F., Joe Soss, Richard Fording, and Linda Houser. 2009. “Deciding to Discipline: Race, Choice, and Punishment.” American Sociological Review 74(3): 398–422.
53. Schulman, Kevin A., Jesse A. Berlin, William Harless, Jon F. Kerner, Shyrl Sistrunk, Bernard J. Gersh, Christopher K. Taleghani, Ross Dubé, Jennifer E. Burke, Sankey Williams, John M. Eisenberg, William Ayers, and José J. Escarce. 1999. “The Effect of Race and Sex on Physicians' Recommendations for Cardiac Catheterization.” New England Journal of Medicine 340: 618–26.
54. Schwartz, Alex F. 2010. Housing Policy in the United States. New York: Routledge.
55. Soss, Joe, Richard C. Fording, and Sanford F. Schram. 2008. “The Color of Devolution: The Politics of Local Punishment in an Era of Neoliberal Welfare Reform.” American Journal of Political Science 52(3): 536–53.
56. Sowa, Jessica E., and Sally Coleman Selden. 2003. “Administrative Discretion and Active Representation: An Expansion of the Theory of Representative Bureaucracy.” Public Administration Review 63(6): 700–710.
57. Turner, Margery Austin, Diane K. Levy, Doug Wissoker, Claudia Aranda, Rob Pitingolo, and Rob Santos. 2013. “Housing Discrimination Against Racial and Ethnic Minorities in 2012.” Urban Institute. http://www.huduser.org/portal/publications/fairhsg/hsg_discrimination_2012.html.
58. Turner, Margery Austin, Stephen L. Ross, George C. Galster, and John Yinger. 2002. “Discrimination in Metropolitan Housing Markets: National Results from Phase I HDS 2000.” Urban Institute. http://www.huduser.org/portal/Publications/pdf/Phase1_Report.pdf.
59. Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman. 1972. “Availability: Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability.” Cognitive Psychology 4(2): 207–32.
60. United States Census Bureau. 2013. “American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, 2007–2012.” http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t.
61. Vale, Lawrence. 2000. From Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
62. Wattenberg, Martin. 2005. “Baby Names, Visualization, and Social Data Analysis.” Information Symposium on Information Visualization. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1532122.
63. Wei, Iris I., Beth A. Virnig, Dolly A. John, and Robert O'Morgan. 2006. “Using a Spanish Surname Match to Improve Identification of Hispanic Women in Medicare Administrative Data.” Health Services Research 41(4): 1469–81.
64. White, Ariel R., Noah L. Nathan, and Julie K. Faller. 2015. “What Do I Need to Vote? Bureaucratic Discretion and Discrimination by Local Election Officials.” American Political Science Review 109(1): 129–42.
65. Word, David L., Charles D. Coleman, Robert Nunziata, and Robert Kominski. 2000. “Demographic Aspects of Surnames from Census 2000.” http://www2.census.gov/topics/genealogy/2000surnames/surnames.pdf.
66. Word, David L., and R. Colby Perkins. 1996. “Building a Spanish Surname List for the 1990's—A New Approach to an Old Problem.” Technical Working Paper No. 13. https://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twpno13.pdf.