Cyberhate on Social Media in the aftermath of Woolwich: A Case Study in Computational Criminology and Big Data

British Journal of Criminology

Volumn 56, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 211-238

  Williams, Matthew L ^a   Burnap, Pete ^a  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

big data; computational criminology; Cyberhate; hate crime; social media

Indexed keywords

EID: 84960460453     PISSN: 00070955     EISSN: 14643529     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/bjc/azv059     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. BBC (2013), Woolwich Murder Sparks Anti-Muslim Backlash, available online at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22664835.
2. Braga, A., Papachristos, A. and Hureau, D. (2012), Hot Spots Policing Effects on Crime. Campbell Systematic Reviews.
3. Burnap, P. and Williams, M. L. (2015), 'Cyber Hate Speech on Twitter: An Application of Machine Classifcation and Statistical Modeling for Policy and Decision Making', Policy & Internet, 4: 223-42.
4. Burnap, P., Williams, M. L., Rana, O., Edwards, A., Avis, N., Morgan, J., Housley, W. and Sloan, L. (2015), 'Detecting Tension in Online Communities with Computational Twitter Analysis', Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 7: 96-108.
5. -. (2014), 'COSMOS: Towards an Integrated and Scalable Service for Analysing Social Media on Demand', International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems.
6. Burnap, P., Williams, M. L. and Sloan, L. (2014), 'Tweeting the Terror: Modelling t he Social Media Reaction to the Woolwich Terrorist Attack', Social Network Analysis and Mining, 4: 206, available online at http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13278-014-0206-4.
7. Cabinet Office (2013), European Council and Woolwich Incident: Prime Minister's Statement, Cabinet Office, available online at https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/european-council-and-woolwich-prime-ministers-statement.
8. Cohen, S. (1972), Folk Devils and Moral Panics. MacGibbon and Kee Ltd.
9. -. (1987), Folk Devils and Moral Panics. MacGibbon and Kee Ltd.
10. -. (2002), Folk Devils and Moral Panics. MacGibbon and Kee Ltd.
11. Cox D. (1972), 'Regression Models and Life Tables', Journal of Royal Statistical Society B, 34: 187-220.
12. Davis, E. F., III, Alves, A. A. and Sklansky, D. A. (2014), 'Social Media and Police Leadership: Lessons from Boston', in New Perspectives in Policing Bulletin, 1-20. U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
13. Edwards, A., Housley, W., Williams, M. L. and Sloan, L. (2013), 'Digital Social Research, Social Media and the Sociological Imagination: Surrogacy, Augmentation and Re-orientation', International Journal of Social Research Methodology 16: 245-60.
14. Eichhorn, K. (2001), 'Re-in/citing Linguistic Injuries: Speech Acts, Cyberhate, and the Spatial and Temporal Character of Networked Environments', Computers and Composition, 18: 293-304.
15. Feldman, M. and Littler, M. (2014), Tell MAMA Reporting 2013/14 Anti-Muslim Overview, Analysis and 'Cumulative Extremism'. Teesside University.
16. Giannasi, P. (2014), Hate on the Internet: Progress on the UK Government's Hate Crime Action Plan, presented at the All Wales Hate Crime Criminal Justice Board, British Transport Police, Cardiff, 23 July 2014.
17. Greenawalt, K. (1989), Speech Crime & the Uses of Language. Oxford University Press.
18. Hanes, E. and Machin, S. (2014), 'Hate Crime in the Wake of Terror Attacks: Evidence from 7/7 and 9/11', Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30: 247-67.
19. King, R. D. and Sutton, G. M. (2014), 'High Times for Hate Crimes: Explaining the Temporal Clustering of Hate Motivated Offending', Criminology, 51: 871-94.
20. Leets, L. (2001), 'Responses to Internet Hate Sites: Is Speech Too Free in Cyberspace?', Communication Law and Policy, 6: 287-317.
21. Legewie, J. (2013), 'Terrorist Events and Attitudes Toward Immigrants: A Natural Experiment', American Journal of Sociology, 118: 1199-245.
22. Levin, B. (2002), 'Cyberhate: A Legal and Historical Analysis of Extremists' Use of Computer Networks in America', American Behavioral Scientist, 45: 958-88.
23. Marneffe, M., MacCartney, B. and Manning, C. D. (2006), 'Generating Typed Dependency Parses FromPhrase Structure Parses', paper presented at the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), 24-26 May, Genoa, Italy.
24. Morell, G., Scott, S., McNeish, D. and Webster, S. (2011), The August Riots in England. NatCen.
25. Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C. J. and McNeal, R. S. (2008), Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Society and Participation. MIT Press.
26. Oksanen, A., Hawdon, J., Holkeri, E., Nasi, M. and Rasanen, P. (2014), 'Exposure to Online Hate among Young Social Media Users', in M. Nicole Warehime, ed., Soul of Society: A Focus on the Lives of Children & Youth, 253-73. Emerald.
27. Perry, B. and Olsson, P. (2009), 'Cyberhate: The Globalisation of Hate', Information & Communications Technology Law, 18: 185-99.
28. Rose, K. (2014), The UK Social Media Landscape for 2014, available online at http://www. rosemcgrory.co.uk/2014/01/06/uk-social-media-statistics-for-2014/.
29. Sakaki, T., Okazaki, M. and Matsuo, Y. (2010), 'Earthquake Shakes Twitter Users: RealTime Event Detection by Social Sensors', in Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web, 851-60. ACM Press.
30. Savage, M. and Burrows, R. (2007), 'The Coming Crisis of Empirical Sociology', Sociology, 41: 885-99.
31. Sloan, L., Morgan, J., Burnap, P. and Williams, M. L. (2015), 'Who Tweets? Deriving the Demog raphic Character istics of Age, Occupation and Social Class from Twitter User Meta-Data', PLoS One, available online at http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0115545.
32. Sloan, L., Morgan, J., Williams, M. L., Housley, W., Edwards, A., Burnap, P. and Rana, O. (2013), 'Knowing the Tweeters: Deriving Sociologically Relevant Demographics from Twitter', Sociological Research Online, 18: 7.
33. Smith, D. (2014), How Many People Use the Top Social Media? Digital Market Ramblings, available online at http://expandedramblings.com/index.php/r esource-how-many-peo-ple-use-the-top-soci al-media/. Accessed 14 August 2014.
34. Thelwall, M., Buckley, K., Paltogou, G., Cai, D. and Kappas, A. (2010), 'Sentiment Strength Detection in Short Informal Text, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61: 2544-58.
35. Thompson, D. (2013), 'There's a Problem within Islam, Says Tony Blair. He Should Know. He Helped Create It', Telegraph, 3 June 2015, available online at http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/damianthompson/100219806/theres-a-problem-within-islam-says-tony-blair-he-should-know-he-helped-create-it/.
36. van Rijsbergen, C. J. (1979), Information Retrieval, 2nd edn. Butterworth.
37. Wall, D. S. and Williams, M. (2007), 'Policing Diversity in the Digital Age: Maintaining Order in Virtual Communities', Criminology and Criminal Justice, 7: 391-415.
38. Williams, M. (2006), Virtually Criminal: Crime, Deviance and Regulation Online. Routledge.
39. Williams, M. L., Burnap, P., Rana, O. F., Edwards, A., Housley, W. and Avis, N. (2011), 'Digital Social Research, Tension Indicators and Safer Communities: Introducing the Cardiff Online Social Media Observatory (COSMOS)'. ESRC Digital Social Research Programme.
40. Williams, M. L., Edwar ds, A., Housley, W., Burnap, P., Rana, O., Avis, N., Morgan, J. and Sloan, L. (2013), 'Policing Cyber-Neighbourhoods: Tension Monitoring and Social Media Networks', Policing and Society, 23: 461-81.
41. Williams, M. L. and Tregidga, J. (2014), 'Hate Crime Victimisation in Wales: Psychological and Physical Impacts across Seven Hate Crime Victim-Types', British Journal of Criminology, 54: 946-67.