Sleep and cancer: Synthesis of experimental data and meta-analyses of cancer incidence among some 1,500,000 study individuals in 13 countries

Chronobiology International

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 325-350

  Erren, T C ^a   Morfeld, P ^a,b   Foster, R G ^c   Reiter, R J ^d   Gross J V ^a   Westermann, I K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^b Institute for Occupational Epidemiology and Risk Assessment   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^d Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; chronodisruption (CD); meta analyses; napping; sleep and circadian rhythm disruption (SCRD); sleep duration; sleep quality; sleep timing

Indexed keywords

BREAST NEOPLASMS; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; COMPLICATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MALE; META ANALYSIS; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; SLEEP; SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS; WORK SCHEDULE;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; RISK FACTORS; SLEEP; SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS; WORK SCHEDULE TOLERANCE;

EID: 84961393602     PISSN: 07420528     EISSN: 15256073     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2016.1149486     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Akerstedt T, Wright KP Jr. (2009). Sleep Loss and Fatigue in Shift Work and Shift Work Disorder. Sleep Med Clin 4: 257-71.
2. Al Khalaf MM, Thalib L, Doi SA. (2011). Combining heterogenous studies using the random-effects model is a mistake and leads to inconclusive meta-Analyses. J Clin Epidemiol 64: 119-23.
3. Basner M, Glatz C, Griefahn B, Penzel T, et al. (2008). Aircraft noise: effects on macro-And microstructure of sleep. Sleep Med 9: 382-7.
4. Basner M, Muller U, Elmenhorst EM, Kluge Gand, Griefahn B. (2008). Aircraft noise effects on sleep: a systematic comparison of EEG awakenings and automatically detected cardiac activations. Physiol Meas 29: 1089-103.
5. Bizzarri M, Proietti S, Cucina A, et al. (2013). Molecular mechanisms of the pro-Apoptotic actions of melatonin in cancer: a review. Expert Opin Ther Targets 17: 1483-96.
6. Blask DE, Brainard GC, Dauchy RT, Hanifin JP, et al. (2005). Melatonin-depleted blood from premenopausal women exposed to light at night stimulates growth of human breast cancer xenografts in nude rats. Cancer Res 65: 11174-84.
7. Bouatia-Naji N, Bonnefond A, Cavalcanti-Proenca C, Sparso T, et al. (2009). A variant near MTNR1B is associated with increased fasting plasma glucose levels and type 2 diabetes risk. Nature genetics 41: 89-94.
8. Cairns BJ, Travis RC, Wang XS, Reeves GK, et al. (2012). A short-Term increase in cancer risk associated with daytime napping is likely to reflect pre-clinical disease: prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer 107: 527-30.
9. Cos S, Fernandez R, Guezmes A, Sanchez-Barcelo EJ. (1998). Influence of melatonin on invasive and metastatic properties of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 58: 4383-90.
10. Czeisler CA. (2013). Perspective: casting light on sleep deficiency. Nature 497: S13.
11. Czeisler CA. (2015). Duration, timing and quality of sleep are each vital for health, performance and safety. Sleep Health 1: 5-8.
12. Czeisler CA, Chiasera AJ, Duffy JF. (1991). Research on sleep, circadian rhythms and aging: applications to manned spaceflight. Exp Gerontol 26: 217-32.
13. Davidson AJ, Sellix MT, Daniel J, Yamazaki S, Menaker M, et al. (2006). Chronic jet-lag increases mortality in aged mice. Curr Biol 16: R914-16.
14. Davis S, Mirick DK. (2006). Circadian disruption, shift work and the risk of cancer: a summary of the evidence and studies in Seattle. Cancer causes & control: CCC17: 539-45.
15. Depner CM, Stothard ER, Wright KP Jr. (2014). Metabolic consequences of sleep and circadian disorders. Curr Diab Rep 14:507.
16. Duval S, Tweedie R. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-Analysis. Biometrics 56: 455-63.
17. Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. (1997). Bias in meta-Analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315: 629-34.
18. Erren TC. (2002). Does light cause internal cancers? The problem and challenge of an ubiquitous exposure. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 23 Suppl 2: 61-70.
19. Erren TC. (2012). Sleep duration and cancer risk: time to use a "sleep-years" index? Cancer Causes Control 23: 1399-403.
20. Erren TC. (2013). Re: "Self-reported sleep duration, sleep quality, and breast cancer risk in a population-based case-control study". Am J Epidemiol 177: 1020-21.
21. Erren TC, Falaturi P, Reiter RJ. (2010). Research into the chronodisruption-cancer theory: the imperative for causal clarification and the danger of causal reductionism. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 31: 1-3.
22. Erren TC, Groß J. (2015). Re: Fragmentation and Stability of Circadian Activity Rhythms Predict Mortality: The Rotterdam Study. Sleep epidemiology: proposing an index of accumulated sleep disruption. Am J Epidemiol 15: 185-6.
23. Erren TC, Groß J. (2015). Civil time ≠ biological time: Recent options for empirically testing possible effects of chronodisruption. Chronobiology International 32: 697-8.
24. Erren TC, Morfeld P. (2013). Shift work and cancer research: a thought experiment into a potential chronobiological fallacy of past and perspectives for future epidemiological studies. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 34: 282-6.
25. Erren TC, Morfeld P. (2014). Computing chronodisruption: how to avoid potential chronobiological errors in epidemiological studies of shift work and cancer. Chronobiol Int 31: 589-99.
26. Erren TC, Reiter RJ. (2008). A generalized theory of carcinogenesis due to chronodisruption. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 29: 815-21.
27. Erren TC, Reiter RJ. (2009). Defining chronodisruption. J Pineal Res 46: 245-7.
28. Erren TC, Reiter RJ. (2013). Revisiting chronodisruption: when the physiological nexus between internal and external times splits in humans. Naturwissenschaften 100: 291-8.
29. Erren TC, Reiter RJ, Piekarski C. (2003). Light, timing of biological rhythms, and chronodisruption in man. Naturwissenschaften 90: 485-94.
30. Erren TC, Reiter RJ. (2015). Melatonin: a universal time messenger. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 36: 187-92.
31. Erren TC, Slanger TE, Groß JV, Reiter RJ. (2015). Melatonin, sleep, and prostate cancer in elderly men: study, hypothesis development, and icelandic options. Eur Urol 67: 195-7.
32. Erren TC, Slanger TE, Groß JV, Reiter RJ. (2015). New generation mouse model: What about circadian diversity? Environmental Health Perspectives 123: A232.
33. Ferrie JE, Kumari M, Salo P, Singh-Manoux A, et al. (2011). Sleep epidemiology-A rapidly growing field. Int J Epidemiol 40: 1431-7.
34. Filipski E, Delaunay F, King VM, Wu MW, et al. (2004). Effects of chronic jet lag on tumor progression in mice. Cancer Res 64: 7879-85.
35. Filipski E, King VM, Li X, Granda TG, et al. (2002). Host circadian clock as a control point in tumor progression. J Natl Cancer Inst 94: 690-7.
36. Foster RG, Hankins MW. (2007). Circadian vision. Curr Biol 17: R746-51.
37. Foster RG, Peirson SN, Wulff K, Winnebeck E, et al. (2013). Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in social jetlag and mental illness. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 119: 325-46.
38. Foster RG, Wulff K. (2005). The rhythm of rest and excess. Nat Rev Neurosci 6: 407-14.
39. Fu L, Lee CC. (2003). The circadian clock: pacemaker and tumour suppressor. Nat Rev Cancer 3: 350-61.
40. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Boden-Albala B, Heymsfield SB. (2005). Inadequate sleep as a risk factor for obesity: analyses of the NHANES I. Sleep 28: 1289-96.
41. Girschik J, Heyworth J, Fritschi L. (2010). Re: Night-shift work and breast cancer risk in a cohort of Chinese women. Am J Epidemiol 172: 865-6;author reply 867-8.
42. Girschik J, Heyworth J, Fritschi L. (2013). Self-reported sleep duration, sleep quality, and breast cancer risk in a population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 177: 316-27.
43. Graham PL, Moran JL. (2012). Robust meta-Analytic conclusions mandate the provision of prediction intervals in meta-Analysis summaries. J Clin Epidemiol 65: 503-10.
44. Greene MW. (2012). Circadian rhythms and tumor growth. Cancer Lett 318: 115-23.
45. Groeger JA, Zijlstra FR, Dijk DJ. (2004). Sleep quantity, sleep difficulties and their perceived consequences in a representative sample of some 2000 British adults. J Sleep Res 13: 359-71.
46. Hardeland R, Madrid JA, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. (2012). Melatonin, the circadian multioscillator system and health: the need for detailed analyses of peripheral melatonin signaling. J Pineal Res 52: 139-66.
47. Hermida RC. (2007). Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the prediction of cardiovascular events and effects of chronotherapy: rationale and design of the MAPEC study. Chronobiol Int 24: 749-775.
48. Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojon A, Fernandez JR. (2010). Influence of circadian time of hypertension treatment on cardiovascular risk: results of the MAPEC study. Chronobiol Int 27: 1629-51.
49. Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojon A, Fernandez JR. (2013). Blunted sleep-Time relative blood pressure decline increases cardiovascular risk independent of blood pressure level-The normotensive non-dipper paradox. Chronobiol Int 30: 87-98.
50. Higgins JP, Thompson SG. (2004). Controlling the risk of spurious findings from meta-regression. Stat Med 23: 1663-82.
51. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Spiegelhalter DJ. (2009). A re-evaluation of random-effects meta-Analysis. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc 172: 137-59.
52. Higuchi S, Motohashi Y, Ishibashi K, Maeda T. (2007). Influence of eye colors of Caucasians and Asians on suppression of melatonin secretion by light. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292: R2352-6.
53. Hill SM, Belancio VP, Dauchy RT, Xiang S, et al. (2015). Melatonin: an inhibitor of breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 22: R183-204.
54. Hurd MW, Ralph MR. (1998). The significance of circadian organization for longevity in the golden hamster. J Biol Rhythms 13: 430-6.
55. Hurley S, Goldberg D, Bernstein L, et al. (2015). Sleep duration and cancer risk in women. Cancer Causes Control 26: 1037-45.
56. IARC. (2010). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 98. Painting, Firefighting and Shiftwork. Lyon, France.
57. IARC W. (2006). Preamble. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Lyon, France.
58. Irwin M. (2002). Effects of sleep and sleep loss on immunity and cytokines. Brain Behav Immun 16: 503-12.
59. Jagannath A, Butler R, Godinho SI, Couch Y, et al. (2013). The CRTC1-SIK1 pathway regulates entrainment of the circadian clock. Cell 154: 1100-11.
60. Jiao L, Duan Z, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Hale L, et al. (2013). Sleep duration and incidence of colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women. Br J Cancer 108: 213-21.
61. Jung-Hynes B, Huang W, Reiter RJ, Ahmad N. (2010). Melatonin resynchronizes dysregulated circadian rhythm circuitry in human prostate cancer cells. J Pineal Res 49: 60-8.
62. Kakizaki M, Inoue K, Kuriyama S, Sone T, et al. (2008). Sleep duration and the risk of prostate cancer: the Ohsaki Cohort Study. Br J Cancer 99: 176-8.
63. Kakizaki M, Kuriyama S, Sone T, Ohmori-Matsuda K, et al. (2008). Sleep duration and the risk of breast cancer: the Ohsaki Cohort Study. Br J Cancer 99: 1502-5.
64. Kayumov L, Lowe A, Rahman SA, Casper RF, et al. (2007). Prevention of melatonin suppression by nocturnal lighting: relevance to cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 16: 357-62.
65. Kelleher FC, Rao A, Maguire A. (2014). Circadian molecular clocks and cancer. Cancer Lett 342: 9-18.
66. Kim TW, Jeong JH, Hong SC. (2015). The impact of sleep and circadian disturbance on hormones and metabolism. Int J Endocrinol 2015: 591729.
67. Knapp G, Hartung J. (2003). Improved tests for a random effects meta-regression with a single covariate. Stat Med 22: 2693-710.
68. Knutson KL, Spiegel K, Penev P, Van Cauter E. (2007). The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. Sleep Med Rev 11: 163-78.
69. Popper KR. (1935); Translated: Popper KR. The logic of scientific discovery. First English edition published 1959 by Hutchinson & Co. Logik der Forschung: Zur Erkenntnistheorie der modernen Naturwissenschaft Springer, Vienna, Austria.
70. Kundermann B, Krieg JC, Schreiber W, Lautenbacher S. (2004). The effect of sleep deprivation on pain. Pain Res Manag 9: 25-32.
71. Kwon P, Lundin J, Li W, Ray R, et al. (2015). Night shift work and lung cancer risk among female textile workers in shanghai, china. J Occup Environ Hyg 12): 334-41.
72. Landis CA, Savage MV, Lentz MJ, Brengelmann GL. (1998). Sleep deprivation alters body temperature dynamics to mild cooling and heating not sweating threshold in women. Sleep 21: 101-8.
73. Laposky AD, Bass J, Kohsaka A, Turek FW. (2008). Sleep and circadian rhythms: key components in the regulation of energy metabolism. FEBS Lett 582: 142-51.
74. Lee S, Donehower LA, Herron AJ, Moore DD, Fu L. (2010). Disrupting circadian homeostasis of sympathetic signaling promotes tumor development in mice. PLoS One 5: e10995.
75. Li W, Ray RM, Thomas DB, Davis S, et al. (2015). Shift work and breast cancer among women textile workers in Shanghai, China. Cancer Causes Control 26: 143-50.
76. Liang JA, Sun LM, Muo CH, Sung FC, et al. (2012). Non-Apnea sleep disorders will increase subsequent liver cancer risk-A nationwide population-based cohort study. Sleep Med 13: 869-74.
77. Lorton D, Lubahn CL, Estus C, Millar BA, et al. (2006). Bidirectional communication between the brain and the immune system: implications for physiological sleep and disorders with disrupted sleep. Neuroimmunomodulation 13: 357-74.
78. Lu Y, Tian N, Yin J, Shi Y, et al. (2013). Association between sleep duration and cancer risk: a meta-Analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLoS One 8: e74723.
79. Luo J, Sands M, Wactawski-Wende J, Song Y, et al. (2013). Sleep disturbance and incidence of thyroid cancer in postmenopausal women the Women's Health Initiative. Am J Epidemiol 177: 42-9.
80. Luojus MK, Lehto SM, Tolmunen T, Erkkila AT, et al. (2014). Sleep duration and incidence of lung cancer in ageing men. BMC Public Health 14:295.
81. Lyssenko V, Nagorny CL, Erdos MR, Wierup N, et al. (2009). Common variant in MTNR1B associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and impaired early insulin secretion. Nature genetics 41: 82-8.
82. Maemura K, Takeda N, Nagai R. (2007). Circadian rhythms in the CNS and peripheral clock disorders: role of the biological clock in cardiovascular diseases. J Pharmacol Sci 103: 134-8.
83. Markt SC, Grotta A, Nyren O, Adami HO, et al. (2015). Insufficient Sleep and Risk of Prostate Cancer in a Large Swedish Cohort. Sleep 1: 1405-10.
84. McElroy JA, Newcomb PA, Titus-Ernstoff L, Trentham-Dietz A, et al. (2006). Duration of sleep and breast cancer risk in a large population-based case-control study. J Sleep Res 15: 241-9.
85. Mediavilla MD, Sanchez-Barcelo EJ, Tan DX, Manchester L, et al. (2010). Basic mechanisms involved in the anti-cancer effects of melatonin. Curr Med Chem 17: 4462-81.
86. Million Women Study Collaborative G. (1999). The Million Women Study: design and characteristics of the study population. The Million Women Study Collaborative Group. Breast Cancer Res 1: 73-80.
87. Moore RY. (1973). Retinohypothalamic projection in mammals: a comparative study. Brain Research 49: 403-9.
88. Moore RY, Klein DC. (1974). Visual pathways and the central neural control of a circadian rhythm in pineal serotonin N-Acetyltransferase activity. Brain Res 71: 17-33.
89. Morfeld P, McCunney RJ. (2009). Carbon black and lung cancer-Testing a novel exposure metric by multi-model inference. Am J Ind Med 52: 890-9.
90. Novati A, Roman V, Cetin T, Hagewoud R, et al. (2008). Chronically restricted sleep leads to depression-like changes in neurotransmitter receptor sensitivity and neuroendocrine stress reactivity in rats. Sleep 31: 1579-85.
91. Odegaard AO, Koh WP, Yuan JM. (2013). Combined lifestyle factors and risk of incident colorectal cancer in a Chinese population. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 6: 360-7.
92. Parent ME, El-Zein M, Rousseau MC, Pintos J, et al. (2012). Night work and the risk of cancer among men. Am J Epidemiol 176: 751-9.
93. Philip, P., and, T. Akerstedt. (2006). Transport and industrial safety, how are they affected by sleepiness and sleep restriction? Sleep Med Rev 10 (5): 347-356.
94. Pilcher JJ, Lambert B. J, Huffcutt AI. (2000). Differential effects of permanent and rotating shifts on self-report sleep length: a meta-Analytic review. Sleep 23: 155-63.
95. Pinheiro SP, Schernhammer ES, Tworoger SS, Michels KB. (2006). A prospective study on habitual duration of sleep and incidence of breast cancer in a large cohort of women. Cancer Res 66: 5521-5.
96. Portaluppi, F., and, M. H. Smolensky. (2010). Perspectives on the chronotherapy of hypertension based on the results of the MAPEC study. Chronobiol Int 27 (8): 1652-1667.
97. Pronk A, Ji BT, Shu XO, Xue S, et al. (2010). Night-shift work and breast cancer risk in a cohort of Chinese women. Am J Epidemiol 171): 953-9.
98. Qian X, Brinton LA, Schairer C, Matthews CE. (2015). Sleep duration and breast cancer risk in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project follow-up cohort. Br J Cancer 112: 567-71.
99. Ralph MR, Foster RG, Davis FC, Menaker M. (1990). Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period. Science 247: 975-8.
100. Ramin C, Devore EE, Pierre-Paul J, Duffy JF, et al. (2013). Chronotype and breast cancer risk in a cohort of US nurses. Chronobiol Int 30: 1181-6.
101. Reiter RJ. (1991). Melatonin: the chemical expression of darkness. Mol Cell Endocrinol 79: C153-8.
102. Reiter RJ. (1993). The melatonin rhythm: both a clock and a calendar. Experientia 49: 654-64.
103. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Erren TC, Fuentes-Broto L, et al. (2009). Light-mediated perturbations of circadian timing and cancer risk: a mechanistic analysis. Integr Cancer Ther 8: 354-60.
104. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Madrid JA, Erren TC. (2012). When the circadian clock becomes a ticking time bomb. Chronobiol Int 29: 1286-7.
105. Riley RD, Higgins JP, Deeks JJ. (2011). Interpretation of random effects meta-Analyses. BMJ 342: d549.
106. Roehrs T, Hyde M, Blaisdell B, Greenwald M, Roth T. (2006). Sleep loss and REM sleep loss are hyperalgesic. Sleep 29: 145-51.
107. Roenneberg T. (2013). Chronobiology: the human sleep project. Nature 498: 427-8.
108. Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Merrow M. (2003). Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. J Biol Rhythms 18: 80-90.
109. Sahar S, Sassone-Corsi P. (2009). Metabolism and cancer: the circadian clock connection. Nat Rev Cancer 9: 886-96.
110. Schernhammer ES, Feskanich D, Liang G, Han J. (2013). Rotating night-shift work and lung cancer risk among female nurses in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 178: 1434-41.
111. Schernhammer ES, Kroenke CH, Laden F, Hankinson SE. (2006). Night work and risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology 17: 108-11.
112. Schernhammer ES, Laden F, Speizer FE, Willett WC, et al. (2001). Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses' health study. J Natl Cancer Inst 93: 1563-8.
113. Schernhammer ES, Laden F, Speizer FE, Willett WC, et al. (2003). Night-shift work and risk of colorectal cancer in the nurses' health study. J Natl Cancer Inst 95: 825-8.
114. Scott LD, Hwang WT, Rogers AE, Nysse T, et al. (2007). The relationship between nurse work schedules, sleep duration, and drowsy driving. Sleep 30: 1801-7.
115. Shochat T, Haimov I, Lavie P. (1998). Melatonin-The key to the gate of sleep. Ann Med 30: 109-14.
116. Sigurdardottir LG, Markt SC, Rider JR, Haneuse S, et al. (2015). Urinary melatonin levels, sleep disruption, and risk of prostate cancer in elderly men. Eur Urol 67: 191-4.
117. Sigurdardottir LG, Valdimarsdottir UA, Mucci LA, Fall K, et al. (2013). Sleep disruption among older men and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 22: 872-9.
118. Simko F, Pechanova O. (2009). Potential roles of melatonin and chronotherapy among the new trends in hypertension treatment. J Pineal Res 47: 127-33.
119. Smolensky MH, Sackett-Lundeen LL, Portaluppi F. (2015). Nocturnal light pollution and underexposure to daytime sunlight: Complementary mechanisms of circadian disruption and related diseases. Chronobiol Int 32: 1029-48.
120. StataCorp. (2014). Release 13. Statistical Software, College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
121. Sterne JAC, Newton HJ, Cox NJ. (2009). Meta-Analysis in stata: an updated collection from the stata journal, Stata Press: College Station, Texas.
122. Straif K, Baan R, Grosse Y, Secretan B, et al. (2007). Carcinogenicity of shift-work, painting, and fire-fighting. Lancet Oncol 8: 1065-6.
123. Sturgeon SR, Luisi N, Balasubramanian R, Reeves KW. (2012). Sleep duration and endometrial cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control 23: 547-53.
124. Sutton AJ, Abrams KR, Jones DR, Sheldon TA, et al. (2000). Methods for meta-Analysis in medical research, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: West Sussex, England.
125. Toh KL, Jones CR, He Y, Eide EJ, et al. (2001). An hPer2 phosphorylation site mutation in familial advanced sleep phase syndrome. Science 291: 1040-3.
126. Ursin R, Bjorvatn B, Holsten F. (2005). Sleep duration, subjective sleep need, and sleep habits of 40-To 45-year-olds in the Hordaland Health Study. Sleep 28: 1260-9.
127. Verkasalo PK, Lillberg K, Stevens RG, Hublin C, et al. (2005). Sleep duration and breast cancer: a prospective cohort study. Cancer Res 65: 9595-600.
128. Viswanathan AN, Hankinson SE, Schernhammer ES. (2007). Night shift work and the risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer Res 67: 10618-22.
129. Vogtmann E, Levitan EB, Hale L, Shikany JM, et al. (2013). Association between sleep and breast cancer incidence among postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative. Sleep 36: 1437-44.
130. von Ruesten A, Weikert C, Fietze I, Boeing H. (2012). Association of sleep duration with chronic diseases in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study. PLoS One 7: e30972.
131. Wang P, Ren FM, Lin Y, Su FX, et al. (2015). Night-shift work, sleep duration, daytime napping, and breast cancer risk. Sleep Med 16: 462-8.
132. Weiderpass E, Sandin S, Inoue M, Shimazu T, et al. (2012). Risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer in Japan-results from the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study cohort. Int J Oncol 40: 21-30.
133. Wetterberg L, Halberg F, Tarquini B, Cagnoni M, et al. (1979). Circadian variation in urinary melatonin in clinically healthy women in Japan and the United States of America. Experientia 35: 416-9.
134. Wicht H, Korf HW, Ackermann H, Ekhart D, et al. (2014). Chronotypes and rhythm stability in mice. Chronobiol Int 31: 27-36.
135. Wood PA, Yang X, Hrushesky WJ. (2009). Clock genes and cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 8: 303-8.
136. Wu AH, Stanczyk FZ, Wang R, Koh WP, et al. (2013). Sleep duration, spot urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels and risk of breast cancer among Chinese women in Singapore. Int J Cancer 132: 891-6.
137. Wulff K, Gatti S, Wettstein JG, Foster RG. (2010). Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 11: 589-99.
138. Xin Z, Jiang S, Jiang P, Yan X, et al. (2015). Melatonin as a treatment for gastrointestinal cancer: a review. J Pineal Res 58: 375-87.
139. Yang C, Winkelman JW. (2006). Clinical significance of sleep EEG abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research 82: 251-60.
140. Young ME, Bray MS. (2007). Potential role for peripheral circadian clock dyssynchrony in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular dysfunction. Sleep Med 8: 656-67.
141. Yu EA, Weaver DR. (2011). Disrupting the circadian clock: gene-specific effects on aging, cancer, and other phenotypes. Aging (Albany NY) 3: 479-93.
142. Zhang HM, Zhang Y. (2014). Melatonin: a well-documented antioxidant with conditional pro-oxidant actions. J Pineal Res 57: 131-46.
143. Zhang X, Giovannucci EL, Wu K, Gao X, et al. (2013). Associations of self-reported sleep duration and snoring with colorectal cancer risk in men and women. Sleep 36: 681-8.
144. Zisapel N. (2001). Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: pathophysiology and potential approaches to management. CNS Drugs 15: 311-28. ADDIN.