Towards a tipping point? Exploring the capacity to self-regulate Antarctic tourism using agent-based modelling

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 412-429

  Student, Jillian ^a   Amelung, Bas ^a   Lamers, Machiel ^a  

^a WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

agent based modelling (ABM); Antarctic tourism; IAATO; scenario analysis; self regulation; simulation

Indexed keywords

ECOTOURISM; MODELING; REGULATORY APPROACH; TOURISM DEVELOPMENT; TOURISM MANAGEMENT;

ANTARCTICA;

EID: 84960233882     PISSN: 09669582     EISSN: 17477646     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1107079     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. B.Amelung,, & M.Lamers, (2006). Scenario development for Antarctic tourism: Exploring the uncertainties. Polarforschung, 75(2–3), 133–139.
2. Antarctica New Zealand. (2000). Proceedings of the Antarctic tourism workshop held by Antarctica New Zealand on June 23, 2000. Christchurch: Antarctica New Zealand.
3. K.Bastmeijer, (2011). A long term strategy for Antarctic tourism: The key to decision making within the Antarctic Treaty System? In P.Maher, E.Stewart, & M.Lück (Eds.), Polar tourism: Human, environmental and governance dimensions (pp. 167–184). Elmsford, NY: Cognizant Communication Corporation.
4. K.Bastmeijer,, & M.Lamers, (2013). Reaching consensus on Antarctic tourism regulation: Calibrating the human–nature relationship? In D.Mueller, L.Lundmark, & H.Lemelin (Eds.), New issues in polar tourism (pp. 67–85). Heidelberg: Springer Verlag.
5. K.Bastmeijer,, & R.Roura, (2004). Regulating Antarctic tourism and the precautionary principle. American Journal of International Law, 98(4), 763–781.
6. T.G.Bauer, (1994). The future of commercial tourism in Antarctica. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(2), 410–413.
7. A.Berger, (2010). Selling the adventure of a lifetime: An ethnography report on cruising in the Antarctic. In M.Lück, P.Maher, & E.Stewart (Eds.), Cruise tourism in the polar regions: Promoting environmental and social sustainability? (pp. 43–54). London: Earthscan.
8. E.Bonabeau, (2002). Agent-based modeling: Methods and techniques for simulating human systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(Suppl. 3), 7280–7287.
9. S.Chown,, J.Lee,, K.Hughes,, J.Barnes,, P.Barrett,, D.Bergstrom,, … D.Wall, (2012). Challenges to the future conservation of the Antarctic. Science, 337(6091), 158–159.
10. K.Crosbie,, & J.Splettstoesser, (2009). Antarctic tourism introduction. In P.Maher, M.Lück, & E.Stewart (Eds.), Polar tourism: Human, environmental and governance dimensions (pp. 105–120). Elmsford, NY: Cognizant Communication Corporation.
11. P.B.Davis, (1995). Antarctic visitor behavior: Are guidelines enough? Polar Record, 31(178), 327–334.
12. D.Enzenbacher, (1995). The regulation of Antarctic tourism. In C.Hall & M.Johnston (Eds.), Polar tourism: Tourism in the Arctic and Antarctic regions (pp. 179–215). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
13. D.Enzenbacher, (2007). Antarctic tourism policy-making: Current challenges and future prospects. In G.Triggs & A.Riddell (Eds.), Antarctica: Legal and environmental challenges for the future (pp. 155–189). London: The British Institute of International and Comparative Law.
14. Y.Frenot,, S.Chown,, J.Whinam,, P.Selkirk,, P.Convey,, M.Skotnicki,, & D.Bergstrom, (2005). Biological invasions in the Antarctic: Extent, impacts and implications. Biological Reviews, 80(1), 45–72.
15. N.Gilbert,, & P.Terna, (2000). How to build and use agent-based models in social science. Mind & Society, 1(1), 57–72.
16. V.Grimm,, U.Berger,, F.Bastiansen,, S.Eliassen,, V.Ginot,, J.Giske,, … D.DeAngelis, (2006). A standard protocol for describing individual-based and agent-based models. Ecological Modelling, 198(1–2), 115–126.
17. V.Grimm,, U.Berger,, D.DeAngelis,, J.Polhill,, J.Giske,, & S.Railsback, (2010). The ODD protocol: A review and first update. Ecological Modelling, 221(23), 2760–2768.
18. V.Grimm,, E.Revilla,, U.Berger,, F.Jeltsch,, W.Mooij,, S.Railsback,, … D.DeAngelis, (2005). Pattern-oriented modeling of agent-based complex systems: Lessons from ecology. Science (New York), 310(5750), 987–991.
19. D.Haase,, M.Lamers,, & B.Amelung, (2009). Heading into uncharted territory? Exploring the institutional robustness of self-regulation in the Antarctic tourism sector. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(4), 411–430.
20. D.Haase,, B.Storey,, A.McIntosh,, A.Carr,, & N.Gilbert, (2007). Stakeholder perspectives on regulatory aspects of Antarctic tourism. Tourism in Marine Environments, 4(2–3), 167–183.
21. R.Headland, (1994). Historical development of Antarctic tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(2), 269–280.
22. IAATO. (2013). Membership directory. Retrieved August 30, 2014, from http://apps.iaato.org/iaato/directory/list.jsf
23. IAATO. (2014). Past IAATO information papers 1998–2014. Retrieved September 22, 2015, from http://iaato.org/past-iaato-information-papers
24. IAATO. (2015a). Current IAATO information papers. Retrieved September 24, 2015, from http://iaato.org/current-iaato-information-papers
25. IAATO. (2015b). Website of the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators. Retrieved September 24, 2015, from www.iaato.org
26. R.Lambert, (2007). “Observing” sustainable tourism in Antarctica: The International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators' observer scheme (Discussion paper). Nottingham: Christel Dehaan Tourism and Travel Research Institute.
27. M.Lamers,, D.Liggett,, & B.Amelung, (2012). Strategic challenges of tourism development and governance in Antarctica: Taking stock and moving forward. Polar Research, 31, 17219.
28. D.Landau, (2011). International cooperation and management of tourism: A world within a world. In P.Berkman, M.Lang, D.Walton, & O.Young (Eds.), Science diplomacy: Antarctica, science, and the governance of international spaces (pp. 241–244). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.
29. D.Landau,, & J.Splettstoesser, (2007a). Antarctic tourism: What are the limits? In J.Snyder & B.Stonehouse (Eds.), Prospects for polar tourism (pp. 197–209). Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
30. D.Landau,, & J.Splettstoesser, (2007b). Management of tourism in the marine environment of Antarctica: IAATO perspective. Tourism in Marine Environments, 4(2–3), 185–193.
31. D.Liggett,, A.McIntosh,, A.Thompson,, N.Gilbert,, & B.Storey, (2011). From frozen continent to tourism hotspot? Five decades of Antarctic tourism development and management, and a glimpse into the future. Tourism Management, 32(2), 357–366.
32. D.Liggett,, A.McIntosh,, A.Thompson,, B.Storey,, & N.Gilbert, (2010). Stakeholder perspectives on the governance of Antarctic cruise tourism. In M.Lück, P.Maher, & E.Stewart (Eds.), Cruise tourism in the polar regions: Promoting environmental and social sustainability? (pp. 167–180). London: Earthscan.
33. H.J.Lynch,, K.Crosbie,, W.F.Fagan,, & R.Naveen, (2010). Spatial patterns of tour ship traffic in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Antarctic Science, 22(2), 123–130.
34. E.J.Molenaar, (2005). Sea-borne tourism in Antarctica: Avenues for further intergovernmental regulation. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 20(2), 247–295.
35. S.Muir,, J.Jabour,, & J.Carlsen, (2007). Antarctic gateway ports: Opening tourism to Macquarie Island and the east Antarctic from Hobart. Tourism in Marine Environments, 4(2–3), 135–150.
36. M.Olson, (1965). The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
37. M.Orams, (2010). Polar yacht cruising. In M.Lück, P.Maher, & E.Stewart (Eds.), Cruise tourism in the polar regions: Promoting environmental and social sustainability? (pp. 13–24). London: Earthscan.
38. E.Ostrom, (2005). Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
39. E.Ostrom,, J.Burger,, C.Field,, R.Norgaard,, & D.Policansky, (1999). Revisiting the commons: Local lessons, global challenges. Science, 284(5412), 278–282.
40. R.Powell,, S.Kellert,, & S.Ham, (2008). Antarctic tourists: Ambassadors or consumers? Polar Record, 44, 223–241.
41. Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty. (1991). Environmental protocol. Protocol on environmental protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Buenos Aires: Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty.
42. J.Snyder, (1997). Alternative future for tourism to Antarctica: And a preliminary assessment of their resource management implications. Littleton: Strategic Studies.
43. J.Snyder,, & International Ecotourism Society. (2007). Tourism in the polar regions: The sustainability challenge. Washington, DC: UNEP/Earthprint.
44. J.Splettstoesser, (2000). IAATO's stewardship of the Antarctic environment: A history of tour operator's concern for a vulnerable part of the world. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2(1), 47–55.
45. J.Splettstoesser,, D.Landau,, & R.Headland, (2004). Tourism in the forbidden lands: The Antarctica experience. In T.Singh (Ed.), New horizons in tourism. Strange experiences and stranger practices (pp. 27–36). Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
46. E.Stewart,, D.Draper,, & M.Johnston, (2005). A review of tourism research in the polar regions. Arctic, 58(4), 383–394.
47. B.Stonehouse,, & K.Crosbie, (1995). Tourist impacts and management in the Antarctic Peninsula area. In C.Hall & M.Johnston (Eds.), Polar tourism: Tourism in the Arctic and Antarctic regions (pp. 217–233). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
48. T.Tin,, M.Lamers,, D.Liggett,, P.Maher,, & K.Hughes, (2014). Setting the scene: Human activities, environmental impacts and governance arrangements in Antarctica. In T.Tin, D.Liggett, P.Maher, & M.Lamers (Eds.), Antarctic futures: Human engagement with the Antarctic environment (pp. 1–24). Dordrecht: Springer.
49. T.Tin,, D.Liggett,, P.Maher,, & M.Lamers, (Eds.). (2014). Antarctic futures: Human engagement with the Antarctic environment. Dordrecht: Springer.
50. United Kingdom. (2004). Tourism and self-regulation: A commentary on IAATO. Antarctic Treaty Meeting of Experts (ATME) on tourism and non-governmental activities, ATME Paper 4, Tromsö, Norway.
51. A.Wright, (2008). Southern exposure: Managing sustainable cruise ship tourism in Antarctica. California Western International Law Journal, 39, 43–86.