Psychiatry under the influence: Institutional corruption, social injury, and prescriptions for reform

Psychiatry Under the Influence: Institutional Corruption, Social Injury, and Prescriptions for Reform

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 1-241

  Whitaker, Robert ^a   Cosgrove, Lisa ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84960322117     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9781137516022     Document Type: Book

References (385)

1. Jonathan H. Marks. “Instrumental Ethics, Institutional Corruption, and the Biosciences,” Conference on the Future of the Humanities, Amherst College, Amherst, MA. March 3, 2012.
2. D. Wikler. “A Crisis in Medical Professionalism,” in Ethics and the Business of Biomedicine, edited by D. Arnold (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009): 253.
3. G. Fava. “Financial conf licts of interest in psychiatry.” World Psychiatry 6 (2007): 19–24.
4. M. Angel. “Is academic medicine for sale?” New Engl J Med 342 (2000): 1516–18.
5. K. Quanstrum. “Lessons from the mammography wars.” New Engl J Med 363 (2010): 1076–9.
6. L. Lessig. “What an originalist would understand ‘corruption’ to mean.” California Law Review 102 (2014): 1–24
7. R. Mayes. “DSM-III and the revolution in the classification of mental illness.” J Hist Behav Sci 41 (2005): 249–67
8. G. Grob. “Origins of DSM-I: a study in appearance and reality.” Am J Psychiatry 148 (1991): 421–31
9. Nancy Tomes, The Art of Asylum Keeping (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994): 124.
10. H. Decker. The Making of DSM-III (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013): 4.
11. M. Wilson. “DSM-III and the transformation of American psychiatry: a history.” Am J Psychiatry 150 (1993): 399–410.
12. A. Beck. “Reliability of psychiatric diagnoses.” Am J Psychiatry 119 (1962): 351–7.
13. R. Spitzer. “A re-analysis of the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis.” Br J Psychiatry 125 (1974): 341–7.
14. D. Rosenhan. “On being sane in insane places.” Science 179 (1973): 250–8.
15. K. Kendler. “The development of the Feigner criteria: a historical perspective.” Am J Psychiatry 167 (2010): 134–42.
16. M. Strand. “Where do classifications come from? The DSM-III, the transformation of American psychiatry, and the problem of origins in the sociology of knowledge.” Theor Soc 40 (2011): 273–313.
17. J. Maciver. “Patterns of psychiatric practice.” Am J Psychiatry 115 (1959): 692–7.
18. T. Szasz. The Myth of Mental Illness, rev. edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1974; first edition 1960): 8.
19. R. Buchanan. “Legislative warriors: American psychiatrists, psychologists, and competing claims over psychotherapy in the 1950s.” J Hist Behav Sci 39 (2003): 225–49.
20. R. Mayes. “DSM-III and the revolution in the classification of mental illness.” J Hist Behav Sci 41 (2005): 249–67.
21. T. Hackett. “The psychiatrist: in the mainstream, or on the banks of medicine.” Am J Psychiatry 134 (1977): 432–4.
22. M. Sabshin. “On remedicalization and holism in psychiatry.” Psychosomatics 18 (1977): 7–8.
23. S Kety. “From rationalization to reason.” Am J Psychiatry 131 (1974): 957–63.
24. A. Ludwig. “The medical basis of psychiatry.” Am J Psychiatry 134 (1977): 1087–92.
25. S. Guze. “Nature of psychiatric illness: why psychiatry is a branch of medicine.” Comp Psychiatry 19 (1978): 295–307.
26. F. Redlich. “Trends in American mental health.” Am J Psychiatry 135 (1978): 22–8.
27. R. Spitzer. “Research diagnostic criteria: rationale and reliability.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 35 (1978): 773–82.
28. A. Spiegel. “The Dictionary of Disorder.” The New Yorker, January 3, 2005.
29. C. Dean. “Diagnosis: the Achilles’ heel of biological psychiatry.” Minnesota Medicine 74 (1991): 15–17.
30. D. Adler. “The medical model and psychiatry’s tasks.” Hosp Community Psychiatry 32 (1981): 387–92.
31. L. Lessig. “We the People, and the Republic We Must Reclaim.” TED talk, February 2013.
32. M. Sabshin. “Report of the medical director.” Am J Psychiatry 137 (1980): 1308–12.
33. L. Havens. “Twentieth-century psychiatry.” Am J Psychiatry 138 (1981): 1279–87.
34. M. Sabshin. “Report of the medical director.” Am J Psychiatry 138 (1981): 1418–21.
35. W. Sorum. “Report of the speaker.” Am J Psychiatry 140 (1983): 1403–4.
36. M. Sabshin. “Report of the medical director.” Am J Psychiatry 139 (1982): 1392–6.
37. M. Sabshin. “Report of the medical director.” Am J Psychiatry 140 (1983): 1397–1403.
38. M. Sabshin. “Report of the medical director.” Am J Psychiatry 143 (1986): 1342–6.
39. S. Frazier. “Report of the secretary, summary of meetings of Board of Trustees, May 1983–1984.” Am J Psychiatry 141 (1984): 1314–21.
40. M. Sabshin. “Report of the medical director.” Am J Psychiatry 142 (1985): 1243–6;
41. M. Sabshin. Changing American Psychiatry (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2008): 78.
42. M. Sabshin. “Report of the medical director.” Am J Psychiatry, 147 (1990): 1411–17.
43. E. Benedek. “Report of the secretary: summary of actions of the Board of Trustees, May 1986–May 1987.” Am J Psychiatry 144 (1987): 1381–8.
44. M. Sabshin. “Report of the medical director.” Am J Psychiatry 144 (1987): 1390–3.
45. M. Sabshin. “Report of the medical director.” Am J Psychiatry 149 (1992): 1434–44.
46. M. Sabshin. “Report of the medical director.” Am J Psychiatry 150 (1993): 1591–601.
47. M. Sabshin. “Report of the medical director.” Am J Psychiatry 151 (1994): 1546–56.
48. M. Sabshin. “Report of the medical director.” Am J Psychiatry 148 (1991): 1444–50.
49. M. Riba. “Presidential Address.” Am J Psychiatry 162 (2005): 2040–4.
50. J. Borenstein. “The council on communications.” Am J Psychiatry 167 (2010): 228.
51. P. Breggin, Toxic Psychiatry (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991): 354.
52. G. Pollock. “Report of the treasurer.” Am J Psychiatry 138 (1981): 1415–17.
53. J. Ronson. “Bipolar kids: victims of the ‘madness industry’?” New Scientist, June 8, 2011.
54. J. Scully. “Advertising Revenues Helps APA Meet Its Objectives.” Psychiatric News, April 16, 2004.
55. S. Vedantam. “Industry role in medical meeting decried.” Washington Post, May 26, 2002.
56. P. Breggin, Toxic Psychiatry (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991): 347.
57. E. Benedek. “Report of the secretary.” Am J Psychiatry 144 (1987): 1381–8;
58. M. Sabshin. “Report of the medical director.” Am J Psychiatry 145 (1988): 1340–2.
59. N. Rao. “The council on medical education and career development.” Am J Psychiatry 158 (2001): 342–3;
60. J. Greden. “The council on research.” Am J Psychiatry 158 (2001): 346–8;
61. J. Scully. “Report of the medical director.” Am J Psychiatry 161 (2004): 1735–6.
62. C. Bernstein. “Report of the treasurer.” Am J Psychiatry 158 (2001): 1760–1.
63. C. Bernstein. “Report of the treasurer.” Am J Psychiatry 159 (2002): 1622.
64. L. Cosgrove. “Pharmaceutical Philanthropic Shell Games.” Psychiatric Times, March 6, 2010.
65. F. Gottlieb. “Report of the speaker.” Am J Psychiatry 142 (1985): 1246–9.
66. M. Dumont. “In bed together at the market: psychiatry and the pharmaceutical industry.” Am J Orthopsychiatry 60 (1990): 484–5.
67. C. Goldberg. “ ‘No’ to Drug Money.” Boston Globe, May 7, 2007.
68. P. Appelbaum. “Throw Them out?” Psychiatric News, July 5, 2002.
69. P. Appelbaum. “Dr. Appelbaum Responds.” Psychiatric News, August 16, 2002.
70. E. Silverman. “Grassley probes psychiatrists over ties to pharma.” Pharmalot.com, July 11, 2008.
71. B. Carey. “Psychiatric Group Faces Scrutiny over Drug Industry Ties.” New York Times, July 12, 2008.
72. J. Yan. “New Guidelines Govern APA’s Relations with Industry.” Psychiatric News, June 18, 2010.
73. K. Hausman. “Industry-supported Symposia to be Phased out.” Psychiatric News, April 17, 2009.
74. L. Cosgrove. “Financial ties between DSM-IV panel members and the pharmaceutical industry.” Psychother Psychosom 75 (2006): 154–60.
75. L. Cosgrove. “A comparison of DSM_IV and DSM-5 panel members’ financial associations with industry.” PLoS Med 9 (2012): e1001190.
76. L. Cosgrove. “Conf licts of interest and disclosure in the American Psychiatric Association’s clinical practice guidelines.” Psychother Psychosom 78 (2009): 228–32.
77. G. Fava. “Should the drug industry work with key opinion leaders? No.” BMJ 336 (2008): 1405.
78. D. Light. “Institutional corruption of pharmaceuticals and the myth of safe and effective drugs.” J Law Med Ethics 41 (2013): 590–600.
79. G. Klerman. “The Evolution of a Scientific Nosology,” in Schizophrenia: Science and Practice, edited by J. Shershow (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978): 104–5.
80. R. Spitzer. “A re-analysis of the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis.” Br J Psychiatry 125 (1974): 341–7.
81. S. Kirk, The Selling of DSM (Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, 1992): 124.
82. R. Spitzer. “DSM-III field trials:1. Initial interrater diagnostic reliability.” Am J Psychiatry 136 (1979): 815–17.
83. R. Spitzer. “DSM-III. The major achievements and an overview.” Am J Psychiatry 137 (1980): 151–64.
84. G. Klerman. “A debate on DSM-III.” Am J Psychiatry 141 (1984): 539–53.
85. D. Langsley. “Presidential address: today’s teachers and tomorrow’s psychiatrists.” Am J Psychiatry 138 (1981): 1013–16.
86. M. Strand. “Where do classifications come from? The DSM-III, the transformation of American psychiatry, and the problem of origins in the sociology of knowledge.” Theor Soc 40 (2011): 273–313.
87. M. Rutter. “DSM-III: a step forward or back in terms of the classification of child psychiatric disorders?” J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 19 (1980): 371–94.
88. H. Decker. The Making of DSM-III (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013): 258.
89. A. Bassett. “DSM-III: use of the multiaxial system in clinical practice.” Can J Psychiatry 36 (1991): 270–4.
90. P. Lieberman. “The reliability of psychiatric diagnosis in the emergency room.” Hosp Community Psychiatry 36 (1985): 291–3.
91. J. Anthony. “Comparison of the lay diagnostic interview schedule and a standardized psychiatric diagnosis. Experience in eastern Baltimore.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 42 (1985): 667–75.
92. J. Talbott. “Presidential address: our patients’ future in a changing world.” Am J Psychiatry 142 (1985): 1003–8.
93. N. Andreasen. The Broken Brain (New York: Harper & Row, 1984): 29.
94. J. Franklin. “The Mind-Fixers.” Baltimore Sun, series published in July 1985.
95. C. Nadelson. “Response to the presidential address.” Am J Psychiatry 142 (1985): 1009–14.
96. D. Regier. “The NIMH depression awareness, recognition, and treatment program.” Am J Psychiatry 145 (1988): 1351–7.
97. D. Healy, Let Them Eat Prozac (New York: New York University Press, 2004): 9.
98. K. Vick. “Society Clings to Idea that Mental Illness is a Stigma.” St. Petersburg Times, August 6, 1988.
99. J. Lacasse. “Serotonin and depression: a disconnect between the advertisements and the scientific literature.” PLoS Med 2 (2005): 1211–16.
100. P. Weiden, Breakthroughs in Antipsychotics Medications (New York: W.W. Norton, 1999): 26, 29.
101. R. Harding. “Unlocking the brain’s secrets.” Family Circle, November 20, 2001, 62.
102. N. Stotland. “About depression in women.” Family Circle, November 20, 2001, 65.
103. B. Pescosolido. “A disease like any other?” Am J Psychiatry 167 (2010): 1321–30
104. M. Bowers. “Lumbar CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in affective syndromes.” J Nerv Ment Disease 158 (1974): 325–30.
105. R. Papeschi. “Homovanillic and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in cerebrospinal f luid of depressed patients.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 25 (1971): 354–8.
106. J. Mendels. “Brain biogenic amine depletion and mood.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 30 (1974): 447–51.
107. J. Maas. “Pretreatment neurotransmitter metabolite levels and response to tricyclic antidepressant drugs.” Am J Psychiatry 141 (1984): 1159–71.
108. S. Dubovsky. “Mood disorders,” in Textbook of Psychiatry, edited by R. Hales, third edition (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1999): 516.
109. V. Krishnan. “Linking molecules to mood.” Am J Psychiatry 167 (2010): 1305–20.
110. M. Bowers. “Central dopamine turnover in schizophrenic syndromes.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 31 (1974): 50–4.
111. R. Post. “Cerebrospinal f luid amine metabolites in acute schizophrenia.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 32 (1975): 1063–9.
112. T. Lee. “Binding of 3H-neuroleptics and 3H-apomorphine in schizophrenic brains.” Nature 274 (1978): 897–900.
113. J. Kornhuber. “3H-spiperone binding sites in post-mortem brains from schizophrenic patients.” J Neural Transmission 75 (1989): 1–10.
114. J. Kane. “Towards more effective antipsychotic treatment.” Br J Psychiatry 165, suppl. 25 (1994): 22–31.
115. E. Nestler, Molecular Neuropharmacology (New York: McGraw Hill, 2001): 392.
116. A. Jucaite. “Dopaminergic hypothesis of schizophrenia,” in Emerging Therapies for Schizophrenia, edited by J. Albert (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2012): 5–35.
117. T. Insel. “Director’s blog: mental illness defined as disruption in neural circuits.” Published on nimh.nih.gov, August 12, 2011.
118. R. Pies. “Psychiatry’s New Brain-mind and the Legend of the ‘Chemical Imbalance.’” Psychiatric Times, July 11, 2011.
119. R. Pies. “Doctor, is my mood disorder due to a chemical imbalance?” Blog, August 4, 2011, published on PsychCentral.com.
120. C. Dean. “Psychiatry revisited.” Minnesota Medicine, March 2008, 40–4.
121. M. England. “Response to the presidential address: one system of equal health care for all.” Am J Psychiatry 152 (1995): 1252–3.
122. N. Andreasen, editorial. “The validation of psychiatric diagnosis.” Am J Psychiatry 152 (1995): 161–2.
123. C. Robinowitz. “ Response to the presidential address.” Am J Psychiatry 164 (2007): 1510–13.
124. J. Phillips. “The six most essential questions in psychiatric diagnosis: a pluralogue part 2.” Philosophy Ethics Humanities Med 7 (2012): 8.
125. J. Phillips. “The six most essential questions in psychiatric diagnosis: a pluralogue part 1.” Philosophy Ethics Humanities Med 7 (2012): 3.
126. T. Insel. “Director’s blog: transforming diagnosis.” Published on nimh.nih.gov, April 29, 2013.
127. N. Andreasen. “DSM and the death of phenomenology.” Schizophrenia Bull 33 (2007): 108–12.
128. S. Ghaemi. “Requiem for DSM.” Psychiatric Times, July 17, 2013.
129. E. Turner. “Publication bias, with a focus on psychiatry.” CNS Drugs 27 (2013): 457–68.
130. A. Tone, The Age of Anxiety. (New York: Basic Books, 2009): 153.
131. G. Klerman. “Overview of the cross-national collaborative panic study.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 45 (1988): 407–12.
132. R. Noyes. “Alprazolam in panic disorder and agoraphobia: II. Arch Gen psychiatry 45 (1988): 423–8.
133. J. Pecknold. “Alprazolam in panic disorder and agoraphobia.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 45 (1988): 429–36.
134. P. Breggin, Toxic Psychiatry (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991): 344–53.
135. F. Pollner. “Don’t overlook panic disorder.” Medical World News, October 1, 1991.
136. M. Sabshin. “To Aid Understanding of Mental Disorders.” New York Times, March 10, 1992.
137. J. Randal. “In a Panic?” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 7, 1990.
138. T. Plyler. “Treatment of a Panic Disorder Starts with Recognizing Problem.” The Union Leader, February 23, 1992.
139. J. Cornwell, The Power to Harm (New York: Viking, 1996): 147–8.
140. D. Graham. “Sponsor’s ADR submission on f luoxetine dated July 17, 1990,” FDA document, September 1990.
141. I. Kirsch. “The emperor’s new drugs: an analysis of antidepressant medication data submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.” Prevention & Treatment 5, July 15, 2002.
142. J Bremner. “Fluoxetine in depressed patients.” J Clin Psychiatry 45 (1984): 414–19.
143. J. Cohn. “A comparison of f luoxetine, imipramine, and placebo in patients with major depressive disorder.” J Clin Psychiatry 46 (1985): 26–31.
144. W. Byerley. “Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor, for the treatment of outpatients with major depression.” J. Clin Psychopharmacol 8 (1988): 112–15.
145. J. Feighner. “A double-blind comparison of f luoxetine, imipramine, and placebo in outpatients with major depression.” Int Clin Psychopharmacol 4 (1989): 127–34.
146. S. Levine. “A comparative trial of a new antidepressant, f luoxetine.” Br J Psychiatry 150 (1987): 653–5.
147. R. Pary. “Fluoxetine: prescribing guidelines for the newest antidepressant.” South Med J 82 (1989): 1005–9.
148. B. Runck. “NIMH to launch major campaign on recognition and treatment of depression.” Hosp Community Psychiatry 37 (1986): 779–80.
149. D. Regier. “The NIMH depression awareness, recognition, and treatment program.” Am J Psychiatry 145 (1988): 1351–7.
150. D. Healy, Let Them Eat Prozac (New York: New York University Press, 2004): 9. 45.
151. G. Cowley. “Prozac: a Breakthrough Drug for Depression.” Newsweek, March 26, 1990.
152. N. Angier. “New Antidepressant is Acclaimed, but Not Perfect.” New York Times, March 29, 1990.
153. P. Elmert-DeWitt. “Depression: The Growing Role of Drug Therapies.” Time, July 6, 1992.
154. D. Casey. “Striking a balance between safety and efficacy: experience with the SSRI sertraline.” Int Clin Psychopharmacol 9 suppl. 3 (1994): 5–12.
155. E. Turner. “Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its inf luence on apparent efficacy.” New Engl J Med 358 (2008): 252–60.
156. L. McHenry. “Of sophists and spin-doctors.” Mens Sana Monogr 8 (2010): 129–45.
157. I. Kirsch. “Antidepressants and placebos: secrets, revelations, and unanswered questions.” Prevention & Treatment 5, July 15, 2002.
158. E. Turner. “Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its inf luence on apparent efficacy.” New Engl J Med 358 (2008): 252–60.
159. I. Kirsch. “Initial severity and antidepressant benefits.” PLoS Med 5 (2008): 260–8.
160. G. Parker. “Antidepressants on trial.” Br J Psychiatry 194 (2009): 1–3.
161. S. Marder. “Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia.” Am J Psychiatry 151 (1994): 825–35.
162. L. Cohen. “Risperidone.” Pharmacotherapy 14 (1994): 253–65.
163. S. Marder. “The effects of risperidone on the five dimensions of schizophrenia derived by factor analysis.” J Clin Psychiatry 58 (1997): 538–46.
164. M. Freudenheim. “Seeking Safer Treatments for Schizophrenia.” New York Times, January 15, 1992.
165. C. Beasley. “Efficacy of olanzapine.” J Clin Psychiatry 58, suppl. (1997): 7–12;
166. G. Tollefson. “Depressive signs and symptoms in schizophrenia.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 55 (1998): 250–8;
167. S. Hamilton. “Olanzapine versus placebo and haloperidol.” Neuropsychopharmacology 18 (1998): 41–9.
168. T. Burton. “Psychosis Drug from Eli Lilly Racks Up Gains.” Wall Street Journal, April 14, 1998.
169. G. Spielmans. “From evidence-based medicine to marketing-based medicine.” J Bioethic Inq 7 (2010): 13–29.
170. L. Arvanitis. “Multiple doses of ‘Seroquel’ (quetiapine) in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia.” Biol Psychiatry 42 (1997): 233–46.
171. J. Olson. “U Doctor Scrutinized over Drug Research.” St. Paul Pioneer Press, March 18, 2009.
172. S. Roan. “Lives Recovered.” Los Angeles Times, January 30, 1996. Quote is from the headline.
173. P. Huston. “Redundancy, disaggregation, and the integrity of medical research.” Lancet 347 (1996): 1024–6.
174. R. Horton. “Prizes, publications, and promotion.” Lancet 348 (1996): 1398.
175. J. Geddes. “Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia.” BMJ 321 (2000): 1371–6.
176. R. Rosenheck. “Effectiveness and cost of olanzapine and haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia.” JAMA 290 (2003): 2693–702.
177. J. Lieberman. “Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia.” New Engl J Med 353 (2005): 1209–33.
178. L. Davies. “Cost-effectiveness of first- v. second-generation antipsychotic drugs.” Br J Psychiatry 191 (2007): 14–22.
179. J. Lieberman. “Comparative effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 (206): 1069–72.
180. S. Vedantam. “In Antipsychotics, Newer Isn’t Better Drug Find Shocks Researchers.” Washington Post, October 3, 2006.
181. P. Tyrer. “The spurious advance of antipsychotic drug therapy.” Lancet 373 (2009): 4–5.
182. J. Maracek. “Disappearances, silences and anxious rhetoric: gender in abnormal psychology textbooks.” J Theor Philos Psychol 13 (1993): 114–23.
183. J. Biederman. “Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a life-span perspective.” J Clin Psychiatry 59, suppl. 7 (1998): 4–16.
184. M. Strand. “Where do classifications come from? The DSM-III, the transformation of American psychiatry, and the problem of origins in the sociology of knowledge.” Theor Soc 40 (2011): 273–31
185. L. Cosgrove. “Financial ties between DSM-IV panel members and the pharmaceutical industry.” Psychother Psychosom 75 (2006): 154–60.
186. R. Kessler. “Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 62 (2005): 617–27.
187. R. Mayes. Medicating Children (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009): 46.
188. G. Jackson. “Postmodern psychiatry,” unpublished paper, September 2, 2002.
189. B. Lahey. “DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents.” Am J Psychiatry 151 (1994): 1673–85
190. S. Faraone. “Is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder familial?” Harv Rev Psychiatry 1 (1994): 271–87.
191. T. Wilens. “Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid substance use disorder in adults.” Psychiatr Serv 46 (1995): 761–3.
192. T. Spencer. “Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder across the life cycle.” J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35 (1996): 409–32.
193. G. Kolata. “Boom in Ritalin Sales Raises Ethical Issues.” New York Times, May 15, 1996.
194. A. Schwarz. “The Selling of Attention Deficit Disorder.” New York Times, December 14, 2013.
195. A. Kotte. “Autistic traits in children with and without ADHD.” Pediatrics 132 (2013): e612–22.
196. M. Smith. Small Comfort (New York: Praeger, 1985): 32.
197. A. Horwitz. The Loss of Sadness (Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007): 53–104.
198. C. Silverman. The Epidemiology of Depression (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968): 45–7.
199. D. Regier. “The de facto U.S. mental and addictive disorders service system.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 50 (1993): 85–94.
200. R. Kessler. “Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 51 (1994): 8–19.
201. R. Hirschfeld. “The National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association consensus statement on undertreatment of depression.” JAMA 277 (1997): 333–40.
202. J Ballenger. “Double-blind, fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study of paroxetine in the treatment of panic disorder.” Am J Psychiatry 155 (1998): 36–42.
203. D. Sheehan. “The role of SSRIs in panic disorder.” J Clin Psychiatry 57, suppl. 10 (1996): 51–8.
204. D. Sheehan. “Current concepts in the treatment of panic disorder.” J Clin Psychiatry 60, suppl. 18 (1999): 16–21.
205. M. Liebowitz. “Social phobia. Review of a neglected anxiety disorder.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 42 (1985): 729–36.
206. M. Pollack. “Introduction. New frontiers in the management of social anxiety disorder: diagnosis, treatment, and clinical course.” J Clin Psychiatry 60, suppl. 9 (1999): 3–8.
207. M. Liebowitz. “Anxiety symptoms and treating depression.” Medscape, March 25, 2004.
208. M. Stein and M. Liebowitz. “Paroxetine treatment of generalized social phobia (social anxiety disorders): a randomized controlled trial.” JAMA 280 (1998): 708–13.
209. M. Liebowitz. “Update on the diagnosis and treatment of social anxiety disorder.” J Clin Psychiatry 60, suppl. 18 (1999): 22–6.
210. J. Davidson. “Introduction: new strategies for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.” J Clin Psychiatry 61, suppl. 7 (2000): 3–4.
211. R. Hidalgo and J. Davidson. “Postraumatic stress disorder: epidemiology and health-related considerations.” J Clin Psychiatry 61, suppl. 7 (2000): 5–13.
212. J. Davidson. “Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: the impact of paroxetine.” Psychopharmacol Bull 37, suppl. 1 (2003): 76–88.
213. J. Ballenger. “Consensus statement on generalized anxiety disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety.” J Clin Psychiatry 62, suppl. 11 (2001): 53–8.
214. C. Nemeroff. “Advancing the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders.” Psychopharmacol Bull 37, suppl. 1 (2003): 6–7
215. K. Merikangas. “Life prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Study-Adolescent Supplement.” J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49 (2010): 980–9.
216. M. Keller. “Depression in children and adolescents.” J Affect Disorders 21 (1991): 163–71.
217. B. Strauch. “Use of Antidepression Medicine for Young Patients Has Soared.” New York Times, August 10, 1997.
218. G. Emslie. “A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of f luoxetine in children and adolescents with depression.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 54 (1997): 1031–7.
219. G. Emslie. “Mood disorders in children and adolescents.” Biol Psychiatry 49 (2001): 1082–90.
220. M. Goozner. “SSRI use in children: an industry-biased record.” Center for Science in the Publish Interest, February 2004.
221. A. Bass. “Drug Companies Enrich Brown Professor.” Boston Globe, October 4, 1999.
222. L. Kowalczyk. “US cites Boston Psychiatrist in Case vs. Drug Firm.” Boston Globe, March 6, 2009.
223. T. Delate. “Trends in the use of antidepressants in a national sample of commercially insured pediatric patients, 1998 to 2002.” Psychiatr Serv 55 (2004): 387–91.
224. T. Laughren,. “Background comments for Feb. 2 meeting of psychopharmacological drugs advisory committee,” January 4, 2004. Accessed at fda. gov.
225. J. Leo. “The SSRI trials in children.” Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 8 (2006): 29–41.
226. E. Jane Garland. “Facing the evidence: antidepressant treatment in children and adolescents.” CMAJ 170 (February 17, 2004): 489–91
227. J. Jureidini. “Clinical trials and drug promotion.” Int J Risk Saf Medicine 20 (2008): 73–81.
228. M. Keller. “Efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of adolescent major depression.” J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40 (2001): 762–72.
229. K. Wagner. “Efficacy of sertraline in the treatment of children and adolescents with major depressive disorder.” JAMA 290 (2003): 1033–41.
230. D. Healy. “One f lew over the conf lict of interest net.” World Psychiatry 6 (2007): 26–7.
231. C. Silverman. The Epidemiology of Depression (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1968): 35, 139.
232. H. Akiskal. “Cyclothymic disorder: validating criteria for inclusion in the bipolar affective group.” Am J Psychiatry 134 (1977): 1227–33.
233. H. Akiskal. “The prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders: beyond DSM-IV.” J Clin Psychopharmacol 16, 2 suppl. 1 (1996): 4S–14S.
234. H Askiskal. “The emergence of the bipolar spectrum.” Psychopharmacol Bull 40 (2007): 99–115.
235. H. Akiskal. “Re-evaluating the prevalence of and diagnostic composition within the broad clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders.” J Affect Disorders 59, suppl. 1 (2000): S5–S30.
236. L. Judd. “The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population.” J Affect Disorders 73 (2003): 123–31.
237. H Akiskal. “The emergence of the bipolar spectrum.” Psychopharmacol Bull 40 (2007): 99–115.
238. G. Spielmans. “From evidence-based medicine to marketing-based medicine: Bioethic Inquiry.” J Bioethic Inq 7 (2010): 13–29.
239. L. Cosgrove. “A comparison of DSM-IV and DSM-5 panel members’ financial associations with industry.” PLoS Med 9 (2012): e1001190
240. L. Cosgrove. “Tripartite conf licts of interest and high stakes patent extensions in the DSM-5.” Psychother Psychosom 83 (2014): 106–13.
241. T. Insel. “Director’s blog: transforming diagnosis.” Published on nimh.nih.gov, April 29, 2013.
242. D. Regier. “DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada. Part II: test-retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses.” Am J Psychiatry 170 (2013): 59–70.
243. S. Vanheule. Diagnosis and the DSM: A Critical Review (New York, NY, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014): 40.
244. J. Ronson. “Bipolar kids: victims of the ‘madness industry’?” New Scientist 2815, June 8, 2011: 44–7.
245. P. Thagard. “The moral psychology of conf licts of interest.” J Applied Philosophy 24 (2007): 367–80.
246. J. Richters. “NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD.” J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34 (1995): 987–1000.
247. P. Jensen. “3-year follow-up of the NIMH MTA Study.” J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46 (2007): 989–1002.
248. B. Molina. “Delinquent behavior and emerging substance use in the MTA at 36 months.” J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46 (2007): 1028–40.
249. J. Swanson. “Evidence, interpretation and qualification from multiple reports of long-term outcomes in the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD Part II.” J Attention Disorders 12 (2008): 15–43.
250. B. Molina. “MTA at 8 years.” J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48 (2009): 484–500.
251. M. Posternak. “A reevaluation of the exclusion criteria used in antidepressant efficacy trials.” Am J Psychiatry 159 (2002): 191–200.
252. J. Rush. “One-year clinical outcomes of depressed public sector outpatients.” Biol Psychiatry 56 (2004): 46–53.
253. J. Rush. “Sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR*D): rationale and design.” Controlled Clinical Trials 25 (2004): 119–42.
254. M. Trivedi. “Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement- based care in STAR*D.” Am J Psychiatry 163 (2006): 28–40.
255. A. Rush. “Buproprion-SR, sertraline, or venlafaxine-XR after failures of SSRIs for depression.” NEJM 354 (2006): 1231–42.
256. M. Trivedi. “Medication augmentation after the failure of SSRIs for depression.” NEJM 354 (2006): 1243–52.
257. A. Rush. “Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: A STAR*D report.” Am J Psychiatry 163 (2006): 1905–17.
258. L. Menand. “Head Case.” The New Yorker, March 1, 2010.
259. E. Pigott. “Adding Fiction to Fiction,” blog post on madinamerica.com, April 10, 2011.
260. H. Pigott. “Efficacy and effectiveness of antidepressants.” Psychother Psychosom 79 (2010): 267–79.
261. H. Pigott. “STAR*D: A tale and trail of bias.” Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 13 (2011): 6–28.
262. D. Brauser. “Broad review of FDA trials suggests antidepressants only marginally better than placebo.” Medscape Medical News, August 24, 2010.
263. A. Rush. “Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: A STAR*D report.” Am J Psychiatry 163 (2006): 1905–17.
264. L. Pratt. “Antidepressant use in persons age 12 and over: United States 2005–2008.” National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief # 76, October 2011.
265. J. Jureidini. “Efficacy and safety of antidepressants for children and adolescents.” Br Med J 328 (2004): 879–83.
266. C. Whittington. “Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in childhood depression.” Lancet 363 (2004): 1341–5.
267. G. Emslie. “Treatment for adolescents with depression study (TADS): Safety results.” J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45 (2006): 1440–55.
268. B. Kennard. “Assessment of safety and long-term outcomes of initial treatment with placebo in TADS.” Am J Psychiatry 166 (2009): 337–44.
269. B. Vitiello. “Suicidal events in the treatment for adolescents with depression study (TADS).” J Clin Psychiatry 70 (2009): 741–7.
270. D. Antonuccio. “Psychology in the prescription era: building a firewall between marketing and science.” American Psychologist, December 2003, 1028–43.
271. G. Guyatt. User’s Guides to the Medical Literature: A Manual for Evidence-Based Practice (Chicago: American Medical Association, 2002): 17.
272. K. Dickersin. “Evidence based medicine: Increasing, not dictating, choice.” Br Med Journal 334 (2007): s10.
273. V. Montori. “Progress in evidence-based medicine.” JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 200 (2008): 1814–16.
274. J. Hitt. “The Year in Ideas: A. to Z.; Evidence-based Medicine.” The New York Times, December 9, 2001.
275. T. Shaneyfelt. “Reassessment of clinical practice guidelines.” JAMA 301 (2009): 868–9.
276. N. Choudhry. “Relationships between authors of clinical practice guidelines and the pharmaceutical industry.” JAMA 287 (2002): 612–17.
277. S. Norris. “Conf lict of interest in clinical practice guideline development.” PLoS ONE 6 (2011): e25153.
278. A. Shaughnessy. “What happened to the valid POEMs? A survey of review articles on the treatment of type 2 diabetes.” Br Med J 327 (2003): 266.
279. P. Rothwell. “External validity of randomised controlled trials: ‘To whom do the results of this trial apply?’” Lancet 365 (2005): 82–93.
280. M. Krahn. “The next step in guideline development: Incorporating patient preferences.” JAMA 300 (2008): 436–8.
281. C. Chong. “How well do guidelines incorporate evidence on patient preferences?” J Gen Intern Med 24 (2009): 977–82.
282. P. Bracken. “Psychiatry beyond the current paradigm.” Br J Psychiatry 201 (2012): 430–4.
283. L. Cosgrove. “Conf licts of interest and disclosure in the American Psychiatric Association’s clinical practice guidelines.” Psychother Psychosom 78 (2009): 228–32.
284. L. Cosgrove. “The American Psychiatric Association’s guideline for major depressive disorder: a commentary.” Psychother Psychosom 81 (2012): 186–8.
285. L. Cosgrove. “Conf licts of interest and the quality of recommendations in clinical guidelines.” J Eval Clin Practice 19 (2013): 674–81.
286. B. Als-Nielsen. “Association of funding and conclusions in randomized drug trials: a ref lection of treatment effect or adverse events?” JAMA 290 (2003): 921–8.
287. E. Turner. “Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its inf luence on apparent efficacy.” NEJM 358 (2008): 252–60.
288. I. Kirsch. “Initial severity and antidepressant benefits.” PLoS Med 5 (2008): 260–8.
289. J. Fournier. “Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity: a patient-level meta-analysis.” JAMA 303 (2010): 47–53.
290. L. Bero. “Inf luences on the quality of published drug studies.” Int J of Technology Assessment in Health Care 12 (1996): 209–37.
291. A. Rush. “One-year clinical outcomes of depressed public sector outpatients.” Biol Psychiatry 56 (2004): 46–53.
292. J. Rush. “Sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR*D): rationale and design.” Controlled Clinical Trials 25 (2004): 119–42.
293. J. Van Scheyen. “Recurrent vital depressions.” Psychiatrica, Neurologia, Neurochirurgia 76 (1973): 93–112.
294. R. Hales, editor, Textbook of Psychiatry (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1999): 525.
295. M. Shea. “Course of depressive symptoms over follow-up.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 49 (1992): 782–7.
296. G. Fava. “Do antidepressant and antianxiety drugs increase chronicity in affective disorders?” Psychother Psychosom 61 (1994): 125–31.
297. G. Fava. “Holding on: depression, sensitization by antidepressant drugs, and the prodigal experts.” Psychother Psychosom 64 (1995): 57–61.
298. R. Baldessarini. “Risks and implications of interrupting maintenance psychotropic drug therapy.” Psychother Psychosom 63 (1995): 137–41.
299. W. Coryell. “Characteristics and significance of untreated major depressive disorder.” Am J Psychiatry 152 (1995): 1124–9.
300. El-Mallakh, R. “Tardive dysphoria: The role of long-term antidepressant use in inducing chronic depression.” Medical Hypotheses 76 (2011): 769–73.
301. J. Davidson. “Effect of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) in major depressive disorder.” JAMA 287 (2002): 1807–14.
302. M. Babyak. “Exercise treatment for major depression.” Psychosomatic Med 62 (2000): 633–8.
303. M. Murphy. “Alternative national guidelines for treating attention and depression problems in children.” Harv Rev Psychiatry 22 (2014): 1–14.
304. S. Pliszka. “Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.” J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46 (2007): 894–921.
305. S. Pliszka. “The Texas Children’s Medication Algorithm Project.” J Am Acad Child & Adolesc Psychiatry 45 (2006): 642–57.
306. D. Thompson. “Two concepts of corruption.” Edmond J. Safra Working Papers, No. 16, August 1, 2013.
307. T. Beauchamp. “Informed consent: its history, meaning, and present challenges.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 20 (2011): 515–23.
308. C. Silverman. The Epidemiology of Depression (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968): 139.
309. R. Kessler. “Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, 1990 to 2003.” NEJM 352 (2005): 2515–23.
310. S. Thorlacus. “Increased incidence of disability due to mental and behavioural disorders in Iceland, 1990–2007.” J Ment Health 19 (2010): 176–83.
311. C. Miranda. “ADHD drugs could stunt growth.” Daily Telegraph (UK), November 12, 2007
312. E. Offidani. “Excessive mood elevation and behavioral activation with antidepressant treatment of juvenile depressive and anxiety disorders.” Psychother Psychosom 82 (2013): 132–41.
313. G. Faedda. “Pediatric bipolar disorder.” Bipolar Disorders 6 (2004): 305–13.
314. J. Kluger. “Young and Bipolar.” Time, August 19, 2002.
315. M. Zoler. “U.S. children’s psychiatric hospitalizations nearly doubled from 1996– 2007.” Internal Medicine News, November 19, 2010.
316. D. Satcher, Report of Surgeon General’s Conference on Children’s Mental Health (U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, 2001).
317. H. Marano. “Crisis on the campus.” Psychology Today, May 2, 2002.
318. J. Blader. “Increased rates of bipolar disorder diagnoses among U.S. child, adolescent, and adult inpatients, 1996–2004.” Biol Psychiatry 62 (2007): 107–14.
319. S. Kriss. “The Book of Lamentations.” TNI, October 18, 2013.
320. Z. Hurston. Dust Tracks on a Road: An Autobiography. (New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2006): 227
321. B. Pescosolido. “A disease like any other? A decade of change in public reactions to schizophrenia, depression, and alcohol dependence.” Am J Psychiatry 167 (2010): 1321–30.
322. M. Harrow. “Factors involved in outcome and recovery in schizophrenia patients not on antipsychotic medications.” J Nerv Ment Disease 195 (2007): 406–14.
323. M. Harrow. “Do all schizophrenia patients need antipsychotic treatment continuously throughout their lifetime? A 20-year longitudinal study.” Psychol Med 42 (2012): 2145–55.
324. B. Ho. “Long-term antipsychotic treatment and brain volumes.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 68 (2011): 128–37.
325. B. Ho. “Progressive structural brain abnormalities and their relationship to clinical outcome.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 60 (2003): 585– 94.
326. N. Andreasen. “Longitudinal changes in neurocognition during the first decade of schizophrenia illness.” International Congress on Schizophrenia Research (2005): 348.
327. S. Lewis., Candidate for Governor: And How I Got Licked (University of California Press, reprint edition, 1994): 109.
328. M. Banaji. “How (Un)ethical are you?” Harv Business Rev 81 (2003): 56–64.
329. Young S. “Bias in the research literature and conf lict of interest: an issue for publishers, editors, reviewers and authors, and it is not just about the money.” J Psychiatry Neurosci 34 (2009): 412–17.
330. E. Harmon-Jones. “An introduction to cognitive dissonance theory and an overview of current perspectives on the theory,” in Cognitive Dissonance: Progress on a Pivotal Theory in Social Psychology. (Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 1999).C. Tavris. “Self-justification in public and private spheres.” The General Psychologist 42 (2007): 4–7.
331. C. Tavris. “‘Why won’t they admit they’re wrong?’ and other skeptics’ mysteries.” Skeptical Inquirer 31 (2007): 12–13.
332. T. Wilson. “The unseen mind.” Science 321 (2008): 1046–7.
333. M. Morgan. “Interactions of doctors with the pharmaceutical industry.” J Med Ethics 32 (2006): 559–63.
334. M. Steinman. “Of principles and pens.” Am J Med 110 (2001): 551–7.
335. B. Hodges. “Interactions with the pharmaceutical industry.” CMAJ 153 (1995): 553–9.
336. N. Choudhry. “Relationships between authors of clinical practice guidelines and the pharmaceutical industry.” JAMA 287 (2002): 612–17.
337. S. Chimonas. “Physicians and drug representatives: exploring the dynamics of the relationship.” J Gen Intern Med 22 (2007): 184–90.
338. S. Sah. “Effect of reminders of personal sacrifice and suggested rationalizations on residents’ self-reported willingness to accept gifts.” JAMA 304 (2010): 1204–11.
339. P. Appelbaum. “Psychiatrists’ relationships with industry: the principal-agent problem.” Harv Rev Psychiatry 18 (2010): 255–65.
340. A. Detsky. “Sources of bias for authors of clinical practice guidelines.” CMAJ 175 (2006): 1033.
341. G. Alexander. “Brief report: physician narcissism, ego threats, and confidence in the face of uncertainty.” J Applied Social Psychology 40 (2010): 947–55.
342. G. Greenberg. “Inside the battle to define mental illness.” Wired Magazine, December 27, 2010.
343. G. Klerman. “A debate on DSM-III.” Am J Psychiatry 141 (1984): 539–42.
344. J. Talbott. “Response to the presidential address: psychiatry’s unfinished business in the 20th century.” Am J Psychiatry 141 (1984): 927–30.
345. C. Nadelson. “Response to the presidential address: unity amidst diversity.” Am J Psychiatry 142 (1985): 1009–14.
346. R. Pasnau. “Presidential address: psychiatry in medicine.”’ Am J Psychiatry 144 (1987): 975–80.
347. P. Fink. “Response to the presidential address: is ‘biopsychosocial’ the psychiatric shibboleth?” Am J Psychiatry 145 (1988): 1061–7.
348. H. Pardes. “Presidential address: defending humanistic values.” Am J Psychiatry 147 (1990): 1113–19.
349. J. English. “Presidential address: patient care for the twenty-first century.” Am J Psychiatry 150 (1993): 1298–301.
350. H. Sacks. “Response to the presidential address: new challenges for proven values.” Am J Psychiatry 154 (1997): 1350–3.
351. S. Sharfstein. “Presidential address: advocacy as leadership.” Am J Psychiatry 163 (2006): 1711–15.
352. N. Stotland. “Presidential address.” Am J Psychiatry 166 (2009): 1100–4.
353. A. Schatzberg. “Presidential address.” Am J Psychiatry 167 (2010): 1161–5.
354. C. Bernstein. “Response to the presidential address.” Am J Psychiatry 167 (2010): 1166–9.
355. J. Lieberman. “Presidential address: our future is now.” Am J Psychiatry 171 (2014): 733–7
356. A. Nierenberg. “A counter proposal to manage financial conf licts of interest in academic psychiatry.” World Psychiatry 6 (2007): 34–6.
357. M. Thase. “On the propriety of collaborations between academicians and the pharmaceutical industry.” World Psychiatry 6 (2007): 29–31.
358. M. Elias. “Conf licts of Interest Bedevil Psychiatric Drug Research.” USA Today, June 3, 2009.
359. L. Cosgrove. “A comparison of DSM-IV and DSM-5 panel members’ financial associations with industry: a pernicious problem persists.” PLoS Med 9 (2012): e1001190.
360. D. Brauser. “APA answers criticism of pharma-inf luenced bias in DSM-5.” Medscape, January 4, 2013.
361. J. Lieberman. “Time to Re-engage with Pharma?” Psychiatric News 48, August 1, 2013.
362. R. Pies. “Psychiatry’s New Brain-mind and the Legend of the ‘Chemical Imbalance.’” Psychiatric Times, July 11, 2011.
363. R. Pies. “Doctor, is my mood disorder due to a chemical imbalance?” Psychcentral. com, August 4, 2011.
364. B. Pescosolido. “A disease like any other?” Am J Psychiatry 167 (2010): 1321–30
365. J. Kemp. “Effects of a chemical imbalance causal explanation on individuals’ perceptions of their depressive symptoms.” J Behav Res Therapy 56 (2014): 47–52.
366. Fournier J. “Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity.” JAMA 303 (2010): 47–53.
367. P. Kramer. “In Defense of Antidepressants.” New York Times, July 9, 2011.
368. M. Angell. “The Illusions of Psychiatry.” The New York Review of Books, July 14, 2011.
369. M. Moran. “Prominent M.D.’s Book Reviews Give Negative View of Psychiatry.” Psychiatric News 46, August 5, 2011, 8
370. J. Oldham, Letter to the Editor, The New York Review of Books, August 18, 2011.
371. D. Regier. “Book Review Misses Evolution of Psychiatry.” Issued as an “off icial APA response,” August 5, 2011.
372. R. Friedman and A. Nierenberg, Letters to the Editor, The New York Review of Books, August 18, 2011.
373. A. Frances. “A Warning Sign on the Road to DSM-V: Beware of Its Unintended Consequences.” Psychiatric Times, June 26, 2009.
374. A. Frances and R. Spitzer. “Letter to the APA Board of Trustees,” July 6, 2009.
375. A. Schatzberg. “Setting the Record Straight: A Response to Frances Commentary on DSM-V.” Psychiatric Times, July 1, 2009.
376. J. Lieberman. “DSM-5: Caught between mental illness stigma and anti-psychiatry prejudice.” Guest blog on Scientific American, May 20, 2013.
377. D. Davis. The Secret History of the War on Cancer (Basic Books, reprint edition, 2009): 435.
378. B. Falit. “Curbing industry sponsor’s incentives to design post-approval trials that are suboptimal for informing prescribers but more likely than optimal designs to yield favorable results.” Seton Hall Law Review 37 (2007): 969–1049.
379. M. Bazerman and Ann E. Tenbrunsel. Blind Spots: Why We Fail to Do What’ss Right and What to Do about It (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011).
380. T. Stossel. “Opinion: What’s Wrong with COI?” The Scientist, June 12, 2012.
381. T. Mendelson. “Conf licts of interest in cardiovascular clinical practice guidelines.” Arch Intern Med 171 (2011): 577–84.
382. S. Sah. “Physicians under the inf luence.” J Law Med Ethics 41 (2013): 665–72.
383. L. Cosgrove. “Pharmaceutical Philanthropic Shell Games.” Psychiatric Times, March 6, 2010.
384. C. Robertson. “Blinding as a solution to institutional corruption.” Edmond J. Safra working paper 21, September 5, 2013.
385. P. Bracken. “Postpsychiatry: a new direction for mental health.” Br Med J 322 (2001): 724–7