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Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 590-600

Institutional corruption of pharmaceuticals and the myth of safe and effective drugs

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVERSE DRUG REACTION; ARTICLE; DRUG INDUSTRY; ETHICS; HUMAN; MANAGEMENT; POSTMARKETING SURVEILLANCE; PRODUCT SAFETY; PUBLIC HEALTH; SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84880125318     PISSN: 10731105     EISSN: 1748720X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jlme.12068     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (124)

References (85)
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    • Note
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    • 84885098425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • 84885128919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • 84930573179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Lawful but Corrupt: Gaming and the Problem of Institutional Corruption in the Private Sector,"
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    • 0003663231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • T. Beauchamp and J. Childress, Principles of Bioethical Ethics, 5th ed. (New York : Oxford University Press, 2001); R. Gillon, "Medical Ethics: Four Principles Plus Attention to Scope, "BMJ 309, no. 6948 (1994): 184.
    • (2001) Principles of Bioethical Ethics
    • Beauchamp, T.1    Childress, J.2
  • 7
    • 84885170298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Purposeful Identity, quot;Merck & Company,"available at (last visited June 20, 2013). Missions of Pfizer and other companies can be found at the website as well.
    • See Purposeful Identity, "Merck & Company, "available at (last visited June 20, 2013). Missions of Pfizer and other companies can be found at the website as well.
  • 8
    • 84885087321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JFor a discussion of the misalignment between market incentives and public health goals, and ways to address that problem, see M.-A. Gagnon, quot;Corruption of Pharmaceutical Markets: Addressing the Misalignment of Financial Incentives and Public Health,"Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41, no. 3 (2013): 571-580. See also in JLME 41, no. 3 (2013): M. Rodwin, quot;Five Un-Easy Pieces to Pharmaceutical Policy Reform," 581-589, and S. Sismondo, quot;Key Opinion Leaders and the Corruption of Medical Knowledge: What the Sunshine Act Will and Won't Cast Light On," 635-643.
    • JFor a discussion of the misalignment between market incentives and public health goals, and ways to address that problem, see M.-A. Gagnon, "Corruption of Pharmaceutical Markets: Addressing the Misalignment of Financial Incentives and Public Health, "Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41, no. 3 (2013): 571-580. See also in JLME 41, no. 3 (2013): M. Rodwin, "Five Un-Easy Pieces to Pharmaceutical Policy Reform, " 581-589, and S. Sismondo, "Key Opinion Leaders and the Corruption of Medical Knowledge: What the Sunshine Act Will and Won't Cast Light On, " 635-643.
  • 9
    • 84885168768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Republic, Lost, supra note 2, at 107-116.
    • See Republic, Lost, supra note 2, at 107-116.
  • 10
    • 84885129885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Conflict of Interest Policies and the Diffusion of Stimulant, Antidepressant, and Antipsychotic Medications,"
    • (New York City : Yale University School of Management
    • M. King and P. Bearman, "Conflict of Interest Policies and the Diffusion of Stimulant, Antidepressant, and Antipsychotic Medications, " in American Sociological Association (New York City : Yale University School of Management, 2013).
    • (2013) American Sociological Association
    • King, M.1    Bearman, P.2
  • 11
    • 85012188110 scopus 로고
    • Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, P. J. Hilts, Protecting America's Health: The FDA, Business and One Hundred Years of Regulation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003).
    • J. H. Young, The Toadstool Millionaires: A Social History of Patent Medicines in America before Federal Regulation (Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, 1961); P. J. Hilts, Protecting America's Health: The FDA, Business and One Hundred Years of Regulation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003).
    • (1961) The Toadstool Millionaires: A Social History of Patent Medicines in America before Federal Regulation
    • Young, J.H.1
  • 12
    • 23444458067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Hilts, supra note 11; J. Zelenay, quot;The Prescription Drug User Fee Act: Is a Faster Food and Drug Administration Always a Better Food and Drug Administration?"Food and Drug Law Journal 60, no. 2 (2005): 261-338.
    • See Hilts, supra note 11; J. Zelenay, "The Prescription Drug User Fee Act: Is a Faster Food and Drug Administration Always a Better Food and Drug Administration?"Food and Drug Law Journal 60, no. 2 (2005): 261-338.
  • 13
    • 2942533077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York : Random House, J. Avorn, Powerful Medicines: The Benefits, Risks, and Costs of Prescription Drugs (New York: Knopf, 2004); M. Goozner, The $800 Million Pill: The Truth Behind the Cost of New Drugs (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).
    • M. Angell, The Truth About the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What to Do About It (New York : Random House, 2004); J. Avorn, Powerful Medicines: The Benefits, Risks, and Costs of Prescription Drugs (New York: Knopf, 2004); M. Goozner, The $800 Million Pill: The Truth Behind the Cost of New Drugs (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).
    • (2004) The Truth About the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What to Do About It
    • Angell, M.1
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    • 84864877975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Pharmaceutical R&D - What Do We Get for All That Money?"
    • D. Light and J. Lexchin, "Pharmaceutical R&D - What Do We Get for All That Money?" BMJ 344, no. 7869 (2012): e4348.
    • (2012) BMJ , vol.344 , Issue.7869
    • Light, D.1    Lexchin, J.2
  • 15
    • 27144535923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Foreign Free Riders and the High Price of US Medicines,"
    • National Science Foundation, quot;Research and Development in Industry: 1999" (Arlington: March 2002).
    • D. W. Light and J. Lexchin, "Foreign Free Riders and the High Price of US Medicines, " BMJ 331, no. 7522 (2005): 958-960; National Science Foundation, "Research and Development in Industry: 1999" (Arlington: March 2002).
    • (2005) BMJ , vol.331 , Issue.7522 , pp. 958-960
    • Light, D.W.1    Lexchin, J.2
  • 16
    • 38949213691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "The Cost of Pushing Pills: A New Estimate of Pharmaceutical Promotion Expenditures in the United States,"
    • M.-A. Gagnon and J. Lexchin, "The Cost of Pushing Pills: A New Estimate of Pharmaceutical Promotion Expenditures in the United States, " PLoS Medicine 8, no. 1 (2008): 1-5.
    • (2008) PLoS Medicine , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-5
    • Gagnon, M.-A.1    Lexchin, J.2
  • 17
    • 0038277507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prescrire Editorial Staff, quot;Drugs in 2001: A Number of Ruses Unveiled,"Prescrire International 11, no. 58 (2002): 58-60.
    • Prescrire Editorial Staff, "Drugs in 2001: A Number of Ruses Unveiled, "Prescrire International 11, no. 58 (2002): 58-60.
  • 18
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  • 20
    • 84885143967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Light and Lexchin, supra note 14.
    • See Light and Lexchin, supra note 14.
  • 21
    • 84885088917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duke Translational Medicine Institute, available at (last visited June 20, 2013); E. Schmid and D. Smith, quot;Is Declining Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry a Myth?"Drug Discovery Today 10, no. 15 (2005): 1031-1039.
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    • "IND Preparation and Maintenance,"
    • O'Reilly, E.1
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    • 33747085562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Narrative Review: The Promotion of Gabapentin: An Analysis of Internal Industry Documents,"
    • M. Hoffman, quot;Pharmaceutical Detailing Is Not for Everyone,"Journal of Legal Medicine 33, no. 3 (2012): 381-397; G. Spurling, quot;Information from Pharmaceutical Companies and the Quality, Quantity and Cost of Physicians' Prescribing: A Systemiatic Review,"PLoS Medicine 7, no. 10 (2010): e1000352; see also S. Sah and A. Fugh-Berman, quot;Physicians under the Influence: Social Psychology and Industry Marketing Strategies,"Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41, no. 3 (2013): 665-672.
    • M. A. Steinman et al., "Narrative Review: The Promotion of Gabapentin: An Analysis of Internal Industry Documents, " Annals of Internal Medicine 145, no. 4 (2006): 284-293; M. Hoffman, "Pharmaceutical Detailing Is Not for Everyone, "Journal of Legal Medicine 33, no. 3 (2012): 381-397; G. Spurling et al., "Information from Pharmaceutical Companies and the Quality, Quantity and Cost of Physicians' Prescribing: A Systemiatic Review, "PLoS Medicine 7, no. 10 (2010): e1000352; see also S. Sah and A. Fugh-Berman, "Physicians under the Influence: Social Psychology and Industry Marketing Strategies, "Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41, no. 3 (2013): 665-672.
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    • See Avorn, supra note 13, at Chapter 13; S. G. Morgan et al., quot;'Breakthrough' Drugs and Growth in Expenditure on Prescription Drugs in Canada,"BMJ 331, no. 7520 (2005): 815-816.
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    • See Light and Lexchin, supra note 14.
    • See Light and Lexchin, supra note 14.
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    • See Avorn, supra note 13, at 205, 197-216.
    • See Avorn, supra note 13, at 205, 197-216.
  • 26
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    • Other recent studies find similar rates of harm. C. van der Hooft et al., quot;Adverse Drug Reaction Related Hospitalizations,"Drug Safety 29, no. 2 (2006): 161-168; M. Pirmohamed et al., quot;Adverse Drug Reactions as Cause of Admission to Hospital: Prospecive Analysis of 18,820 Patients,"BMJ 329, no. 7456 (2004): 15-19.
    • Other recent studies find similar rates of harm. C. van der Hooft et al., "Adverse Drug Reaction Related Hospitalizations, "Drug Safety 29, no. 2 (2006): 161-168; M. Pirmohamed et al., "Adverse Drug Reactions as Cause of Admission to Hospital: Prospecive Analysis of 18, 820 Patients, "BMJ 329, no. 7456 (2004): 15-19.
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    • ISMP, quot;QuarterWatch," T. J. Moore, M. R. Cohen, and C. D. Furberg, eds. (Horsham, PA: Institute for Safe Medication Practices, 2012).
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    • "New Drugs and Safety: What Happened to New Active Substances Approved in Canada between 1995 and 2010?"
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    • Kaiser Family Foundation, Prescription Drug Trends, 2010.
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    • "The Cost of Pushing Pills: A New Estimate of pharmaceutical promotion expenditures in the United States,"
    • K. Applbaum, quot;Getting to Yes: Corporate Power and the Creation of a Psychopharmaceutical Blockbuster,"Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 33, no. 2 (2009): 185-215; K. Applbaum, quot;Is Marketing the Enemy of Pharmaceutical Innovation?"Hastings Center Report 39, no. 4 (2009): 13-17. For excellent overviews of how dependency corruption compromises the medical profession's duty to make patients as healthy as they can be, see M. Rodwin, quot;Conflicts of Interest, Institutional Corruption, and Pharma: An Agenda for Reform,"Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 3 (2012): 511-522; M. Rodwin, quot;Reforming Pharmaceutical Industry-Physician Financial Relationships: Lessons from the United States, France, and Japan,"Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 39, no. 4 (2011): 662-670.
    • M.-A. Gagnon and J. Lexchin, "The Cost of Pushing Pills: A New Estimate of pharmaceutical promotion expenditures in the United States, " PLoS Medicine 5, no. 1 (2008); K. Applbaum, "Getting to Yes: Corporate Power and the Creation of a Psychopharmaceutical Blockbuster, "Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 33, no. 2 (2009): 185-215; K. Applbaum, "Is Marketing the Enemy of Pharmaceutical Innovation?"Hastings Center Report 39, no. 4 (2009): 13-17. For excellent overviews of how dependency corruption compromises the medical profession's duty to make patients as healthy as they can be, see M. Rodwin, "Conflicts of Interest, Institutional Corruption, and Pharma: An Agenda for Reform, "Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 3 (2012): 511-522; M. Rodwin, "Reforming Pharmaceutical Industry-Physician Financial Relationships: Lessons from the United States, France, and Japan, "Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 39, no. 4 (2011): 662-670.
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    • Gagnon, M.-A.1    Lexchin, J.2
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    • Id., at 151-156.
    • Id., at 151-156.
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    • Salter, supra note 5; M. Salter, Short-Termism at Its Worst, Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics Working Paper No. 5, 2013, available at (last visited June 20, 2013); M. Salter, Innovation Corrupted: The Origins and Legacy of Enron's Collapse (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008); D. Carpenter, Reputation and Power: Organizational Image and Pharmaceutical Regulation at the FDA (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010).
    • Salter, supra note 5; M. Salter, Short-Termism at Its Worst, Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics Working Paper No. 5, 2013, available at (last visited June 20, 2013); M. Salter, Innovation Corrupted: The Origins and Legacy of Enron's Collapse (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008); D. Carpenter, Reputation and Power: Organizational Image and Pharmaceutical Regulation at the FDA (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010).
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    • See Hilts, supra note 11, at Chap. 8. This is about what Prescrire has found since 1981 (Figure 1).
    • See Hilts, supra note 11, at Chap. 8. This is about what Prescrire has found since 1981 (Figure 1).
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    • See Republic, Lost, supra note 2, at 107-116.
    • See Republic, Lost, supra note 2, at 107-116.
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    • See Hilts, supra note 11, at Chap. 11.
    • See Hilts, supra note 11, at Chap. 11.
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    • Food and Drug Administration, quot;Guidance for FDA Staff and Industry: Marketed Unapproved Drugs: Compliance Policy Guide," September 19, 2011, at 3, 10-11.
    • Food and Drug Administration, "Guidance for FDA Staff and Industry: Marketed Unapproved Drugs: Compliance Policy Guide, " September 19, 2011, at 3, 10-11.
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    • See Hilts, supra note 11; Carpenter, supra note 37.
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    • Id. (Hilts); J. Abraham, Science, Politics and the Pharmaceutical Industry (London: Routledge, 1995); M. Rodwin, "Independent Clinical Trials to Test Drugs: The Neglected Reform, "St. Louis Law Review 6, no. 113 (2012): 113-166.
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* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.