Convective sources of trajectories traversing the tropical tropopause layer

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 3383-3398

  Tissier, Ann Sophie ^a   Legras, Bernard ^a  

^a ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR TEMPERATURE; ANTICYCLONE; ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; HEATING; LAGRANGIAN ANALYSIS; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; TROPICAL METEOROLOGY; TROPOPAUSE; VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION;

ASIA; PACIFIC OCEAN;

EID: 84961243312     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-3383-2016     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Abalos, M., Randel, W. J., and Serrano, E.: Variability in upwelling across the tropical tropopause and correlations with tracers in the lower stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11505-11517, doi:10.5194/acp-12-11505-2012, 2012.
2. Adler, R. F. and Mack, R. A.: Thunderstorm Cloud Top Dynamics as Inferred from Satellite Observations and a Cloud Top Parcel Model, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1945-1960, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1986)0432.0.CO;2, 1986.
3. Andrews, D. G., Holton, J. R., and Leovy, C. B.: Middle atmosphere dynamics, no. v. 40 in International geophysics series, Academic Press, Orlando, 1987.
4. Appenzeller, C., Holton, J. R., and Rosenlof, K. H.: Seasonal variation of mass transport across the tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 15071-15071, doi:10.1029/96JD00821, 1996.
5. Aschmann, J., Sinnhuber, B.-M., Atlas, E. L., and Schauffler, S. M.: Modeling the transport of very short-lived substances into the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9237-9247, doi:10.5194/acp-9-9237-2009, 2009.
6. Bannister, R., O'Neill, A., Gregory, A., and Nissen, K.: The role of the south-east Asian monsoon and other seasonal features in creating the "tape-recorder" signal in the Unified Model, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 130, 1531-1554, doi:10.1256/qj.03.106, 2004.
7. Bergman, J.W., Jensen, E. J., Pfister, L., and Yang, Q.: Seasonal differences of vertical-transport efficiency in the tropical tropopause layer: On the interplay between tropical deep convection, largescale vertical ascent, and horizontal circulations, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D05302, doi:10.1029/2011JD016992, 2012.
8. Bergman, J. W., Fierli, F., Jensen, E. J., Honomichl, S., and Pan, L. L.: Boundary layer sources for the Asian anticyclone: Regional contributions to a vertical conduit, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 2560-2575, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50142, 2013.
9. Bergman, J. W., Pfister, L., and Yang, Q.: Identifying robust transport features of the upper tropical troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 6758-6776, doi:10.1002/2015JD023523, 2015.
10. Chen, B., Xu, X. D., Yang, S., and Zhao, T. L.: Climatological perspectives of air transport from atmospheric boundary layer to tropopause layer over Asian monsoon regions during boreal summer inferred from Lagrangian approach, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5827-5839, doi:10.5194/acp-12-5827-2012, 2012.
11. Corti, T., Luo, B. P., Fu, Q., Vömel, H., and Peter, T.: The impact of cirrus clouds on tropical troposphere-to-stratosphere transport, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2539-2547, doi:10.5194/acp-6-2539-2006, 2006.
12. Corti, T., Luo, B. P., de Reus, M., Brunner, D., Cairo, F., Mahoney, M. J., Martucci, G., Matthey, R., Mitev, V., dos Santos, F. H., Schiller, C., Shur, G., Sitnikov, N. M., Spelten, N., Vössing, H. J., Borrmann, S., and Peter, T.: Unprecedented evidence for deep convection hydrating the tropical stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L10810, doi:10.1029/2008GL033641, 2008.
13. Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., Van de Berg, L. V. D., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., Mc-Nally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J. J., Park, B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553-597, doi:10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
14. Devasthale, A. and Fueglistaler, S.: A climatological perspective of deep convection penetrating the TTL during the Indian summer monsoon from the AVHRR and MODIS instruments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4573-4582, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4573-2010, 2010.
15. Folkins, I., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J., Oltmans, S. J., and Proffitt, M.: A barrier to vertical mixing at 14 km in the tropics: Evidence from ozonesondes and aircraft measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 22095-22095, doi:10.1029/1999JD900404, 1999.
16. Fu, Q., Hu, Y., and Yang, Q.: Identifying the top of the tropical tropopause layer from vertical mass flux analysis and CALIPSO lidar cloud observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L14813, doi:10.1029/2007GL030099, 2007.
17. Fu, R., Hu, Y., Wright, J. S., Jiang, J. H., Dickinson, R. E., Chen, M., Filipiak, M., Read,W. G.,Waters, J.W., andWu, D. L.: Short circuit of water vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over the Tibetan Plateau, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 5664-5669, doi:10.1073/pnas.0601584103, 2006.
18. Fueglistaler, S., Wernli, H., and Peter, T.: Tropical troposphereto-stratosphere transport inferred from trajectory calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03108, doi:10.1029/2003JD004069, 2004.
19. Fueglistaler, S., Dessler, A. E., Dunkerton, T. J., Folkins, I., Fu, Q., and Mote, P. W.: Tropical tropopause layer, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1004, doi:10.1029/2008RG000267, 2009.
20. Gettelman, A., Salby, M. L., and Sassi, F.: Distribution and influence of convection in the tropical tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4080-4080, doi:10.1029/2001JD001048, 2002.
21. Gettelman, A., Lauritzen, P. H., Park, M., and Kay, J. E.: Processes regulating short-lived species in the tropical tropopause layer, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D13303, doi:10.1029/2009JD011785, 2009.
22. Hall, T. M. and Holzer, M.: Advective-diffusive mass flux and implications for stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1222, doi:10.1029/2002GL016419, 2003.
23. Hamann, U., Walther, A., Baum, B., Bennartz, R., Bugliaro, L., Derrien, M., Francis, P. N., Heidinger, A., Joro, S., Kniffka, A., Le Gleaú, H., Lockhoff, M., Lutz, H.-J., Meirink, J. F., Minnis, P., Palikonda, R., Roebeling, R., Thoss, A., Platnick, S., Watts, P., and Wind, G.: Remote sensing of cloud top pressure/height from SEVIRI: analysis of ten current retrieval algorithms, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 2839-2867, doi:10.5194/amt-7-2839-2014, 2014.
24. Heath, N. K. and Fuelberg, H. E.: Using a WRF simulation to examine regions where convection impacts the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2055-2070, doi:10.5194/acp-14-2055-2014, 2014.
25. Highwood, E. J. and Hoskins, B. J.: The tropical tropopause, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 1579-1604, doi:10.1002/qj.49712454911, 1998.
26. Hodges, K. I., Chappell, D. W., Robinson, G. J., and Yang, G.: An improved algorithm for generating global window brightness temperatures from multiple satellite infrared imagery, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 17, 1296-1312, 2000.
27. Holton, J. R., Haynes, P. H., McIntyre, M. E., Douglass, A. R., Rood, R. B., and Pfister, L.: Stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Rev. Geophys., 33, 403-439, doi:10.1029/95RG02097, 1995.
28. Holzer, M. and Hall, T. M.: Transit-Time and Tracer-Age Distributions in Geophysical Flows, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3539-3558, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2000)0572.0.CO;2, 2000.
29. James, R., Bonazzola, M., Legras, B., Surbled, K., and Fueglistaler, S.: Water vapor transport and dehydration above convective outflow during Asian monsoon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20810, doi:10.1029/2008GL035441, 2008.
30. Johansson, E., Devasthale, A., L'Ecuyer, T., Ekman, A. M. L., and Tjernström, M.: The vertical structure of cloud radiative heating over the Indian subcontinent during summer monsoon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11557-11570, doi:10.5194/acp-15-11557-2015, 2015.
31. Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H., Miyaoka, K., and Takahashi, K.: The JRA-55 Reanalysis: General Specifications and Basic Characteristics, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II, 93, 5-48, doi:10.2151/jmsj.2015-001, 2015.
32. Kwon, E.-H., Sohn, B.-J., Schmetz, J., and Watts, P.: Intercomparison of height assignment methods for opaque clouds over the tropics, Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 11-19, doi:10.1007/s13143-010-0002-7, 2010.
33. Legras, B., Pisso, I., Berthet, G., and Lefèvre, F.: Variability of the Lagrangian turbulent diffusion in the lower stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1605-1622, doi:10.5194/acp-5-1605-2005, 2005.
34. Li, Jian-Dong and Mao, Jiang-Yu: A preliminary evaluation of global and East Asian cloud radiative effects in reanalyses, Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett., 8, 100-106, doi:10.3878/AOSL20140093, 2015.
35. Liu, C. and Zipser, E. J.: Global distribution of convection penetrating the tropical tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D23104, doi:10.1029/2005JD006063, 2005.
36. Liu, X. M., Rivière, E. D., Marécal, V., Durry, G., Hamdouni, A., Arteta, J., and Khaykin, S.: Stratospheric water vapour budget and convection overshooting the tropopause: modelling study from SCOUT-AMMA, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8267-8286, doi:10.5194/acp-10-8267-2010, 2010.
37. Luo, Z., Liu, G. Y., and Stephens, G. L.: CloudSat adding new insight into tropical penetrating convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19819, doi:10.1029/2008GL035330, 2008.
38. Minnis, P., Yost, C. R., Sun-Mack, S., and Chen, Y.: Estimating the top altitude of optically thick ice clouds from thermal infrared satellite observations using CALIPSO data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L12801, doi:10.1029/2008GL033947, 2008.
39. Molod, A., Takacs, L., Suarez, M., and Bacmeister, J.: Development of the GEOS-5 atmospheric general circulation model: evolution from MERRA to MERRA2, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1339-1356, doi:10.5194/gmd-8-1339-2015, 2015.
40. Orbe, C., Waugh, D. W., and Newman, P. A.: Air-mass origin in the tropical lower stratosphere: The influence of Asian boundary layer air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 4240-4248, doi:10.1002/2015GL063937, 2015.
41. Park, M., Randel, W. J., Gettelman, A., Massie, S. T., and Jiang, J. H.: Transport above the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone inferred from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder tracers, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D16309, doi:10.1029/2006JD008294, 2007.
42. Park, M., Randel, W. J., Emmons, L. K., and Livesey, N. J.: Transport pathways of carbon monoxide in the Asian summer monsoon diagnosed from Model of Ozone and Related Tracers (MOZART), J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08303, doi:10.1029/2008JD010621, 2009.
43. Pisso, I. and Legras, B.: Turbulent vertical diffusivity in the sub-tropical stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 697-707, doi:10.5194/acp-8-697-2008, 2008.
44. Ploeger, F., Konopka, P., Müller, R., Fueglistaler, S., Schmidt, T., Manners, J. C., Grooß, J.-U., Günther, G., Forster, P. M., and Riese, M.: Horizontal transport affecting trace gas seasonality in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL), J. Geophys. Res., 117, D09303, doi:10.1029/2011JD017267, 2012.
45. Podglajen, A., Hertzog, A., Plougonven, R., and Žagar, N.: Assessment of the accuracy of (re)analyses in the equatorial lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 11166-11188, doi:10.1002/2014JD021849, 2014.
46. Rienecker, M. M., Suarez, M. J., Gelaro, R., Todling, R., Bacmeister, J., Liu, E., Bosilovich, M. G., Schubert, S. D., Takacs, L., Kim, G.-K., Bloom, S., Chen, J., Collins, D., Conaty, A., da Silva, A., Gu, W., Joiner, J., Koster, R. D., Lucchesi, R., Molod, A., Owens, T., Pawson, S., Pegion, P., Redder, C. R., Reichle, R., Robertson, F. R., Ruddick, A. G., Sienkiewicz, M., and Woollen, J.: MERRA NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, J. Climate, 24, 3624-3648, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1, 2011.
47. Sherwood, S. C., Chae, J.-H., Minnis, P., and McGill, M.: Underestimation of deep convective cloud tops by thermal imagery, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L11102, doi:10.1029/2004GL019699, 2004.
48. Shine, K.: Sources and sinks of zonal momentum in the middle atmosphere diagnosed using the diabatic circulation, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 115, 265-292, doi:10.1002/qj.49711548604, 1989.
49. Stohl, A., Forster, C., Frank, A., Seibert, P., and Wotawa, G.: Technical note: The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 6.2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2461-2474, doi:10.5194/acp-5-2461-2005, 2005.
50. Tzella, A. and Legras, B.: A Lagrangian view of convective sources for transport of air across the Tropical Tropopause Layer: distribution, times and the radiative influence of clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12517-12534, doi:10.5194/acp-11-12517-2011, 2011.
51. Vogel, B., Günther, G., Müller, R., Grooß, J.-U., and Riese, M.: Impact of different Asian source regions on the composition of the Asian monsoon anticyclone and on the extratropical lowermost stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13699-13716, doi:10.5194/acp-15-13699-2015, 2015.
52. Wang, F., Yang, S., and Wu, T.: Radiation budget biases in AMIP5 models over the East Asian monsoon region, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 13400-13426, doi:10.1002/2014JD022243, 2014.
53. Wright, J. S., Fu, R., Fueglistaler, S., Liu, Y. S., and Zhang, Y.: The influence of summertime convection over Southeast Asia on water vapor in the tropical stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D12302, doi:10.1029/2010JD015416, 2011.
54. Wright, J. S. and Fueglistaler, S.: Large differences in reanalyses of diabatic heating in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9565-9576, doi:10.5194/acp-13-9565-2013, 2013.
55. Yang, Q., Fu, Q., and Hu, Y.: Radiative impacts of clouds in the tropical tropopause layer, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00H12, doi:10.1029/2009JD012393, 2010.