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1
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27744540588
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note
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"Agent-based complex systems" (ACSs) are often referred to as "complex adaptive systems," but we prefer ACS because it is not clear whether systems are really adaptive, which would require that they have a goal.
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4
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27744519856
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note
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See the list of recent reviews of bottom-up models provided in the Supporting Online Material.
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10
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11
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27744580437
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note
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Patterns are observations of any kind showing nonrandom structure and therefore containing information on the mechanisms from which they emerge. Complex systems contain patterns at different hierarchical levels and scales. Ecosystems, for example, contain patterns in primary production, species diversity, spatial structure, dynamics of component species populations, behavior of individual organisms, resource dynamics, and response of all these to disturbance events and stress. Useful patterns need not be striking; qualitative or "weak" patterns can be powerful in combination. For example, we can easily identify a person in a crowd even without a strong pattern (e.g., a photograph) by using a set of weak patterns: sex, approximate age, hair color, size, etc. Each of these characteristic patterns excludes many individuals.
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13
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27744509322
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note
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A search for "(individual-based or individual-oriented) and model*" and for "(agent-based or agent-oriented) and model*" in the Web of Science database (title, abstract, keywords) yielded 1023 "individual-based" records and 1036 "agent- based" records. A review of the 1023 individual-based records indicates that more than 90% of them are ecological (38).
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27744559282
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note
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Examples include individual-based models for forest management (39) and population viability analysis (40); see also the POM references and the ecological bottom-up reviews in the Supporting Online Material.
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note
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We thank L. Tesfatsion, P. Johnson, B. LeBaron, and T. Kohler for hints to relevant literature; S. Winter, M. Flade, and C. Rademacher for providing photos; H. Hildenbrandt for Fig. 3A; and three anonymous referees for valuable comments.
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