The timing of Mediterranean sapropel deposition relative to insolation, sea-level and African monsoon changes

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 140, Issue , 2016, Pages 125-141

  Grant, K M ^a   Grimm, R ^b   Mikolajewicz, U ^b   Marino, G ^a   Ziegler, M ^c   Rohling, E J ^a,d  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR METEOROLOGY   (Germany)

^c UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

African monsoon; Eastern Mediterranean; Ice sheets; Insolation; Meltwater pulses; Precession; Sapropels; Sea level

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS; DEPOSITION; GLACIAL GEOLOGY; INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION; ISOTOPES; SOLAR RADIATION; SURFACE WATERS;

AFRICAN MONSOONS; EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN; ICE SHEET; MELTWATER PULSE; PRECESSION; SAPROPELS;

SEA LEVEL;

BIOCHRONOLOGY; DEPOSITION; GEOCHEMISTRY; HOLOCENE; ICE SHEET; LAST GLACIAL; MARINE ISOTOPE STAGE; MELTWATER; MONSOON; PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA; SAPROPEL; SEA LEVEL CHANGE; SEASONAL VARIATION; STABLE ISOTOPE;

AEGEAN SEA; ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); INDIAN OCEAN; MEDITERRANEAN SEA; MEDITERRANEAN SEA (EAST); RED SEA [INDIAN OCEAN];

EID: 84962030657     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.03.026     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Abouelmagd A., Sultan M., Milewski A., Kehew A.E., Sturchio N.C., Soliman F., Krishnamurthy R.V., Cutrim E. Toward a better understanding of palaeoclimatic regimes that recharged the fossil aquifers in North Africa: inferences from stable isotope and remote sensing data. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2012, 329-330:137-149.
2. Abouelmagd A., Sultan M., Sturchio N.C., Soliman F., Rashed M., Ahmed M., Kehew A.E., Milewski A., Chouinard K. Paleoclimate record in the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2014, 81:158-167.
3. Abu-Zied R.H., Rohling E.J., Jorissen F.J., Fontanier C., Casford J.S.L., Cooke S. Benthic foraminiferal response to changes in bottom water oxygenation and organic carbon flux in the eastern Mediterranean during LGM to recent times. Mar. Micropaleontol. 2008, 67:46-68.
4. Affek H.P., Bar-Matthews M., Ayalon A., Matthews A., Eiler J.M. Glacial/interglacial temperature variations in Soreq cave speleothems as recorded by 'clumped isotope' thermometry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72:5351-5360.
5. Almogi-Labin A., Bar-Matthews M., Shriki D., Kolosovsky E., Paterne M., Schilman B., Ayalon A., Aizenshtat Z., Matthews A. Climatic variability during the last w90 ka of the southern and northern Levantine Basin as evident from marine records and speleothems. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2009, 28:2882-2896.
6. Álvares-Solas J., Montoya M., Ritz C., Ramstein G., Charbit S., Dumas C., Nisancioglu K., Dokken T., Ganopolski A. Heinrich event 1: an example of dynamical ice-sheet reaction to oceanic changes. Clim. Past 2011, 7:1297-1306. 10.5194/cp-7-1297-2011.
7. Bahr A., Arz H.W., Lamy F., Wefer G. Late glacial to Holocene paleoenvironmental evolution of the Black Sea, reconstructed with stable oxygen isotope records obtained on ostracod shells. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 241:863-875.
8. Bahr A., Lamy F., Arz H.W., Major C., Kwiecien O., Wefer G. Abrupt changes of temperature and water chemistry in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene Black Sea. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2008, 9:Q01004. 10.1029/2007GC001683.
9. Bar-Matthews M., Ayalon A., Gilmour M., Matthews A., Hawksesworth C. Sea-land oxygen isotopic relationships from planktonic foraminifera and speleothems in the Eastern Mediterranean region and their implication for paleorainfall during interglacial intervals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2003, 67:3181-3199.
10. 15N temperature reconstruction from the same ice core. Clim. Past 2014, 10:903-920. 10.5194/cp-10-903-2014.
11. Bazin L., Landais A., Lemieux-Dudon B., Toyé Mahamadou Kele H., Veres D., Parrenin F., Martinerie P., Ritz C., Capron E., Lipenkov V., Loutre M.-F., Raynaud D., Vinther B., Svensson A., Rasmussen S.O., Severi M., Blunier T., Leuenberger M., Fischer H., Masson-Delmotte V., Chappellaz J., Wolff E. An optimized multi-proxy, multi-site Antarctic ice and gas orbital chronology (AICC2012): 120-800 ka. Clim. Past 2013, 9:1715-1731. 10.5194/cp-9-1715-2013.
12. Béthoux J.P., Pierre C. Mediterranean functioning and sapropel formation: respective influences of climate and hydrological changes in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Mar. Geol 1999, 153:29-39.
13. Bianchi D., Zavatarelli M., Pinardi N., Capozzi R., Capotondi L., Corselli C., Masina S. Simulations of ecosystem response during the sapropel S1 deposition event. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2006, 235:265-287.
14. Boch R., Cheng H., Spötl C., Edwards R.L., Wang X., Häuselmann Ph. NALPS: a precisely dated European climate record 120-60 ka. Clim. Past 2011, 7:1247-1259. 10.5194/cp-7-1247-2011.
15. Bosmans J.H.C., Drijfhout S.S., Tuenter E., Hilgen F.J., Lourens L.J., Rohling E.J. Precession and obliquity forcing of the freshwater budget over the Mediterranean. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2015, 123:16-30.
16. Bronk Ramsey C. Deposition models for chronological records. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2008, 27:42-60.
17. Bronk Ramsey C. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 2009, 511:337-360.
18. Bryden H.L., Kinder T.H. Steady two-layer exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar. Deep-Sea Res 1991, 38:S445-S463.
19. Cacho I., Grimalt J.O., Pelejero C., Canals M., Sierro F.J., Flores J.A., Shackleton N. Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich event imprints in Alboran Sea paleotemperatures. Paleoceanography 1999, 14:698-705.
20. Caley T., Malaizé B., Revel M., Ducassou E., Wainer K., Ibrahim M., Shoeaib D., Migeon S., Marieu V. Orbital timing of the Indian, East Asian and African boreal monsoons and the concept of a 'global monsoon'. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2011, 30:3705-3715.
21. Capotondi L., Principato M.S., Morigi C., Sangiorgi F., Maffioli P., Giunta S., Negri A., Corselli C. Foraminiferal variations and stratigraphic implications to the deposition of sapropel S5 in the eastern Mediterranean. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2006, 235:48-65.
22. Casford J.S.L., Rohling E.J., Abu-Zied R.H., Jorissen F.J., Leng M., Thomson J. A dynamic concept for eastern Mediterranean circulation and oxygenation during sapropel formation. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2003, 190:103-119.
23. Casford J.S.L., Abu-Zied R., Rohling E.J., Cooke S., Fontanier Ch., Leng M., Millard A., Thomson J. A stratigraphically controlled multi-proxy chronostratigraphy for the eastern Mediterranean. Paleoceanography 2007, 22:PA4215. 10.1029/2007PA001422.
24. Chang P., Zhang R., Hazeleger W., Wen C., Wan X., Ji L., Haarsma R.J., Breugem W.-P., Seidel H. Oceanic link between abrupt changes in the North Atlantic Ocean and the African monsoon. Nat. Geosci. 2008, 1(7):444-448.
25. Chappellaz J., Barnola J.M., Raynaud D., Korotkevich Y.S., Lorius C. Ice-core record of atmospheric methane over the past 160,000 years. Nature 1990, 345:127-131.
26. Cita M.B., Vergnaud-Grazzini C., Robert C., Chamley H., Ciaranfi N., d'Onofrio S. Paleoclimatic record of a long deep sea core from the eastern Mediterranean. Quat. Res. 1977, 8:205-235.
27. Collins J.A., Govin A., Mulitza S., Heslop D., Zabel M., Hartmann J., Röhl U., Wefer G. Abrupt shifts of the Sahara-Sahel boundary during Heinrich stadials. Clim. Past 2013, 9:1181-1191. 10.5194/cp-9-1181-2013.
28. Cramp A., O'Sullivan G. Neogene sapropels in the Mediterranean: a review. Mar. Geol. 1999, 153:11-28.
29. De Lange G.J., Thomson J., Reitz A., Slomp C.P., Speranza Principato M., Erba E., Corselli C. Synchronous basin-wide formation and redox-controlled preservation of a Mediterranean sapropel. Nat. Geosci. 2008, 1:606-610.
30. de Noblet N., Bracannot P., Joussaume S., Masson V. Sensitivity of simulated Asian and African summer monsoons to orbitally induced variations in insolation 126, 115 and 6 kBP. Clim. Dyn 1996, 12:589-603.
31. Deschamps P., Durand N., Bard E., Hamelin B., Camoin G., Thomas A.L., Henderson G., Okuno J., Yokoyama Y. Ice-sheet collapse and sea-level rise at the Bølling warming 14,600 years ago. Nature 2012, 483:559-564.
32. Dymond J., Suess E., Lyle M. Barium in deep-sea sediment: a geochemical proxy for paleoproductivity. Paleoceanography 1992, 7:163-181.
33. Emeis K.-C., Robertson A.H.F., Richter C. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, Leg 160 1996, Shipboard Scientific Party, College Station, Texas.
34. Emeis K.C., Struck U., Schulz H.M., Bernasconi S., Sakamoto T., Martinez-Ruiz F. Temperature and salinity of Mediterranean Sea surface waters over the last 16,000 years: constraints on the physical environment of S1 sapropel formation based on stable oxygen isotopes and alkenone unsaturation ratios. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2000, 158:259-280.
35. 18O composition during deposition of sapropels in the late Quaternary. Paleoceanography 2003, 18. 10.1029/2000PA000617.
36. Essallami L., Sicre M.A., Kallel N., Siani G. Hydrological changes in the Mediterranean Sea over the last 30,000 years. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2007, 8:1-11.
37. Frumkin A., Bar-Yosef O., Schwarzc H.P. Possible paleohydrologic and paleoclimatic effects on hominin migration and occupation of the Levantine Middle Paleolithic. J. Hum. Evol. 2011, 60:437-451.
38. Ganopolski A., Rahmstorf S. Rapid changes of glacial climate simulated in a coupled climate model. Nature 2001, 409:153-158.
39. Gasse F. Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the last glacial maximum. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2000, 19:189-211.
40. Grant K.M., Rohling E.J., Bar-Matthews, Ayalon A., Bronk Ramsey C.M., Satow C., Medina-Elizalde M., Roberts A.P. Rapid coupling between ice volume and polar temperature over the past 150,000 years. Nature 2012, 491:744-747.
41. Grant K.M., Rohling E.J., Bronk Ramsey C., Cheng H., Edwards R.L., Florindo F., Heslop D., Marra F., Roberts A.P., Tamisiea M.E., Williams F. Sea-level variability over five glacial cycles. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5:5076. 10.1038/ncomms6076.
42. Grelaud M., Marino G., Ziveri P., Rohling E.J. Abrupt shoaling of the nutricline in response to massive freshwater flooding at the onset of the last interglacial sapropel event. Paleoceanography 2012, 27:PA3208. 10.1029/2012PA002288.
43. Grimm R., Maier-Reimer E., Mikolajewicz U., Schmiedl G., Muller-Navarra K., Adloff F., Grant K.M., Ziegler M., Lourens L.J., Emeis K.C. Late glacial initiation of Holocene eastern Mediterranean sapropel formation. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6. 10.1038/ncomms8099.
44. Hayes A., Kucera M., Kallel N., Sbaffi L., Rohling E.J. Glacial Mediterranean sea surface temperatures reconstructed from planktonic foraminiferal assemblages. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2005, 24:999-1016.
45. Hennekam R., Jilbert T., Schnetger B., de Lange G.J. Solar forcing of Nile discharge and sapropel S1 formation in the early to middle Holocene eastern Mediterranean. Paleoceanography 2014, 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013PA002553.
46. Higgs N.C., Thomson J., Wilson T.R.S., Croudace I.W. Modification and complete removal of eastern Mediterranean sapropels by postdepositional oxidation. Geology 1994, 22:423-426.
47. Hilgen F.J., Lourens L.J., Berger A., Loutre M.F. Evaluation of the astronomically calibrated time scale for the late Pliocene and earliest Pleistocene. Paleoceanography 1993, 8:549-565.
48. Hughes P.D., Woodward J.C., Gibbard P.L. Quaternary glacial history of the Mediterranean mountains. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 2006, 30:334-364.
49. Hughes P.D., Woodward J.C. Glacial and periglacial environments. The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean 2009, 33-67. Oxford University Press. J.C. Woodward (Ed.).
50. Jimenez-Amat P., Zahn R. Offset timing of climate oscillations during the last two glacial-interglacial transitions connected with large-scale freshwater perturbation. Paleoceanography 2015, 30. 10.1002/2014PA002710.
51. Jorissen F.J. Benthic foraminiferal successions across Late Quaternary Mediterranean sapropels. Mar. Geol. 1999, 153:91-101.
52. Kageyama M., Merkel U., Otto-Bliesner B., Prange M., Abe-Ouchi A., Lohmann G., Ohgaito R., Roche D.M., Singarayer J., Swingedouw D., Zhang X. Climatic impacts of fresh water hosing under Last Glacial Maximum conditions: a multi-model study. Clim. Past 2013, 9:935-953. 10.5194/cp-9-935-2013.
53. Kallel N., Paterne M., Duplessy J.C., Vergnaud-Grazzini C., Pujol C., Labeyrie L., Arnold M., Fontugne M., Pierre C. Enhanced rainfall in the Mediterranean region during the last sapropel event. Oceanol. Acta 1997, 20:697-712.
54. Kallel N., Duplessy J.C., Labeyrie L., Fontugne M., Paterne M., Montacer M. Mediterranean pluvial periods and sapropel formation over the last 200 000 years. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2000, 157:45-58.
55. Kandiano E.S., Bauch H.A., Fahl K. Last interglacial surface water structure in the western Mediterranean (Balearic) Sea: climatic variability and link between low and high latitudes. Glob. Planet. Change 2014, 123:67-76.
56. Kindler P., Guillevic M., Baumgartner M., Schwander J., Landais A., Leuenberger M. Temperature reconstruction from 10 to 120 kyr b2k from the NGRIP ice core. Clim. Past 2014, 10:887-902. 10.5194/cp-10-887-2014.
57. 13C in Lake Lisan aragonites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69:4045-4060.
58. Kullenberg B. On the salinity of the water contained in marine sediments. Medd. Oceanogr. Inst. Göteb. 1952, 21:1-38.
59. Kutzbach J.E., Liu X., Liu Z., Chen G. Simulation of the evolutionary response of global summer monsoons to orbital forcing over the past 280,000 years. Clim. Dyn. 2008, 30:567-579.
60. Lambeck K., Rouby H., Purcell A., Sun Y., Sambridge M. Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2014, 111(43):15296-15303. 10.1073/pnas.1411762111.
61. Langgut D., Almogi-Labin A., Bar-Matthews M., Weinstein-Evron M. Vegetation and climate changes in the South Eastern Mediterranean during the Last Glacial-Interglacial cycle (86 ka): new marine pollen record. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2011, 30:3960-3972.
62. Larrasoaña J.C., Roberts A.P., Rohling E.J., Winklhofer M., Wehausen R. Three million years of monsoon variability over the northern Sahara. Clim. Dyn. 2003, 21:689-698.
63. Laskar J. The chaotic motion of the solar system: a numerical estimate of the size of the chaotic zones. Icarus 1990, 88:266-291.
64. Lézine A.-M., Hély C., Grenier C., Braconnot P., Krinner G. Sahara and Sahel vulnerability to climate changes, lessons from Holocene hydrological data. QSR 2011, 30:3001-3012.
65. Lombo Tombo S., Dennielou B., Berné S., Bassetti M.-A., Toucanne S., Jorry S.J., Jouet G., Fontanier C. Sea-level control on turbidite activity in the Rhone canyon and the upper fan during the Last Glacial Maximum and Early deglacial. Sediment. Geol. 2015, 323:148-166.
66. Lourens L.J., Antonarakou A., Hilgen F.J., van Hoof A.A.M., Vergnaud-Grazzini C., Zachariasse W.J. Evaluation of the Plio-Pleistocene astronomical timescale. Paleoceanography 1996, 11:391-413.
67. Lourens L.J., Hilgen F., Shackleton N.J., Laskar J., Wilson D. The Neogene period. A Geologic Timescale 2004 2004, 409-440. Cambridge University Press. F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, A.G. Smith (Eds.).
68. Major C.O., Goldstein S.L., Ryan W.B.F., Lericolais G., Piotrowski A.M., Hajdas I. The co-evolution of Black Sea level and composition through the last deglaciation and its paleoclimatic significance. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2006, 25:2031-2047.
69. Marino G., Rohling E.J., Rijpstra W.I., Sangiorgi F., Schouten S., Sinninghe Damsté J.S. Aegean Sea as driver for hydrological and ecological changes in the eastern Mediterranean. Geology 2007, 35:675-678.
70. Marino G., Rohling E.J., Sangiorgi F., Hayes A., Casford J.S.L., Lotter A.F., Kucera M., Brinkhuis H. Early and middle Holocene in the Aegean Sea: interplay between high and low latitude climate variability. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2009, 28:3246-3262.
71. Marino G., Rohling E.J., Rodríguez-Sanz L., Grant K.M., Heslop D., Roberts A.P., Stanford J.D., Yu J. Bipolar seesaw control on last interglacial sea level. Nature 2015, 522:197-201.
72. Martrat B., Jiminez-Amat P., Zahn R., Grimalt J.O. Similarities and dissimilarities between the last two deglaciations and interglaciations in the North Atlantic region. Quat. Sci. Rev 2014, 99:122-134.
73. Marzin C., Braconnot P., Kageyama M. Relative impacts of insolation changes, meltwater fluxes and ice sheets on African and Asian monsoons during the Holocene. Clim. Dyn. 2013, 41:2267-2286.
74. Matthews A., Ayalon A., Bar-Matthews M. D/H ratios of fluid inclusions of Soreq Cave (Israel) speleothems as a guide to the Eastern Mediterranean Meteoric Line relationships in the last 120 ky. Chem. Geol. 2000, 166:183-191.
75. McGarry S., Bar-Matthews M., Matthews A., Vaks A., Schilman B., Ayalon A. Constraints on hydrological and paleotemperature variations in the Eastern Mediterranean region in the last 140 ka given by the δD values of speleothem fluid inclusions. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2004, 23:919-934.
76. McManus J.F., Bond G.C., Broecker W.S., Johnsen S., Labeyrie L., Higgins S. High-resolution climate records from the N. Atlantic during the last interglacial. Nature 1994, 371:326-329.
77. Melki T., Kallel N., Jorissen F.J., Guichard J.F., Dennielou B., Berné S., Labeyrie L., Fontugne M. Abrupt climate change, sea surface salinity and paleoproductivity in the western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lion) during the last 28 kyr. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2009, 279:96-113.
78. Mercone D., Thomson J., Croudace I.W., Siani G., Paterne M., Troelstra S. Duration of S1, the most recent Mediterranean sapropel, as indicated by AMS radiocarbon and geochemical evidence. Paleoceanography 2000, 15:336-347.
79. Mercone D., Thomson J., Abu-Zied R.H., Croudace I.W., Rohling E.J. High-resolution geochemical and micropalaeontological profiling of the most recent eastern Mediterranean sapropel. Mar. Geol. 2001, 177:25-44.
80. Milner A.M., Collier R.E.L., Roucoux K.H., Müller U.C., Pross J., Kalaitzidis S., Christanis K., Tzedakis P.C. Enhanced seasonality of precipitation in the Mediterranean during the early part of the Last Interglacial. Geology 2012, 40:919-922.
81. Nicholson S.E. A revised picture of the structure of the "monsoon" and land ITCZ over West Africa. Clim. Dyn. 2009, 32:1155-1171. 10.1007/s00382-008-0514-3.
82. Nijenhuis I.A., Bosch H.J., Sinnighe Damsté J.S., Brumsack H.-J., de Lange G.J. Organic matter and trace element rich sapropels and black shales: a geochemical comparison. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 169:277-290.
83. Olausson E. Studies of Deep-sea Cores. Reports of the Swedish Deep Sea Expedition 1947-1948 1961, 8:353-391.
84. Osborne A.H., Vance D., Rohling E.J., Barton N., Rogerson M., Fello N. A humid corridor across the Sahara for the migration "Out of Africa" of early modern humans 120,000 years ago. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2008, 105:16444-16447.
85. Osborne A., Marino G., Vance D., Rohling E.J. Eastern Mediterranean surface water Nd during Eemian sapropel S5: monitoring northerly (mid latitude) versus southerly (sub tropical) freshwater contributions. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2010, 29:2473-2483.
86. Otto-Bliesner B.L., Russell J.M., Clark P.U., Liu Z., Overpeck J.T., Konecky B., deMenocal P., Nicholson S.E., He F., Lu Z. Coherent changes of southeastern equatorial and northern African rainfall during the last deglaciation. Science 2014, 346:1223-1227.
87. Pinardi N., Bonaduce A., Navarra A., Dobricic S., Oddo P. The mean sea level equation and its application to the Mediterranean Sea. J. Clim. 2014, 27:442-447.
88. Rasmussen S.O., Bigler M., Blockley S.P., Blunier T., Buchardt S.L., Clausen H.B., Cvijanovic I., Dahl-Jensen D., Johnsen S.J., Fischer H., Gkinis V. A stratigraphic framework for abrupt climatic changes during the Last Glacial period based on three synchronized Greenland ice-core records: refining and extending the INTIMATE event stratigraphy. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2014, 106:14-28.
89. Revel M., Ducassou E., Grousset F.E., Bernasconi S.M., Migeon S., Revillon S., Mascle J., Murat A., Zaragosi S., Bosch D. 100,000 years of African monsoon variability recorded in sediments of the Nile margin. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2010, 29:1342-1362.
90. Rogerson M., Colmenero-Hidalgo E., Levine R.C., Rohling E.J., Voelker A.H.L., Bigg G.R., Schönfeld J., Cacho I., Sierro F.J., Löwemark L., Reguera M.I., deAbreu L., Garrick K. Enhanced Mediterranean-Atlantic exchange during Atlantic freshening phases. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2010, 11:Q08013. 10.1029/2009GC002931.
91. Rogerson M., Rohling E.J., Bigg G.R., Ramirez J. Palaeoceanography of the Atlantic-Mediterranean Exchange: overview and first quantitative assessment of climatic forcing. Rev. Geophys 2012, 50. RG2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000376.
92. Rohling E.J. Review and new aspects concerning the formation of Mediterranean sapropels. Mar. Geol. 1994, 122:1-28.
93. 18O. Paleoceanography 1999, 14:706-715.
94. Rohling E.J. Quantitative assessment of glacial fluctuations in the level of Lake Lisan, Dead Sea rift. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2013, 70:63-72.
95. Rohling E.J., Gieskes W.W.C. Late quaternary changes in Mediterranean intermediate water density and formation rate. Paleoceanography 1989, 4:531-545.
96. Rohling E.J., Bryden H.L. Estimating past changes in the eastern Mediterranean freshwater budget, using reconstructions of sea level and hydrography. Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet. Ser. B 1994, 97:201-217.
97. Rohling E.J., De Rijk S. The Holocene climate optimum and last glacial maximum in the Mediterranean: the marine oxygen isotope record. Mar. Geol. 1999, 153:57-75.
98. Rohling E.J., Cane T.R., Cooke S., Sprovieri M., Bouloubassi I., Emeis K.C., Schiebel R., Kroon D., Jorissen F.J., Lorre A., Kemp A.E.S. African monsoon variability during the previous interglacial maximum. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 202:61-75.
99. Rohling E.J., Sprovieri M., Cane T.R., Casford J.S.L., Cooke S., Bouloubassi I., Emeis K.C., Schiebel R., Hayes A., Jorissen F.J., Kroon D. Reconstructing past planktic foraminiferal habitats using stable isotope data: a case history for Mediterranean sapropel S5. Mar. Micropaleontol. 2004, 50:89-123.
100. Rohling E.J., Hopmans E.C., Sinninghe-Damsté J.S. Water column dynamics during the last interglacial anoxic event in the Mediterranean (sapropel S5). Paleoceanography 2006, 21:PA2018. 10.1029/2005PA001237.
101. Rohling E.J., Grant K., Bolshaw M., Roberts A.P., Siddall M., Hemleben Ch, Kucera M. Antarctic temperature and global sea level closely coupled over the past five glacial cycles. Nat. Geosci. 2009, 2:500-504.
102. Rohling E.J., Foster G.L., Grant K.M., Marino G., Roberts A.P., Tamisiea M.E., Williams F. Sea-level and deep-sea-temperature variability over the past 5.3 million years. Nature 2014, 508:477-482.
103. Rohling E.J., Marino G., Grant K. Mediterranean climate and oceanography, and the periodic development of anoxic events (sapropels). Earth-Sci. Rev. 2015, 143:62-97.
104. Rossignol-Strick M. Mediterranean quaternary sapropels, an immediate response of the African monsoon to variation of insolation. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1985, 49:237-263.
105. Rossignol-Strick M. Rainy periods and bottom water stagnation initiating brine accumulation and metal concentrations: 1. The Late Quaternary. Paleoceanography 1987, 2:333-360.
106. Rossignol-Strick M. The Holocene climatic optimum and pollen records of sapropel 1 in the eastern Mediterranean, 9000-6000 BP. Quat. Sci. Rev. 1999, 18:515-530.
107. Rossignol-Strick M., Paterne M. A synthetic pollen record of the eastern Mediterranean sapropels of the last 1 Ma: implications for the time-scale and formation of sapropels. Mar. Geol. 1999, 153:221-237.
108. Rossignol-Strick M., Nesteroff W., Olive P., Vergnaud-Grazzini C. After the deluge, Mediterranean stagnation and sapropel formation. Nature 1982, 295:105-110.
109. Ryan W.B.F. Stratigraphy of late quaternary sediments in the Eastern Mediterranean. The Mediterranean Sea Strasbourg, Va. (Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross) 1972, 765. D.J. Stanley (Ed.).
110. Satow C., Tomlinson E.L., Grant K.M., Albert P.G., Smith V.C., Manning C.J., Ottolini L., Wulf S., Rohling E.J., Lowe J.J., Blockley S.P.E., Menzies M.A. A new contribution to the Late Quaternary tephrostratigraphy of the Mediterranean: Aegean Sea core LC21. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2015, 117:96-112.
111. 4 Data to 140 kyr BP 2010, IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2010-131. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.
112. Schmiedl G., Mitschele A., Beck S., Emeis K.C., Hemleben Ch., Schultz H., Sperling M., Weldeab S. Benthic foraminiferal record of ecosystem variability in the eastern Mediterranean Sea during times of sapropel S5 and S6 deposition. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2003, 190:139-164.
113. Schmiedl G., Kuhnt T., Ehrmann W., Emeis K.-C., Hamann Y., Kotthoff U., Dulski P., Pross J. Climatic forcing of eastern Mediterranean deep-water formation and benthic ecosystems during the past 22 000 years. Quat. Sci. Rev 2010, 29:3006-3020.
114. Scrivner A.E., Vance D., Rohling E.J. New neodymium isotope data quantify Nile involvement in Mediterranean anoxic episodes. Geology 2004, 32:565-568.
115. Siddall M., Rohling E.J., Almogi-Labin A., Hemleben Ch., Meischner D., Schmeltzer I., Smeed D.A. Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle. Nature 2003, 423:853-858.
116. Siddall M., Smeed D.A., Hemleben Ch., Rohling E.J., Schmeltzer I., Peltier W.R. Understanding the Red Sea response to sea level. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2004, 225:421-434.
117. Sierro F.J., Hodell D.A., Curtis J.H., Flores J.A., Reguera I., Colmenero-Hidagalo E., Barcena M.A., Grimalt J.O., Cacho I., Frigola J., Canals M. Impact of iceberg melting on Mediterranean thermohaline circulation during Heinrich events. Paleoceanography 2005, 20:1-13.
118. Soulet G., Ménot G., Bayon G., Rostek F., Ponzevera E., Toucanne S., Lericolais G., Bard E. Abrupt drainage cycles of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110:6682-6687.
119. Spahni R., Wania R., Neef L., van Weele M., Pison I., Bousquet P., Frankenberg C., Foster P.N., Joos F., Prentice I.C., van Velthoven P. Constraining global methane emissions and uptake by ecosystems. Biogeosciences 2011, 8:1643-1665. 10.5194/bg-8-1643-2011.
120. Sperling M., Schmiedl G., Hemleben Ch., Emeis K.C., Erlenkeuser H., Grootes P.M. Black Sea impact on the formation of eastern Mediterranean sapropel S1? Evidence from the Marmara Sea. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2003, 190:9-21.
121. Stanford J.D., Hemingway R., Rohling E.J., Challenor P.G., Medina-Elizalde M., Lester A.J. Sea-level probability for the last deglaciation: a statistical analysis of far-field records. Glob. Planet. Change 2011, 79:193-203.
122. Swingedouw D., Mignot J., Braconnot P., Mosquet E., Kageyama M., Alkama R. Impact of freshwater release in the North Atlantic under different climate conditions in an OAGCM. J. Clim. 2009, 22:6377-6403.
123. Swingedouw D., Rodehacke C.B., Behrens E., Menary M., Olsen S.M., Gao Y., Mikolajewicz U., Mignot J., Biastoch A. Decadal fingerprints of freshwater discharge around Greenland in a multi-model ensemble. Clim. Dyn. 2013, 41(3-4):695-720.
124. Taylforth J.E., McCay G.A., Ellam R., Raffi I., Kroon D., Robertson A.H.F. Middle Miocene (Langhian) sapropel formation in the easternmost Mediterranean deep-water basin: evidence from northern Cyprus. Mar. Pet. Geol. 2014, 57:521-536.
125. Thomson J., Higgs N.C., Wilson T.R.S., Croudace I.W., De Lange G.J., van Santvoort P.J.M. Redistribution and geochemical behaviour of redox sensitive elements around S1, the most recent eastern Mediterranean sapropel. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:3487-3501.
126. Thomson G., Mercone D., de Lange G.J., van Santvoort P.J.M. Review of recent advances in the interpretation of eastern Mediterranean sapropel S1 from geochemical evidence. Mar. Geol. 1999, 153:77-89.
127. Thomson J., Crudeli D., De Lange G.J., Slomp C.P., Erba E., Corselli C., Calvert S.E. Florisphaera profunda and the origin and diagenesis of carbonate phases in eastern Mediterranean sapropel units. Paleoceanography 2004, 19:PA3003. 10.1029/2003PA000976.
128. Tjallingii R., Claussen M., Stuut J.-B.W., Fohlmeister J., Jahn A., Bickert T., Lamy F., Rohl U. Coherent high- and low-latitude control of the northwest African hydrological balance. Nat. Geosci. 2008, 1:670-675.
129. Toucanne S., Soulet G., Freslon N., Silva Jacinto R., Dennielou B., Zaragosi S., Eynaud F., Bourillet J.-F., Bayon G. Millennial-scale fluctuations of the European Ice Sheet at the end of the last glacial, and their potential impact on global climate. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2015, 123:113-133.
130. Toucanne S., Minto'o C.M.A., Fontanier C., Bassetti M.A., Jorry S.J., Jouet G. Tracking rainfall in the northern Mediterranean borderlands during sapropel deposition. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2015, 129:178-195.
131. 14C dates and stable isotopes. Radiocarbon 1991, 33:15-21.
132. Tuenter E., Weber S.L., Hilgen F.J., Lourens L.J., Ganopolski A. Simulation of climate phase lags in response to precession and obliquity forcing and the role of vegetation. Clim. Dyn. 2005, 24:279-295.
133. Tzedakis P.C. Seven ambiguities in the Mediterranean palaeoenvironmental narrative. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2007, 26:2042-2066.
134. Tzedakis P.C. Cenozoic climate and vegetation change. The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean 2009, 89-137. Oxford University Press, Oxford. J.C. Woodward (Ed.).
135. Tzedakis P.C., Lawson I.T., Frogley M.R., Hewitt G.M., Preece R.C. Buffered vegetation changes in a Quaternary refugium: evolutionary implications. Science 2002, 297:2044-2047.
136. Tzedakis P.C., Frogley M.R., Heaton T.H.E. Last interglacial conditions in southern Europe: evidence from Ioannina, northwest Greece. Glob. Planet. Change 2003, 36:157-170.
137. Vaks A., Bar-Matthews M., Ayalon A., Matthews A., Frumkin A., Dayan U., Halicz L., Almogi-Laban A., Schilman B. Paleoclimate and location of the border between Mediterranean climate region and the Saharo-Arabian Desert as revealed by speleothems from the northern Negev Desert, Israel. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 249:384-399.
138. Voelker A.H.L., Lebreiro S.M., Schöfeld J., Cacho I., Erlenkeuser H., Abrantes F. Mediterranean outflow strengthening during northern hemisphere coolings: a salt source for the glacial Atlantic?. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 245:39-55.
139. Weber S.L., Tuenter E. The impact of varying ice sheets and greenhouse gases on the intensity and timing of boreal summer monsoons. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2011, 30:469-479.
140. Weldeab S., Lea D.W., Schneider R.R., Andersen N. 155,000 years of West African monsoon and ocean thermal evolution. Science 2007, 316:1303-1307.
141. Wijmstra T.A., Young R., Witte H.J.L. An evaluation of the climatic conditions during the Late Quaternary in northern Greece by means of multivariate analysis of palynological data and comparison with recent phytosociological and climatic data. Geol. Mijnb. 1990, 69:243-251.
142. Zhang X., Prange M., Merkel U., Schulz M. Spatial fingerprint and magnitude of changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during marine isotope stage 3. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2015, 42:1903-1911. 10.1002/2014GL063003.
143. Ziegler M., Tuenter E., Lourens L.J. The precession phase of the boreal summer monsoon as viewed from the eastern Mediterranean (ODP Site 968). Quat. Sci. Rev. 2010, 29:1481-1490.
144. Ziegler M., Lourens L.J., Tuenter E., Hilgen F.J., Reichart G.J., Weber S.L. Precession phase offset between Arabian Sea biological productivity and the Indian summer monsoon. Paleoceanography 2010, 25:PA3213. 10.1029/2009PA001884.