Policing diversity in the digital age: Maintaining order in virtual communities

Criminology and Criminal Justice

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 391-415

  Wall, David S ^a   Williams, Matthew ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cybercrime; Governing online behaviour; Online community; Policing cyberspace; Shaming; Virtual community

Indexed keywords

EID: 35348889528     PISSN: 17488958     EISSN: 17488966     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1748895807082064     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Acpo (2001) Reassurance-Civility First: A Proposal for Police Reform. London: Association of Chief Police Officers of England, Wales and N. Ireland.
2. Ahmed, E., N. Harris, J. Braithwaite and V. Braithwaite (2001) Shame Management through Reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. Anderson, B. (1983) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
4. Baudrillard, J. (1998) The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. London: Sage Publications.
5. Baym, N. (1998) ' The Emergence of Online Community ', in S. Jones (ed.) Cybersociety 2.0: Revisiting Computer-Mediated Communication and Community, pp. 35 - 68. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
6. Bbc (2005 a) ' Virtual Club to Rock Pop Culture ', BBC News Online, 2 November, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4385048.stm
7. Bbc (2005 b) ' Student Held Over Online Mugging ', BBC News Online, 20 August, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4165880.stm
8. Beniger, J.R. (1984) Trafficking in Drug Users: Professional Exchange Networks in the Control of Deviance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Beniger, J.R. (1987) ' Personalization of Mass Media and the Growth of Pseudo-Community ', Communication Research 14 (3). 54 - 62.
10. Bonnici, J.P.M. and J.A. Cannataci (2003) ' Access to Information: Controlling Access to Information as a Means of Internet Governance', International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 17 (1). 51 - 62.
11. Boyle, J. (1997) ' Foucault in Cyberspace: Surveillance, Sovereignty and HardWired Censors ', University of Cincinnati Law Review 177: http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/foucault.htm#N_1_
12. Braithwaite, J. (1989) Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13. Brenner, S. (2001) ' Is There Such a Thing as "Virtual Crime "?', California Criminal Law Review 4 (1). http://www.boalt.org/CCLR/v4/ v4brenner.htm
14. Burkhalter, M. (1999) ' Reading Race Online', in M. Smith and P. Kollock (eds) Communities in Cyberspace, pp. 60 - 75. London: Routledge.
15. Castells, M. (2000) ' Materials for an Explanatory Theory of the Network Society', British Journal of Sociology 51 (1). 5 - 24.
16. Crawford, A. and S. Lister (2004) ' The Patchwork Future of Reassurance Policing in England & Wales: Integrated Local Security Quilts or Frayed, Fragmented and Fragile Tangled Webs?', Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 27 (3). 413 - 30.
17. Crawford, A. and S. Lister (2006) ' Additional Security Patrols in Residential Areas: Notes from the Marketplace ', Policing and Society 16 (2). 164 - 88.
18. Danet, B. (1998) ' Text As Mask: Gender, Play, and Performance on the Internet ', in S. Jones (ed.) Cybersociety 2.0: Revisiting Computer-Mediated Communication and Community, pp. 129 - 58. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
19. Dibbell, J. (1999) My Tiny Life: Crime and Passion in a Virtual World. New York: Henry Holt & Company.
20. Dietrich, D. (1997) '(Re)-fashioning the Techno-Erotic Woman: Gender and Textuality in the Cybercultural Matrix', in S. Jones (ed.) Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety, pp. 169 - 84. London: Sage Publications.
21. Dupont, B. (2004) ' Security in the Age of Networks', Policing and Society 14 (1). 76 - 91.
22. Fernback, J. (1997) ' The Individual within the Collective: Virtual Ideology and Realisation of Collective Principles ', in S. Jones (ed.) Virtual Culture, pp. 36 - 54. London: Sage Publications.
23. Foucault, M. (1979) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. London: Peregrine.
24. Giddens, A. (1994) ' Risk, Trust, Reflexivity ', in U. Beck, A. Giddens and S. Lash (eds) Reflexive Modernization, pp. 184 - 97. Cambridge: Polity Press.
25. Gill, M. (1994) Crime at Work: Studies in Security and Crime Prevention. Leicester: Perpetuity Press.
26. Goodman, M. (1997) ' Why the Police Don't Care about Computer Crime', Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 10 (3). 465 - 94.
27. Grabosky, P. and R. Smith (2001) ' Digital Crime in the Twenty-First Century', Journal of Information Ethics 10 (1). 8 - 26.
28. Haggerty, K. and R. Ericson (2000) ' The Surveillant Assemblage', British Journal of Sociology 51 (4). 605 - 22.
29. Healy, D. (1997) ' Cyberspace and Place: The Internet as Middle Landscape on the Electronic Frontier ', in D. Porter (ed.) Internet Culture, pp. 55 - 68. New York: Routledge.
30. Hosein, G., P. Tsavios and E. Whitley (2003) ' Regulating Architecture and Architectures of Regulation: Contributions from Information Systems', International Review of Law, Computers and Technology 17 (1). 85 - 98.
31. Hughes, G. (2007) The Politics of Crime and Community. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
32. Innes, M. (2004) ' Reinventing Tradition? Reassurance, Neighbourhood Security and Policing ', Criminal Justice 4 (2). 151 - 71.
33. Innes, M. (2006 a) ' Policing Uncertainty: Countering Terror through Community Intelligence and Democratic Policing ', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 (1). 222 - 41.
34. Innes, M. (2006 b) ' Introduction Reassurance and the "New" Community Policing ', Policing and Society 16 (2). 95 - 8.
35. Johnston, L. and C. Shearing (2003) Governing Security: Explorations in Policing and Justice. London: Routledge.
36. Jones, S. (1995) Cybersociety: Computer-Mediated Communication and Community. London: Sage Publications.
37. Jones, S. (1997) Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety. London: Sage Publications.
38. Jones, S. (1998) Cybersociety 2.0: Revisiting Computer-Mediated Communication and Community. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
39. Jones, T. and T. Newburn (2001) Widening Access: Improving Police Relations with Hard to Reach Groups, Police Research Series, Paper 138. London: Home Office Policing and Reducing Crime Unit.
40. Kramarae, C. (1998) ' Feminist Fictions of Future Technology ', in S. Jones (ed.) Cybersociety 2.0: Revisiting Computer-Mediated Communication and Community, pp. 100 - 28. London: Sage Publications.
41. Lash, S. (2001) ' Technological Forms of Life', Theory, Culture and Society 18 (1). 105 - 20.
42. Latour, B. (2000) ' When Things Strike Back: A Possible Contribution of Science Studies to the Social Sciences', British Journal of Sociology 51 (1). 231 - 55.
43. Law Commission (1997) Legislating the Criminal Code: Misuse of Trade Secrets (Consultation Paper 150). http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/library/lccp150/ summary.htm
44. Lessig, L. (1999) Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. New York: Basic Books.
45. Licklider, J. and R. Taylor (1990) ' The Computer as a Communication Device ', in R. Taylor (ed.) In Memoriam: J.C.R. Licklider 1915 - 1990, pp. 21 - 41. Palo Alto, CA: Digital Research Center (reprinted from Science and Technology, April 1968 ).
46. Lockard, J. (1997) ' Progressive Politics, Electronic Individualism and the Myth of Virtual Community ', in D. Porter (ed.) Internet Culture, pp. 219 - 32. London: Routledge.
47. Mann, D. and M. Sutton (1998) ' Netcrime: More Change in the Organisation of Thieving ', British Journal of Criminology 38 (2). 210 - 29.
48. Markham, A. (1998) Life Online: Researching Real Experience in Virtual Space. California: Sage Publications.
49. Miller, D. and D. Slater (2000) The Internet: An Ethnographic Approach. Oxford: Berg.
50. Miller, P. and N. Rose (1990) ' Governing Economic Life ', Economy and Society 19 (1). 1 - 31.
51. Mnookin, J. (1996) ' Virtual(ly) Law: The Emergence of Law in LambdaMOO ', Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2 (1). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/ vol2/issue1/lambda.html
52. Morley, D. and K. Robins (1995) Spaces of Identity: Global Media, Electronic Landscapes and Cultural Boundaries. London: Routledge.
53. Oldenburg, R. (1999) The Great Good Place. New York: Marlowe & Company.
54. Peck, M.S. (1987) The Different Drum: Community Making and Peace. New York: Simon & Schuster.
55. Poster, M. (1998) ' Virtual Ethnicity: Tribal Identity in an Age of Global Communications ', in S. Jones (ed.) Cybersociety 2.0: Revisiting Computer-Mediated Communication and Community, pp. 184 - 211. London: Sage Publications.
56. Presdee, M. (2000) Cultural Criminology and the Carnival of Crime. London: Routledge.
57. Reid, E. (1999) ' Hierarchy & Power: Social Control in Cyberspace ', in P. Kollock and A. Smith (eds) Communities in Cyberspace, pp. 107 - 33. London: Routledge.
58. Rheingold, H. (1993) The Virtual Community Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. New York: Harper Collins.
59. Sennett, R. (1992) The Fall of Public Man. New York: W.W. Norton.
60. Sennett, R. (1998) The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism. New York: W.W. Norton.
61. Shaw, D.F. (1997) ' Gay Men and Computer Mediated Communication: A Case Study of the Phish.Net Fan Community ', in S. Jones (ed.) Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety, pp. 133 - 45. London: Sage Publications.
62. Shearing, C. (2004) ' Thoughts on Sovereignty', Policing and Society 14 (1). 5 - 12.
63. Skogan, W.G. and L. Steiner (2004) Community Policing in Chicago, Year Ten. Chicago, IL: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.
64. Smith, R.G., P.N. Grabosky and G. Urbas (2004) Cyber Criminals on Trial. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
65. Stewart, K. and M. Williams (2005) ' Researching Online Populations: The Use of Online Focus Groups for Social Research', Qualitative Research 5 (4). 395 - 416.
66. Tuffin, R., J. Morris and A. Poole (2006) ' An Evaluation of the Impact of the National Reassurance Policing Programme', Home Office Research Study 296. London: Home Office.
67. Turkle, S. (1995) Life on Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. London: Weidenfield & Nicolson.
68. Virilio, P. (1997) ' The Overexposed City ', in N. Leach (ed.) Rethinking Architecture, pp. 382 - 90. London: Routledge.
69. Walden, I. (2003) ' Computer Crime ', in C. Reed and J. Angel (eds) Computer Law, pp. 295 - 329. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
70. Wall, D.S. (2005 a) ' The Internet as a Conduit for Criminals ', in A. Pattavina (ed.) Information Technology and The Criminal Justice System, pp. 77 - 98. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
71. Wall, D.S. (2005 b) ' Digital Realism and the Governance of Spam as Cybercrime ', European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 10 (4). 309 - 35.
72. Wall, D.S. (2007 a) Cybercrime: The Transformation of Crime in the Information Age. Cambridge: Polity.
73. Wall, D.S. (2007 b) ' Policing Cybercrime: Situating the Public Police in Networks of Security in Cyberspace', Police Practice and Research: An International Journal 8 (1). 184 - 205.
74. Wellman, B. and M. Gulia (1999) ' Net Surfers Don't Ride Alone: Virtual Communities as Communities ', in B. Wellman (ed.) Networks in the Global Village, pp. 331 - 66. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
75. Williams, M. (2001) ' The Language of Cybercrime ', in D.S. Wall (ed.) Crime and the Internet, pp. 152 - 66. London: Routledge.
76. Williams, M. (2004) ' Understanding King Punisher and His Order: Vandalism in an Online Community-Motives, Meanings and Possible Solutions ', Internet Journal of Criminology.
77. Williams, M. (2006) Virtually Criminal: Crime, Deviance and Regulation Online. London: Routledge.
78. Williams, M. (2007 a) ' Avatar Watching: Participant Observation in Graphical Online Environments ', Qualitative Research 7 (1). 5 - 24.
79. Williams, M. (2007 b) ' Policing & Cybersociety: The Maturation of Regulation within an Online Community ', Policing & Society 7 (1). 59 - 82.
80. Wittel, A. (2001) ' Towards a Network Sociality', Theory Culture and Society 18 (6). 542 - 62.