The Gut as the Motor of Multiple Organ Dysfunction in Critical Illness

Critical Care Clinics

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 203-212

  Klingensmith, Nathan J ^a   Coopersmith, Craig M ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Critical illness; Gut; Intestine; MODS; Sepsis

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CEFOTAXIME; CEPHALOSPORIN; CITRULLINE; FATTY ACID BINDING PROTEIN; PREBIOTIC AGENT; PROBIOTIC AGENT; SYNBIOTIC AGENT;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; APOPTOSIS; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BLOODSTREAM INFECTION; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; CRITICAL ILLNESS; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DRUG TARGETING; ENTERIC FEEDING; FECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT FUNCTION; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; INTESTINAL FAILURE; INTESTINE EPITHELIUM; INTESTINE FLORA; INTESTINE MUCOSA PERMEABILITY; LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; MESENTERY LYMPH NODE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SEQUENTIAL ORGAN FAILURE ASSESSMENT SCORE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; COMPLICATION; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

CRITICAL ILLNESS; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; HUMANS; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE;

EID: 84961205577     PISSN: 07490704     EISSN: 15578232     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2015.11.004     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Mittal R., Coopersmith C.M. Redefining the gut as the motor of critical illness. Trends Mol Med 2014, 20(4):214-223.
2. Clark J.A., Coopersmith C.M. Intestinal crosstalk: a new paradigm for understanding the gut as the "motor" of critical illness. Shock 2007, 28(4):384-393.
3. Carrico C.J., Meakins J.L., Marshall J.C., et al. Multiple-organ-failure syndrome. The gastrointestinal tract: the "motor" of MOF. Arch Surg 1986, 121(2):196-208.
4. Helander H.F., Fandriks L. Surface area of the digestive tract - revisited. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014, 49(6):681-689.
5. Clevers H.C., Bevins C.L. Paneth cells: maestros of the small intestinal crypts. Annu Rev Physiol 2013, 75:289-311.
6. Galperin C., Gershwin M.E. Immunopathogenesis of gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary diseases. JAMA 1997, 278(22):1946-1955.
7. Schulz O., Pabst O. Antigen sampling in the small intestine. Trends Immunol 2013, 34(4):155-161.
8. Defazio J., Fleming I.D., Shakhsheer B., et al. The opposing forces of the intestinal microbiome and the emerging pathobiome. Surg Clin North Am 2014, 94(6):1151-1161.
9. Xu Z., Knight R. Dietary effects on human gut microbiome diversity. Br J Nutr 2015, 113(Suppl):S1-S5.
10. Earley Z.M., Akhtar S., Green S.J., et al. Burn injury alters the intestinal microbiome and increases gut permeability and bacterial translocation. PLoS One 2015, 10(7):e0129996.
11. Moore F.A., Moore E.E., Poggetti R., et al. Gut bacterial translocation via the portal vein: a clinical perspective with major torso trauma. J Trauma 1991, 31(5):629-636.
12. Purohit V., Bode J.C., Bode C., et al. Alcohol, intestinal bacterial growth, intestinal permeability to endotoxin, and medical consequences: summary of a symposium. Alcohol 2008, 42(5):349-361.
13. Badami C.D., Senthil M., Caputo F.J., et al. Mesenteric lymph duct ligation improves survival in a lethal shock model. Shock 2008, 30(6):680-685.
14. Deitch E.A. Gut-origin sepsis: evolution of a concept. Surgeon 2012, 10(6):350-356.
15. Senthil M., Watkins A., Barlos D., et al. Intravenous injection of trauma-hemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph causes lung injury that is dependent upon activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway. Ann Surg 2007, 246(5):822-830.
16. Dominguez J.A., Xie Y., Dunne W.M., et al. Intestine-specific Mttp deletion decreases mortality and prevents sepsis-induced intestinal injury in a murine model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. PLoS One 2012, 7(11):e49159.
17. Liang Z., Xie Y., Dominguez J.A., et al. Intestine-specific deletion of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein increases mortality in aged mice. PLoS One 2014, 9(7):e101828.
18. Hiramatsu M., Hotchkiss R.S., Karl I.E., et al. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) induces apoptosis in thymus, spleen, lung, and gut by an endotoxin and TNF-independent pathway. Shock 1997, 7(4):247-253.
19. Hotchkiss R.S., Swanson P.E., Freeman B.D., et al. Apoptotic cell death in patients with sepsis, shock, and multiple organ dysfunction. Crit Care Med 1999, 27(7):1230-1251.
20. Coopersmith C.M., Stromberg P.E., Dunne W.M., et al. Inhibition of intestinal epithelial apoptosis and survival in a murine model of pneumonia-induced sepsis. JAMA 2002, 287(13):1716-1721.
21. Coopersmith C.M., Chang K.C., Swanson P.E., et al. Overexpression of Bcl-2 in the intestinal epithelium improves survival in septic mice. Crit Care Med 2002, 30(1):195-201.
22. Fox A.C., Breed E.R., Liang Z., et al. Prevention of lymphocyte apoptosis in septic mice with cancer increases mortality. J Immunol 2011, 187(4):1950-1956.
23. Stromberg P.E., Woolsey C.A., Clark A.T., et al. CD4+ lymphocytes control gut epithelial apoptosis and mediate survival in sepsis. FASEB J 2009, 23(6):1817-1825.
24. Iwata A., Stevenson V.M., Minard A., et al. Over-expression of Bcl-2 provides protection in septic mice by a trans effect. J Immunol 2003, 171(6):3136-3141.
25. Bischoff S.C., Barbara G., Buurman W., et al. Intestinal permeability-a new target for disease prevention and therapy. BMC Gastroenterol 2014, 14:189.
26. Cunningham K.E., Turner J.R. Myosin light chain kinase: pulling the strings of epithelial tight junction function. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012, 1258:34-42.
27. Odenwald M.A., Turner J.R. Intestinal permeability defects: is it time to treat?. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013, 11(9):1075-1083.
28. Fink M.P. Intestinal epithelial hyperpermeability: update on the pathogenesis of gut mucosal barrier dysfunction in critical illness. Curr Opin Crit Care 2003, 9(2):143-151.
29. Fredenburgh L.E., Velandia M.M., Ma J., et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 deficiency leads to intestinal barrier dysfunction and increased mortality during polymicrobial sepsis. J Immunol 2011, 187(10):5255-5267.
30. Chen C., Wang P., Su Q., et al. Myosin light chain kinase mediates intestinal barrier disruption following burn injury. PLoS ONE 2012, 7(4):e34946.
31. Zahs A., Bird M.D., Ramirez L., et al. Inhibition of long myosin light-chain kinase activation alleviates intestinal damage after binge ethanol exposure and burn injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012, 303(6):G705-G712.
32. Clark J.A., Clark A.T., Hotchkiss R.S., et al. Epidermal growth factor treatment decreases mortality and is associated with improved gut integrity in sepsis. Shock 2008, 30(1):36-42.
33. Dominguez J.A., Vithayathil P.J., Khailova L., et al. Epidermal growth factor improves survival and prevents intestinal injury in a murine model of pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Shock 2011, 36(4):381-389.
34. Clark J.A., Gan H., Samocha A.J., et al. Enterocyte-specific epidermal growth factor prevents barrier dysfunction and improves mortality in murine peritonitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009, 297(3):G471-G479.
35. Babrowski T., Romanowski K., Fink D., et al. The intestinal environment of surgical injury transforms Pseudomonas aeruginosa into a discrete hypervirulent morphotype capable of causing lethal peritonitis. Surgery 2013, 153(1):36-43.
36. Zaborina O., Lepine F., Xiao G., et al. Dynorphin activates quorum sensing quinolone signaling in pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS Pathog 2007, 3(3):e35.
37. Wu L., Estrada O., Zaborina O., et al. Recognition of host immune activation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Science 2005, 309(5735):774-777.
38. Zaborin A., Defazio J.R., Kade M., et al. Phosphate-containing polyethylene glycol polymers prevent lethal sepsis by multidrug-resistant pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014, 58(2):966-977.
39. Fox A.C., McConnell K.W., Yoseph B.P., et al. The endogenous bacteria alter gut epithelial apoptosis and decrease mortality following Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Shock 2012, 38(5):508-514.
40. Ferraro F.J., Rush B.F., Simonian G.T., et al. A comparison of survival at different degrees of hemorrhagic shock in germ-free and germ-bearing rats. Shock 1995, 4(2):117-120.
41. Fagundes C.T., Amaral F.A., Vieira A.T., et al. Transient TLR activation restores inflammatory response and ability to control pulmonary bacterial infection in germfree mice. J Immunol 2012, 188(3):1411-1420.
42. Reintam B.A., Poeze M., Malbrain M.L., et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms during the first week of intensive care are associated with poor outcome: a prospective multicentre study. Intensive Care Med 2013, 39(5):899-909.
43. Shimizu K., Ogura H., Hamasaki T., et al. Altered gut flora are associated with septic complications and death in critically ill patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2011, 56(4):1171-1177.
44. Osuka A., Shimizu K., Ogura H., et al. Prognostic impact of fecal pH in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2012, 16(4):R119.
45. Piton G., Belon F., Cypriani B., et al. Enterocyte damage in critically ill patients is associated with shock condition and 28-day mortality. Crit Care Med 2013, 41(9):2169-2176.
46. Thuijls G., van W.K., Grootjans J., et al. Early diagnosis of intestinal ischemia using urinary and plasma fatty acid binding proteins. Ann Surg 2011, 253(2):303-308.
47. Guzel M., Sozuer E.M., Salt O., et al. Value of the serum I-FABP level for diagnosing acute mesenteric ischemia. Surg Today 2014, 44(11):2072-2076.
48. Theodorakopoulou M., Perros E., Giamarellos-Bourboulis E.J., et al. Controversies in the management of the critically ill: the role of probiotics. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013, 42(Suppl):S41-S44.
49. Bo L., Li J., Tao T., et al. Probiotics for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014, (10). CD009066.
50. Barraud D., Bollaert P.E., Gibot S. Impact of the administration of probiotics on mortality in critically ill adult patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest 2013, 143(3):646-655.
51. Besselink M.G., van Santvoort H.C., Buskens E., et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008, 371(9613):651-659.
52. Expression of concern-Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2010, 375(9718):875-876.
53. Silvestri L., van Saene H.K. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract: an update of the evidence. HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth 2012, 4(1):21-29.
54. Petros A.J., Silvestri L., van Saene H.K., et al. 2B or not 2B for selective decontamination of the digestive tract in the surviving sepsis campaign guidelines. Crit Care Med 2013, 41(11):e385-e386.
55. Silvestri L., de La Cal M.A., van Saene H.K. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract: the mechanism of action is control of gut overgrowth. Intensive Care Med 2012, 38(11):1738-1750.
56. de Smet A.M., Kluytmans J.A., Blok H.E., et al. Selective digestive tract decontamination and selective oropharyngeal decontamination and antibiotic resistance in patients in intensive-care units: an open-label, clustered group-randomised, crossover study. Lancet Infect Dis 2011, 11(5):372-380.
57. Drekonja D., Reich J., Gezahegn S., et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2015, 162(9):630-638.