Thiazide-associated hyponatremia in the elderly: What the clinician needs to know

Journal of Geriatric Cardiology

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 175-182

  Liamis, George ^a   Filippatos, Theodosios D ^a   Elisaf, Moses S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA   (Greece)

Author keywords

Antidiuretic hormone; Diuretics; Hyponatremia; Potassium; Sodium; Thiazides

Indexed keywords

SODIUM; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT;

AGED; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HUMAN; HYPONATREMIA; INAPPROPRIATE VASOPRESSIN SECRETION; LABORATORY TEST; NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATION; REVIEW; SODIUM BLOOD LEVEL; THIAZIDE ASSOCIATED HYPONATREMIA; WATER DEPRIVATION;

EID: 84960867419     PISSN: 16715411     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.02.001     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Hawkins RC. Age and gender as risk factors for hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 337: 169-172.
2. Lindner G, Pfortmuller CA, Leichtle AB, et al. Age-related variety in electrolyte levels and prevalence of dysnatremias and dyskalemias in patients presenting to the emergency department. Gerontology 2014; 60: 420-423.
3. Liamis G, Rodenburg EM, Hofman A, et al. Electrolyte disorders in community subjects: prevalence and risk factors. Am J Med 2013; 126: 256-263.
4. Gankam Kengne F, Andres C, Sattar L, et al. Mild hypo-natremia and risk of fracture in the ambulatory elderly. QJM 2008; 101: 583-588.
5. Renneboog B, Musch W, Vandemergel X, et al. Mild chronic hyponatremia is associated with falls, unsteadiness, and attention deficits. Am J Med 2006; 119: 71 e71-78.
6. Hoorn EJ, Rivadeneira F, van Meurs JB, et al. Mild hyponatremia as a risk factor for fractures: the Rotterdam Study. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26: 1822-1828.
7. Sonnenblick M, Friedlander Y, Rosin AJ. Diuretic-induced severe hyponatremia. Review and analysis of 129 reported patients. Chest 1993; 103: 601-606.
8. Friedman E, Shadel M, Halkin H, et al. Thiazide-induced hyponatremia. Reproducibility by single dose rechallenge and an analysis of pathogenesis. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: 24-30.
9. Ashraf N, Locksley R, Arieff AI. Thiazide-induced hypo-natremia associated with death or neurologic damage in outpatients. Am J Med 1981; 70: 1163-1168.
10. Fichman MP, Vorherr H, Kleeman CR, et al. Diuretic-induced hyponatremia. Ann Intern Med 1971; 75: 853-863.
11. Chow KM, Szeto CC, Wong TY, et al. Risk factors for thiazide-induced hyponatraemia. QJM 2003; 96: 911-917.
12. Chow KM, Kwan BC, Szeto CC. Clinical studies of thiazide-induced hyponatremia. J Natl Med Assoc 2004; 96: 1305-1308.
13. Sardar GK, Eilbert WP. Severe hyponatremia associated with thiazide diuretic use. J Emerg Med 2015; 48: 305-309.
14. Cohen DL, Townsend RR. Hyponatremia and thiazides. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2012; 14: 653.
15. Upadhyay A, Jaber BL, Madias NE. Epidemiology of hypo-natremia. Semin Nephrol 2009; 29: 227-238.
16. Ellison DH, Loffing J. Thiazide effects and adverse effects: insights from molecular genetics. Hypertension 2009; 54: 196-202.
17. Upadhyay A, Jaber BL, Madias NE. Incidence and prevalence of hyponatremia. Am J Med 2006; 119: S30-S35.
18. Clayton JA, Rodgers S, Blakey J, et al. Thiazide diuretic prescription and electrolyte abnormalities in primary care. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 61: 87-95.
19. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). SHEP Cooperative Research Group. JAMA 1991; 265: 3255-3264.
20. Hix JK, Silver S, Sterns RH. Diuretic-associated hypona-tremia. Semin Nephrol 2011; 31: 553-566.
21. Rodenburg EM, Hoorn EJ, Ruiter R, et al. Thiazide-associated hyponatremia: a population-based study. Am J Kidney Dis 2013; 62: 67-72.
22. Al Qahtani M, Alshahrani A, Alskaini A, et al. Prevalence of hyponatremia among patients who used indapamide and hydrochlorothiazide: a single center retrospective study. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2013; 24: 281-285.
23. Mori M, Koide T, Imanishi Y, et al. Duloxetine-induced hyponatremia in an elderly patient treated with thiazide diuretics. Indian J Pharmacol 2014; 46: 657-659.
24. Makam AN, Boscardin WJ, Miao Y, et al. Risk of thia-zide-induced metabolic adverse events in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62: 1039-1045.
25. Hwang KS, Kim GH. Thiazide-induced hyponatremia. Electrolyte Blood Press 2010; 8: 51-57.
26. Aird W, Douek K, Halperin ML. Profound hypokalemia secondary to modest potassium depletion in a patient with coexisting hyponatremia: therapeutic implications. Am J Kidney Dis 1988; 12: 164-166.
27. Liamis G, Mitrogianni Z, Liberopoulos EN, et al. Electrolyte disturbances in patients with hyponatremia. Intern Med 2007; 46: 685-690.
28. Sharabi Y, Illan R, Kamari Y, et al. Diuretic induced hypona-traemia in elderly hypertensive women. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16: 631-635.
29. van Blijderveen JC, Straus SM, Rodenburg EM, et al. Risk of hyponatremia with diuretics: chlorthalidone versus hydroch-lorothiazide. Am J Med 2014; 127: 763-771.
30. Dhalla IA, Gomes T, Yao Z, et al. Chlorthalidone versus hydrochlorothiazide for the treatment of hypertension in older adults: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2013; 158: 447-455.
31. Chapman MD, Hanrahan R, McEwen J, et al. Hyponatraemia and hypokalaemia due to indapamide. Med J Aust 2002; 176: 219-221.
32. Yong TY, Huang JE, Lau SY, et al. Severe hyponatremia and other electrolyte disturbances associated with indapamide. Curr Drug Saf 2011; 6: 134-137.
33. Plante GE, Dessurault DL. Hypertension in elderly patients. A comparative study between indapamide and hydrochloro-thiazide. Am J Med 1988; 84: 98-103.
34. Arampatzis S, Gaetcke LM, Funk GC, et al. Diuretic-induced hyponatremia and osteoporotic fractures in patients admitted to the emergency department. Maturitas 2013; 75: 81-86.
35. Liamis G, Christidis D, Alexandridis G, et al. Uric acid ho-meostasis in the evaluation of diuretic-induced hyponatremia. J Investig Med 2007; 55: 36-44.
36. Liamis G, Milionis H, Elisaf M. A review of drug-induced hyponatremia. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 52: 144-153.
37. Szatalowicz VL, Miller PD, Lacher JW, et al. Comparative effect of diuretics on renal water excretion in hyponatraemic oedematous disorders. Clin Sci (Lond) 1982; 62: 235-238.
38. Clark BA, Shannon RP, Rosa RM, et al. Increased susceptibility to thiazide-induced hyponatremia in the elderly. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994; 5: 1106-1111.
39. Frenkel NJ, Vogt L, De Rooij SE, et al. Thiazide-induced hyponatraemia is associated with increased water intake and impaired urea-mediated water excretion at low plasma anti-diuretic hormone and urine aquaporin-2. J Hypertens 2015; 33: 627-633.
40. Kennedy RM, Earley LE. Profound hyponatremia resulting from a thiazide-induced decrease in urinary diluting capacity in a patient with primary polydipsia. N Engl J Med 1970; 282: 1185-1186.
41. Beresford HR. Polydipsia, hydrochlorothiazide, and water intoxication. JAMA 1970; 214: 879-883.
42. Visvanathan V, Nix P. Managing the patient presenting with xerostomia: a review. Int J Clin Pract 2010; 64: 404-407.
43. Decaux G, Schlesser M, Coffernils M, et al. Uric acid, anion gap and urea concentration in the diagnostic approach to hyponatremia. Clin Nephrol 1994; 42: 102-108.
44. Shapiro DS, Sonnenblick M, Galperin I, et al. Severe hy-ponatraemia in elderly hospitalized patients: prevalence, aetiology and outcome. Intern Med J 2010; 40: 574-580.
45. Helderman JH, Vestal RE, Rowe JW, et al. The response of arginine vasopressin to intravenous ethanol and hypertonic saline in man: the impact of aging. J Gerontol 1978; 33: 39-47.
46. Kim GH, Lee JW, Oh YK, et al. Antidiuretic effect of hydrochlorothiazide in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is associated with upregulation of aquaporin-2, Na-Cl co-transporter, and epithelial sodium channel. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 2836-2843.
47. Glover M, O'Shaughnessy KM. Molecular insights from dysregulation of the thiazide-sensitive WNK/SPAK/NCC pathway in the kidney: Gordon syndrome and thiazide-in-duced hyponatraemia. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 40: 876-884.
48. Tiwari S, Packer RK, Hu X, et al. Increased renal alpha-ENaC and NCC abundance and elevated blood pressure are independent of hyperaldosteronism in vasopressin escape. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291: F49-F57.
49. Filippatos TD, Elisaf MS. Hyponatremia in patients with heart failure. World J Cardiol 2013; 5: 317-328.
50. Liamis G, Tsimihodimos V, Elisaf M. Hyponatremia in diabetes mellitus: Clues to diagnosis and treatment. J Diabetes Metab 2015; 6: 6.
51. Leung AA, Wright A, Pazo V, et al. Risk of thiazide-induced hyponatremia in patients with hypertension. Am J Med 2011; 124: 1064-1072.
52. Liamis G, Milionis HJ, Elisaf M. Endocrine disorders: causes of hyponatremia not to neglect. Ann Med 2011; 43: 179-187.
53. Maxwell AP. Diagnosis and management of hyponatraemia: AGREEing the guidelines. BMC Med 2015; 13: 31.
54. Nagler EV, Vanmassenhove J, van der Veer SN, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia: a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements. BMC Med 2014; 12: 1.
55. Fenske W, Stork S, Koschker AC, et al. Value of fractional uric acid excretion in differential diagnosis of hyponatremic patients on diuretics. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 2991-2997.
56. Musch W, Thimpont J, Vandervelde D, et al. Combined fractional excretion of sodium and urea better predicts response to saline in hyponatremia than do usual clinical and biochemical parameters. Am J Med 1995; 99: 348-355.
57. Gross P, Palm C. Thiazides: do they kill? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 2299-2301.
58. Adrogue HJ, Madias NE. Diagnosis and treatment of hypo-natremia. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 64: 681-684.
59. Liamis G, Elisaf M. Treatment of hyponatremia: what the clinician needs to know. J Nephrol Res 2015; 1: 19-21.
60. Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations. Am J Med 2013; 126: S1-42.
61. Adrogue HJ, Madias NE. Hyponatremia. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1581-1589.
62. Karp BI, Laureno R. Pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: a neurologic disorder following rapid correction of hyponatre-mia. Medicine (Baltimore) 1993; 72: 359-373.
63. Kumar S, Fowler M, Gonzalez-Toledo E, et al. Central pon-tine myelinolysis, an update. Neurol Res 2006; 28: 360-366.
64. Graff-Radford J, Fugate JE, Kaufmann TJ, et al. Clinical and radiologic correlations of central pontine myelinolysis syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 2011; 86: 1063-1067.
65. Hart BL, Eaton RP. Osmotic Myelinolysis. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1259.
66. Lauriat SM, Berl T. The hyponatremic patient: practical focus on therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997; 8: 1599-1607.
67. Verbalis JG, Martinez AJ. Neurological and neuropatholo-gical sequelae of correction of chronic hyponatremia. Kidney Int 1991; 39: 1274-1282.
68. Sterns RH, Cappuccio JD, Silver SM, et al. Neurologic sequelae after treatment of severe hyponatremia: a multicenter perspective. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994; 4: 1522-1530.
69. Liamis G, Filippatos TD, Elisaf MS. Correction of hypovole-mia with crystalloid fluids: Individualizing infusion therapy. Postgrad Med 2015; 127: 405-412.
70. Arany I, Safirstein RL. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Semin Ne-phrol 2003; 23: 460-464.
71. Liamis G, Filippatos TD, Elisaf MS. Treatment of hypona-tremia: the role of lixivaptan. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 7: 431-441.
72. Hoorn EJ, Liamis G, Zietse R, et al. Hyponatremia and bone: an emerging relationship. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012; 8: 33-39.
73. Fadel S, Karmali R, Cogan E. Safety of furosemide administration in an elderly woman recovered from thiazide-induced hyponatremia. Eur J Intern Med 2009; 20: 30-34.