On the effectiveness of nitrogen oxide reductions as a control over ammonium nitrate aerosol

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 2575-2596

  Pusede, S E ^a,k   Duffey, K C ^a   Shusterman, A A ^a   Saleh, A ^a   Laughner, J L ^a   Wooldridge, P J ^a   Zhang, Q ^b   Parworth, C L ^b   Kim, H ^c   Capps, S L ^d   Valin, L C ^e   Cappa, C D ^b   Fried, A ^f   Walega, J ^f   Nowak, J B ^g   Weinheimer, A J ^h   Hoff, R M ⁱ   Berkoff, T A ^j   Beyersdorf, A J ^j   Olson, J ^j   Crawford, J H ^j   Cohen, R C ^a   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c Korea Institute of Science and Technology   (South Korea)

^d University of Colorado at Boulder   (United States)

^e International Research Institute for Climate and Society   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^g AERODYNE RESEARCH INC   (United States)

^h NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY   (United States)

^j NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^k UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; AMMONIUM NITRATE; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); NITROGEN OXIDES;

CALIFORNIA; SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84960145522     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-2575-2016     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. American Lung Association, State of the air: 2014 report: http://www.stateoftheair.org/2014/assets/ALA-SOTA-2014-Full.pdf (last access: 27 March 2015), 2014.
2. Appel, B. R., Tokiwa, Y., and Haik, M.: Sampling of nitrates in ambient air, Atmos. Environ., 15, 283-289, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(81)90029-9, 1981.
3. 2.5 mass in seven U.S. cities, J. Air Waste Ma., 50, 1095-1105, doi:10.1080/10473289.2000.10464152, 2000.
4. Bao, J. W., Michelson, S. A., Persson, P. O. G., Djalalova, I. V., and Wilczak, J. M.: Observed and WRF-Simulated Low-Level Winds in a High-Ozone Episode during the Central California Ozone Study, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 47, 2372-2394, doi:10.1175/2008JAMC1822.1, 2008.
5. 5 reactivity on aqueous particles: the competing effects of particle liquid water, nitrate and chloride, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8351-8363, doi:10.5194/acp-9-8351-2009, 2009.
6. Bianco, L., Djalalova, I. V., King, C. W., and Wilczak, J. M.: Diurnal evolution and annual variability of boundary-layer height and its correlation to other meteorological variables in California's Central Valley, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 140, 491-511, doi:10.1007/s10546-011-9622-4, 2011.
7. Brown, S. S. and Stutz, J.: Nighttime radical observations and chemistry, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 6405-6447, doi:10.1039/C2CS35181A, 2012.
8. Brown, S. G., Hyslop, N. P., Roberts, P. T., McCarthy, M. C., and Lurmann, F. W.: Wintertime vertical variations in particulate matter (PM) and precursor concentrations in the San Joaquin Valley during the California Regional Coarse PM/Fine PM Air Quality Study, J. Air Waste Ma., 56, 1267-1277, doi:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464583, 2006.
9. 5, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4539, doi:10.1029/2003JD003407, 2003.
10. 5 through the nocturnal boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 139-149, doi:10.5194/acp-7-139-2007, 2007.
11. 5 determined from aircraft measurements during the Second Texas Air Quality Study: comparison to current model parameterizations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D00F10, doi:10.1029/2008jd011679, 2009.
12. California Air Resources Board, Truck and bus regulation - current regulation and advisories, http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/onrdiesel/regulation.htm (last access: 7 January 2016), 2012.
13. x concentrations in secondary organic aerosol formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7169-7188, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7169-2010, 2010.
14. 2.5 source contributions for the San Joaquin Valley with multivariate receptor models, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 2818-2826, doi:10.1021/es0525105, 2007.
15. 2.5 nitrate and sulfate at the Fresno Supersite, Environ. Monit. Assess., 144, 179-189, doi:10.1007/s10661-007-9987-5, 2008.
16. 2.5 nitrate from filter samples in Central California, J. Air Waste Ma., 55, 1158-1168, doi:10.1080/10473289.2005.10464704, 2005.
17. 2.5 Air Quality Study (CRPAQS), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D10S04, doi:10.1029/2005jd006457, 2006.
18. Clarisse, L., Shephard, M. W., Dentener, F., Hurtmans, D., Cady-Pereira, K., Karagulian, F., Van Damme, M., Clerbaux, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: Satellite monitoring of ammonia: a case study of the San Joaquin Valley, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D13302, doi:10.1029/2009jd013291, 2010.
19. 4 solutions coated with 1-component and 2-component monolayers, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 4625-4635, doi:10.1021/jp8005469, 2008.
20. Dallmann, T. R. and Harley, R. A.: Evaluation of mobile source emission trends in the United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D14305, doi:10.1029/2010jd013862, 2010.
21. Dallmann, T. R., DeMartini, S. J., Kirchstetter, T. W., Herndon, S. C., Onasch, T. B., Wood, E. C., and Harley, R. A.: On-road measurement of gas and particle phase pollutant emission factors for individual heavy-duty diesel trucks, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 8511-8518, doi:10.1021/es301936c, 2012.
22. 3, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4046, doi:10.1029/2001JD000779, 2002.
23. 3, and OH, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98, 7149-7163, doi:10.1029/92jd02979, 1993.
24. Drewnick, F., Hings, S. S., DeCarlo, P., Jayne, J. T., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Weimer, S., Jimenez, J. L., Demerjian, K. L., Borrmann, S., and Worsnop, D. R.: A new Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (TOF-AMS) - instrument description and first field deployment, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, 637-658, doi:10.1080/02786820500182040, 2005.
25. Dunlea, E. J., Herndon, S. C., Nelson, D. D., Volkamer, R. M., San Martini, F., Sheehy, P. M., Zahniser, M. S., Shorter, J. H., Wormhoudt, J. C., Lamb, B. K., Allwine, E. J., Gaffney, J. S., Marley, N. A., Grutter, M., Marquez, C., Blanco, S., Cardenas, B., Retama, A., Ramos Villegas, C. R., Kolb, C. E., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Evaluation of nitrogen dioxide chemiluminescence monitors in a polluted urban environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2691-2704, doi:10.5194/acp-7-2691-2007, 2007.
26. Environmental Protection Agency, California's advanced clean cars program: http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/clean-cars/accsummary-final.pdf (last access: 7 January 2016), 2012.
27. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA revises the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for particle pollution: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-01-15/pdf/2012-30946.pdf (last access: 7 January 2016), 2013.
28. 2 fluxes using eddy covariance, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3471-3486, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3471-2006, 2006.
29. Farmer, D. K., Chen, Q., Kimmel, J. R., Docherty, K. S., Nemitz, E., Artaxo, P. A., Cappa, C. D., Martin, S. T., and Jimenez, J. L.: Chemically resolved particle fluxes over tropical and temperate forests, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 47, 818-830, doi:10.1080/02786826.2013.791022, 2013.
30. 2 in laboratory systems and in outdoor and indoor atmospheres: An integrated mechanism, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 223-242, doi:10.1039/b208564j, 2003.
31. Flechard, C. R., Spirig, C., Neftel, A., and Ammann, C.: The annual ammonia budget of fertilised cut grassland - Part 2: Seasonal variations and compensation point modeling, Biogeosciences, 7, 537-556, doi:10.5194/bg-7-537-2010, 2010.
32. 2O aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4639-4659, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4639-2007, 2007.
33. Fry, J. L., Draper, D. C., Zarzana, K. J., Campuzano-Jost, P., Day, D. A., Jimenez, J. L., Brown, S. S., Cohen, R. C., Kaser, L., Hansel, A., Cappellin, L., Karl, T., Hodzic Roux, A., Turnipseed, A., Cantrell, C., Lefer, B. L., and Grossberg, N.: Observations of gas- and aerosol-phase organic nitrates at BEACHON-RoMBAS 2011, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8585-8605, doi:10.5194/acp-13-8585-2013, 2013.
34. Ge, X., Setyan, A., Sun, Y., and Zhang, Q.: Primary and secondary organic aerosols in Fresno, California during wintertime: results from high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D19301, doi:10.1029/2012JD018026, 2012.
35. 3 emissions for the continental united states: inverse model estimation and evaluation, Atmos. Environ., 40, 4986-4998, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.066, 2006.
36. Goebes, M. D., Strader, R., and Davidson, C.: An ammonia emission inventory for fertilizer application in the United States, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2539-2550, doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(03)00129-8, 2003.
37. 5 on sub-micron sulfate aerosols, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 3453-3463, doi:10.1039/b301827j, 2003.
38. Heald, C. L., Collett Jr., J. L., Lee, T., Benedict, K. B., Schwandner, F. M., Li, Y., Clarisse, L., Hurtmans, D. R., Van Damme, M., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Philip, S., Martin, R. V., and Pye, H. O. T.: Atmospheric ammonia and particulate inorganic nitrogen over the United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 10295-10312, doi:10.5194/acp-12-10295-2012, 2012.
39. 2.5 arising from volatilization of particulate nitrate from teflon filters, J. Air Waste Ma., 49, 725-733, doi:10.1080/10473289.1999.10463843, 1999.
40. Herner, J. D., Ying, Q., Aw, J., Gao, O., Chang, D. P. Y., and Kleeman, M. J.: Dominant mechanisms that shape the airborne particle size and composition distribution in Central California, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40, 827-844, doi:10.1080/02786820600728668, 2006.
41. Holets, S. and Swanson, R. N.: High-inversion fog episodes in Central California, J. Appl. Meteorol., 20, 890-899, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020〈0890:HIFEIC〉2.0.CO;2, 1981.
42. Howard, C. J., Kumar, A., Malkina, I., Mitloehner, F., Green, P. G., Flocchini, R. G., and Kleeman, M. J.: Reactive organic gas emissions from livestock feed contribute significantly to ozone production in Central California, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 2309-2314, doi:10.1021/es902864u, 2010.
43. 5 hydrolysis on sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate aerosols at room temperature, J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 871-878, doi:10.1021/jp9627436, 1997.
44. Huebert, B. J. and Robert, C. H.: The dry deposition of nitric acid to grass, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 90, 2085-2090, doi:10.1029/JD090iD01p02085, 1985.
45. Jacob, D. J., Waldman, J. M., Munger, J. W., and Hoffmann, M. R.: A field investigation of physical and chemical mechanisms affecting pollutant concentrations in fog droplets, Tellus, 36, 272-285, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.1984.tb00247.x, 1984.
46. 3 system at high humidities and in fogs. 1. Spatial and temporal patterns in the San Joaquin Valley of California, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 91, 1073-1088, doi:10.1029/JD091iD01p01073, 1986a.
47. 3 system at high humidities and in fogs. 2. Comparison of field data with thermodynamic calculations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 91, 1089-1096, doi:10.1029/JD091iD01p01089, 1986b.
48. Kelly, J. T., Baker, K. R., Nowak, J. B., Murphy, J. G., Markovic, M. Z., VandenBoer, T. C., Ellis, R. A., Neuman, J. A., Weber, R. J., Roberts, J. M., Veres, P. R., de Gouw, J. A., Beaver, M. R., Newman, S., and Misenis, C.: Fine-scale simulation of ammonium and nitrate over the South Coast Air Basin and San Joaquin Valley of California during CalNex-2010, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 3600-3614, doi:10.1002/2013jd021290, 2014.
49. Kroll, J. H. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Chemistry of secondary organic aerosol: formation and evolution of low-volatility organics in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 42, 3593-3624, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.003, 2008.
50. 5 by tropospheric aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7409-7414, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7409-2010, 2010.
51. Madronich, S.: Photodissociation in the atmosphere .1. Actinic flux and the effects of ground reflections and clouds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 92, 9740-9752, doi:10.1029/JD092iD08p09740, 1987.
52. Markovic, M. Z., VandenBoer, T. C., Baker, K. R., Kelly, J. T., and Murphy, J. G.: Measurements and modeling of the inorganic chemical composition of fine particulate matter and associated precursor gases in California's San Joaquin Valley during CalNex 2010, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 6853-6866, doi:10.1002/2013JD021408, 2014.
53. McDonald, B. C., Dallmann, T. R., Martin, E. W., and Harley, R. A.: Long-term trends in nitrogen oxide emissions from motor vehicles at national, state, and air basin scales, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D00V18, doi:10.1029/2012jd018304, 2012.
54. McNeill, V. F., Patterson, J., Wolfe, G. M., and Thornton, J. A.: The effect of varying levels of surfactant on the reactive uptake of N2O5 to aqueous aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1635-1644, doi:10.5194/acp-6-1635-2006, 2006.
55. 3 deposition to a deciduous forest, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 49, 395-410, doi:10.1007/BF00123651, 1989.
56. Munger, J. W., Jacob, D. J., Waldman, J. M., and Hoffmann, M. R.: Fogwater chemistry in an urban atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Oc. Atm., 88, 5109-5121, doi:10.1029/JC088iC09p05109, 1983.
57. Murphy, J. G., Day, D. A., Cleary, P. A., Wooldridge, P. J., Millet, D. B., Goldstein, A. H., and Cohen, R. C.: The weekend effect within and downwind of Sacramento - Part 1: Observations of ozone, nitrogen oxides, and VOC reactivity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5327-5339, doi:10.5194/acp-7-5327-2007, 2007.
58. 2, J. Phys. Chem., 85, 3891-3896, doi:10.1021/j150625a036, 1981.
59. Nenes, A., Pandis, S., and Pilinis, C.: ISORROPIA: a new thermodynamic equilibrium model for multiphase multicomponent inorganic aerosols, Aquat. Geochem., 4, 123-152, doi:10.1023/A:1009604003981, 1998.
60. Ng, N. L., Kroll, J. H., Chan, A. W. H., Chhabra, P. S., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from m-xylene, toluene, and benzene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3909-3922, doi:10.5194/acp-7-3909-2007, 2007.
61. Pandis, S. N. and Seinfeld, J. H.: On the interaction between equilibration processes and wet or dry deposition, Atmos. Environ. Part A - Gen., 24, 2313-2327, doi:10.1016/0960-1686(90)90325-H, 1990.
62. 2: new constraints on the yield and lifetime of isoprene nitrates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1451-1463, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1451-2009, 2009.
63. Perring, A. E., Pusede, S. E., and Cohen, R. C.: An observational perspective on the atmospheric impacts of alkyl and multifunctional nitrates on ozone and secondary organic aerosol, Chem. Rev., 113, 5848-5870, doi:10.1021/cr300520x, 2013.
64. Pleim, J. E., Bash, J. O., Walker, J. T., and Cooter, E. J.: Development and evaluation of an ammonia bidirectional flux parameterization for air quality models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 3794-3806, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50262, 2013.
65. x concentration, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39 7046-7054, doi:10.1021/es050400s, 2005.
66. x and VOC reactivity reductions in San Joaquin Valley California 1995-present, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8323-8339, doi:10.5194/acp-12-8323-2012, 2012.
67. Pusede, S. E., Gentner, D. R., Wooldridge, P. J., Browne, E. C., Rollins, A. W., Min, K.-E., Russell, A. R., Thomas, J., Zhang, L., Brune, W. H., Henry, S. B., DiGangi, J. P., Keutsch, F. N., Harrold, S. A., Thornton, J. A., Beaver, M. R., St. Clair, J. M., Wennberg, P. O., Sanders, J., Ren, X., VandenBoer, T. C., Markovic, M. Z., Guha, A., Weber, R., Goldstein, A. H., and Cohen, R. C.: On the temperature dependence of organic reactivity, nitrogen oxides, ozone production, and the impact of emission controls in San Joaquin Valley, California, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3373-3395, doi:10.5194/acp-14-3373-2014, 2014.
68. 2 dependence of daytime near-surface nitrous acid (HONO), Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 12774-12781, doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b02511, 2015.
69. x control over nighttime SOA formation, Science, 337, 1210-1212, doi:10.1126/science.1221520, 2012.
70. Rood, M. J., Shaw, M. A., Larson, T. V., and Covert, D. S.: Ubiquitous nature of ambient metastable aerosol, Nature, 337, 537-539, doi:10.1038/337537a0, 1989.
71. x emissions in California, 2005-2008, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 3608-3615, doi:10.1021/es903451j, 2010.
72. 2 column densities from OMI: method and evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8543-8554, doi:10.5194/acp-11-8543-2011, 2011.
73. 2 observations over the United States: effects of emission control technology and the economic recession, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 12197-12209, doi:10.5194/acp-12-12197-2012, 2012.
74. San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control Board, Rule 4901-Wood burning fireplaces and wood burning heaters: http://www.valleyair.org/rules/currntrules/r4901.pdf (last access: 5 January 2016), 2003.
75. Schiferl, L. D., Heald, C. L., Nowak, J. B., Holloway, J. S., Neuman, J. A., Bahreini, R., Pollack, I. B., Ryerson, T. B., Wiedinmyer, C., and Murphy, J. G.: An investigation of ammonia and inorganic particulate matter in California during the CalNex campaign, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 1883-1902, doi:10.1002/2013jd020765, 2014.
76. Sehmel, G. A.: Particle and gas dry deposition: a review, Atmos. Environ., 14, 983-1011, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(80)90031-1, 1980.
77. Shaw Jr., R. W., Stevens, R. K., Bowermaster, J., Tesch, J. W., and Tew, E.: Measurements of atmospheric nitrate and nitric acid: the denuder difference experiment, Atmos. Environ., 16, 845-853, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(82)90403-6, 1982.
78. Shaw, S. L., Mitloehner, F. M., Jackson, W., Depeters, E. J., Fadel, J. G., Robinson, P. H., Holzinger, R., and Goldstein, A. H.: Volatile organic compound emissions from dairy cows and their waste as measured by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1310-1316, doi:10.1021/es061475e, 2007.
79. Sievering, H., Kelly, T., McConville, G., Seibold, C., and Turnipseed, A.: Nitric acid dry deposition to conifer forests: Niwot Ridge spruce-fir-pine study, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3851-3859, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00156-X, 2001.
80. Slinn, W. G. N.: Predictions for particle deposition to vegetative canopies, Atmos. Environ., 16, 1785-1794, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(82)90271-2, 1982.
81. Smith, T. B., Lehrman, D. E., Reible, D. D., and Shair, F. H.: The origin and fate of airborne pollutants within the San Joaquin Valley - volume 1, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, California, 19 pp., 1981.
82. Stolzenburg, M. R., Dutcher, D. D., Kirby, B. W., and Hering, S. V.: Automated measurement of the size and concentration of airborne particulate nitrate, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 37, 537-546, doi:10.1080/02786820300922, 2003.
83. Stull, R. B.: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, 1st Edition, Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library, 13, Springer, the Netherlands, 1988.
84. Stutz, J., Alicke, B., Ackermann, R., Geyer, A., Wang, S. H., White, A. B., Williams, E. J., Spicer, C. W., and Fast, J. D.: Relative humidity dependence of HONO chemistry in urban areas, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D03307, doi:10.1029/2003jd004135, 2004.
85. 2: in situ laser-induced fluorescence detection at parts per trillion mixing ratios, Anal. Chem., 72, 528-539, doi:10.1021/ac9908905, 1999.
86. 5 hydrolysis on sub-micron organic aerosols: the effect of relative humidity, particle phase, and particle size, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 4593-4603, doi:10.1039/b307498f, 2003.
87. 2.5 control strategies, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D07S14, doi:10.1029/2004JD005038, 2005.
88. Volpe Horii, C., William Munger, J., Wofsy, S. C., Zahniser, M., Nelson, D., and Barry McManus, J.: Atmospheric reactive nitrogen concentration and flux budgets at a Northeastern U.S. forest site, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 133, 210-225, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.08.009, 2005.
89. 2 removal rates determined from ambient wintertime measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 9331-9350, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50653, 2013.
90. 5 on sodium nitrate aerosol, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 31103-31112, doi:10.1029/1998JD100022, 1998.
91. Waldman, J. M., Munger, J. W., Jacob, D. J., Flagan, R. C., Morgan, J. J., and Hoffmann, M. R.: Chemical-composition of acid fog, Science, 218, 677-680, doi:10.1126/science.218.4573.677, 1982.
92. Walker, J. M., Philip, S., Martin, R. V., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Simulation of nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium aerosols over the United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11213-11227, doi:10.5194/acp-12-11213-2012, 2012.
93. Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C., Bowen, J. L., Lowenthal, D. H., Hering, S., Ouchida, P., and Oslund, W.: Air quality measurements from the Fresno Supersite, J. Air Waste Ma., 50, 1321-1334, doi:10.1080/10473289.2000.10464184, 2000.
94. Weibring, P., Richter, D., Fried, A., Walega, J. G., and Dyroff, C.: Ultra-high-precision mid-IR spectrometer II: system description and spectroscopic performance, Appl. Phys. B, 85, 207-218, doi:10.1007/s00340-006-2300-4, 2006.
95. Weibring, P., Richter, D., Walega, J. G., and Fried, A.: First demonstration of a high performance difference frequency spectrometer on airborne platforms, Opt. Express, 15, 13476-13495, doi:10.1364/OE.15.013476, 2007.
96. y measurement techniques, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 22261-22280, doi:10.1029/98JD00074, 1998.
97. Winer, A. M., Peters, J. W., Smith, J. P., and Pitts, J. N.: Response of commercial chemiluminescent nitric oxide-nitrogen dioxide analyzers to other nitrogen-containing compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 8, 1118-1121, doi:10.1021/es60098a004, 1974.
98. Wooldridge, P. J., Perring, A. E., Bertram, T. H., Flocke, F. M., Roberts, J. M., Singh, H. B., Huey, L. G., Thornton, J. A., Wolfe, G. M., Murphy, J. G., Fry, J. L., Rollins, A. W., LaFranchi, B. W., and Cohen, R. C.: Total Peroxy Nitrates (ΣPNs) in the atmosphere: the Thermal Dissociation-Laser Induced Fluorescence (TD-LIF) technique and comparisons to speciated PAN measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 593-607, doi:10.5194/amt-3-593-2010, 2010.
99. Young, D. E., Kim, H., Parworth, C., Zhou, S., Zhang, X., Cappa, C. D., Seco, R., Kim, S., and Zhang, Q.: Influences of emission sources and meteorology on aerosol chemistry in a polluted urban environment: results from DISCOVER-AQ California, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 15, 35057-35115, doi:10.5194/acpd-15-35057-2015, 2015.
100. Zhang, J., Chameides, W. L., Weber, R., Cass, G., Orsini, D., Edgerton, E., Jongejan, P., and Slanina, J.: An evaluation of the thermodynamic equilibrium assumption for fine particulate composition: nitrate and ammonium during the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8414, doi:10.1029/2001JD001592, 2003.
101. Zhang, Y., Liu, P., Liu, X.-H., Pun, B., Seigneur, C., Jacobson, M. Z., and Wang, W.-X.: Fine scale modeling of wintertime aerosol mass, number, and size distributions in central California, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D15207, doi:10.1029/2009jd012950, 2010.