Effects of nanoparticles on the morphology of immiscible polymer blends - Challenges and opportunities

European Polymer Journal

Volumn 79, Issue , 2016, Pages 198-218

  Salzano De Luna, Martina ^a,b   Filippone, Giovanni ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^b CNR   (Italy)

Author keywords

Morphology; Nanoparticle; Polymer blend; Structure property relationship

Indexed keywords

BIOPOLYMERS; MORPHOLOGY; NANOPARTICLES;

FUTURE TRENDS; IMMISCIBLE POLYMER BLENDS; POLYMER PHASIS; RECYCLED PLASTICS; STRUCTURE PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS;

POLYMER BLENDS;

EID: 84959386619     PISSN: 00143057     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.02.023     Document Type: Review

References (167)

1. C.L. Tucker III, and P. Moldenaers Microstructural evolution in polymer blends Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 34 1 2002 177 210 10.1146/annurev.fluid.34.082301.144051
2. C.E. Scott, and C.W. Macosko Model experiments concerning morphology development during the initial stages of polymer blending Polym. Bull. 26 3 1991 341 348 10.1007/BF00587979
3. U. Sundararaj, C.W. Macosko, R.J. Rolando, and H.T. Chan Morphology development in polymer blends Polym. Eng. Sci. 32 24 1992 1814 1823 10.1002/pen.760322404
4. U. Sundararaj, Y. Dori, and C.W. Macosko Sheet formation in immiscible polymer blends: model experiments on initial blend morphology Polymer 36 10 1995 1957 1968 10.1016/0032-3861(95)91438-D
5. C.E. Scott, and C.W. Macosko Morphology development during the initial stages of polymer-polymer blending Polymer 36 3 1995 461 470 10.1016/0032-3861(95)91554-K
6. C.W. Macosko Morphology development and control in immiscible polymer blends Macromol. Symp. 149 1 2000 171 184 10.1002/1521-3900(200001)149:1<171::AID-MASY171>3.0.CO;2-8
7. A. Monticciolo, P. Cassagnau, and A. Michel Fibrillar morphology development of PE/PBT blends: rheology and solvent permeability Polym. Eng. Sci. 38 11 1998 1882 1889 10.1002/pen.10358
8. C. Lacroix, M. Grmela, and P.J. Carreau Morphological evolution of immiscible polymer blends in simple shear and elongational flows J. Nonnewton. Fluid Mech. 86 1 1999 37 59 10.1016/S0377-0257(98)00201-8
9. M.F. Champagne, M.M. Dumoulin, L.A. Utracki, and J.P. Szabo Generation of fibrillar morphology in blends of block copolyetheresteramide and liquid crystal polyester Polym. Eng. Sci. 36 12 1996 1636 1646 10.1002/pen.10560
10. N. Chapleau, and B.D. Favis Droplet/fibre transitions in immiscible polymer blends generated during melt processing J. Mater. Sci. 30 1 1995 142 150 10.1007/BF00352143
11. O. Kwon, and D.A. Zumbrunnen Progressive morphology development to produce multilayer films and interpenetrating blends by chaotic mixing J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 82 7 2001 1569 1579 10.1002/app.1995
12. D.A. Zumbrunnen, and S. Inamdar Novel sub-micron highly multi-layered polymer films formed by continuous flow chaotic mixing Chem. Eng. Sci. 0009-2509 56 12 2001 3893 3897
13. D.A. Zumbrunnen, and C. Chhibber Morphology development in polymer blends produced by chaotic mixing at various compositions Polymer 43 11 2002 3267 3277 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00139-8
14. D.A. Zumbrunnen, S. Inamdar, O. Kwon, and P. Verma Chaotic advection as a means to develop nanoscale structures in viscous melts Nano Lett. 2 10 2002 1143 1148 10.1021/nl0256558
15. Petra Pötschke, and D.R. Paul Formation of co-continuous structures in melt-mixed immiscible polymer blends J. Macromol. Sci. Part C: Polym. Rev. 43 1 2003 87 141 10.1081/MC-120018022
16. C. Koning, M. Van Duin, C. Pagnoulle, and R. Jérôme Strategies for compatibilization of polymer blends Prog. Polym. Sci. 23 4 1998 707 757 10.1016/S0079-6700(97)00054-3
17. Leon Levitt, and Christopher W. Macosko Shearing of polymer drops with interface modification Macromolecules 32 19 1999 6270 6277 10.1021/ma9814999
18. L. Elias, F. Fenouillot, J.C. Majesté, and P. Cassagnau Morphology and rheology of immiscible polymer blends filled with silica nanoparticles Polymer 48 20 2007 6029 6040 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.07.061
19. B.B. Khatua, D.J. Lee, H.Y. Kim, and J.K. Kim Effect of organoclay platelets on morphology of nylon-6 and poly (ethylene-r an-propylene) rubber blends Macromolecules 37 7 2004 2454 2459 10.1021/ma0352072
20. H.S. Lee, P.D. Fasulo, W.R. Rodgers, and D.R. Paul TPO based nanocomposites. Part 1. Morphology and mechanical properties Polymer 46 25 2005 11673 11689 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.09.068
21. L.T. Vo, and E.P. Giannelis Compatibilizing poly (vinylidene fluoride)/nylon-6 blends with nanoclay Macromolecules 40 23 2007 8271 8276 10.1021/ma071508q
22. S. Mallick, P. Kar, and B.B. Khatua Morphology and properties of nylon 6 and high density polyethylene blends in presence of nanoclay and PE-g-MA J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 123 3 2012 1801 1811 10.1002/app.34648
23. G. Filippone, N.T. Dintcheva, F.P. La Mantia, and D. Acierno Using organoclay to promote morphology refinement and co-continuity in high-density polyethylene/polyamide 6 blends - effect of filler content and polymer matrix composition Polymer 51 17 2010 3956 3965 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.06.044
24. S. Bose, C. Ozdilek, J. Leys, J.W. Seo, M. Wubbenhorst, J. Vermant, and P. Moldenaers Phase separation as a tool to control dispersion of multiwall carbon nanotubes in polymeric blends ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2 3 2010 800 807 10.1021/am9008067
25. J. Guo, N. Briggs, S. Crossley, and B.P. Grady Morphology of polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends: effects of carbon nanotubes aspect ratio and surface modification AIChE J. 61 10 2015 3500 3510 10.1002/aic.14943
26. G. Chen, P. Li, Y. Huang, M. Kong, Y. Lv, Q. Yang, and G. Li Hybrid nanoparticles with different surface chemistries show higher efficiency in compatibilizing immiscible polymer blends Compos. Sci. Technol. 105 2014 37 43 10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.09.013
27. A. Taguet, P. Cassagnau, and J.M. Lopez-Cuesta Structuration, selective dispersion and compatibilizing effect of (nano) fillers in polymer blends Prog. Polym. Sci. 39 8 2014 1526 1563 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.04.002
28. M. Si, T. Araki, H. Ade, A.L.D. Kilcoyne, R. Fisher, J.C. Sokolov, and M.H. Rafailovich Compatibilizing bulk polymer blends by using organoclays Macromolecules 39 14 2006 4793 4801 10.1021/ma060125
29. Y. Wang, Q. Zhang, and Q. Fu Compatibilization of immiscible poly(propylene)/polystyrene blends using clay Macromol. Rapid Commun. 24 3 2003 231 235 10.1002/marc.200390026
30. A. Walther, K. Matussek, and A.H. Muller Engineering nanostructured polymer blends with controlled nanoparticle location using Janus particles ACS Nano 2 6 2008 1167 1178 10.1021/nn800108y
31. 2 nanocomposites J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 47 16 2009 1616 1624 10.1002/polb.21752
32. D. Voulgaris, and D. Petridis Emulsifying effect of dimethyldioctadecylammonium-hectorite in polystyrene/poly(ethyl methacrylate) blends Polymer 43 8 2002 2213 2218 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00039-3
33. S.S. Ray, S. Pouliot, M. Bousmina, and L.A. Utracki Role of organically modified layered silicate as an active interfacial modifier in immiscible polystyrene/polypropylene blends Polymer 45 25 2004 8403 8413 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.10.009
34. J.S. Hong, Y.K. Kim, K.H. Ahn, S.J. Lee, and C. Kim Interfacial tension reduction in PBT/PE/clay nanocomposite Rheol. Acta 46 4 2007 469 478 10.1007/s00397-006-0123-1
35. L. Elias, F. Fenouillot, J.C. Majesté, P. Alcouffe, and P. Cassagnau Immiscible polymer blends stabilized with nano-silica particles: rheology and effective interfacial tension Polymer 49 20 2008 4378 4385 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.07.018
36. L. Sangroniz, M.A. Moncerrate, V.A. De Amicis, J.K. Palacios, M. Fernández, A. Santamaria, J.J. Sánchez, F. Laoutid, Ph. Dubois, and A.J. Müller The outstanding ability of nanosilica to stabilize dispersions of Nylon 6 droplets in a polypropylene matrix J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 53 22 2015 1567 1579 10.1002/polb.23786
37. F. Tao, D. Auhl, A.C. Baudouin, F.J. Stadler, and C. Bailly Influence of multiwall carbon nanotubes trapped at the interface of an immiscible polymer blend on interfacial tension Macromol. Chem. Phys. 214 3 2013 350 360 10.1002/macp.201200518
38. M. Yousfi, J. Soulestin, B. Vergnes, M.F. Lacrampe, and P. Krawczak Compatibilization of immiscible polymer blends by organoclay: effect of nanofiller or organo-modifier? Macromol. Mater. Eng. 298 7 2013 757 770 10.1002/mame.201200138
39. S. Levine, and B.D. Bowen Capillary interaction of spherical particles adsorbed on the surface of an oil/water droplet stabilized by the particles: 3. Effective interfacial tension Colloids Surf. A 70 1 1993 33 45 10.1016/0927-7757(93)80494-Y
40. E. Vignati, R. Piazza, and T.P. Lockhart Pickering emulsions: interfacial tension, colloidal layer morphology, and trapped-particle motion Langmuir 19 17 2003 6650 6656 10.1021/la034264l
41. Y. Cao, J. Zhang, J. Feng, and P. Wu Compatibilization of immiscible polymer blends using graphene oxide sheets ACS Nano 5 7 2011 5920 5927 10.1021/nn201717a
42. D. Wu, Y. Zhang, M. Zhang, and W. Yu Selective localization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in poly(ϵ-caprolactone)/polylactide blend Biomacromolecules 10 2 2009 417 424 10.1021/bm801183f
43. Z. Fang, Y. Xu, and L. Tong Effect of clay on the morphology of binary blends of polyamide 6 with high density polyethylene and HDPE-graft-acrylic acid Polym. Eng. Sci. 47 2007 551 559 10.1002/pen.20675
44. W. Zhang, M. Lin, A. Winesett, O. Dhez, A. Kilcoyne, H. Ade, M. Rubinstein, K.V.P.M. Shafi, A. Ulman, D. Gersappe, R. Tenne, M. Rafailovich, J. Sokolov, and H.L. Frisch The use of functionalized nanoparticles as non-specific compatibilizers for polymer blends Polym. Adv. Technol. 22 1 2011 65 71 10.1002/pat.1875
45. J. Vermant, G. Cioccolo, K.G. Nair, and P. Moldenaers Coalescence suppression in model immiscible polymer blends by nano-sized colloidal particles Rheol. Acta 43 5 2004 529 538 10.1007/s00397-004-0381-8
46. A.C. Baudouin, D. Auhl, F. Tao, J. Devaux, and C. Bailly Polymer blend emulsion stabilization using carbon nanotubes interfacial confinement Polymer 52 1 2011 149 156 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.11.004
47. J.S. Hong, H. Namkung, K.H. Ahn, S.J. Lee, and C. Kim The role of organically modified layered silicate in the breakup and coalescence of droplets in PBT/PE blends Polymer 47 11 2006 3967 3975 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.03.077
48. J. Huitric, J. Ville, P. Médéric, M. Moan, and T. Aubry Rheological, morphological and structural properties of PE/PA/nanoclay ternary blends: effect of clay weight fraction J. Rheol. (1978-present) 53 5 2009 1101 1119 10.1122/1.3153551
49. E. Moghimi, F. Goharpey, and R. Foudazi Role of droplet bridging on the stability of particle-containing immiscible polymer blends Rheol. Acta 53 2 2014 165 180 10.1007/s00397-013-0752-0
50. W. Tong, Y. Huang, C. Liu, X. Chen, Q. Yang, and G. Li The morphology of immiscible PDMS/PIB blends filled with silica nanoparticles under shear flow Colloid Polym. Sci. 288 7 2010 753 760 10.1007/s00396-010-2201-2
51. A.J. Mendoza, E. Guzmán, F. Martínez-Pedrero, H. Ritacco, R.G. Rubio, F. Ortega, V.M. Starov, and R. Miller Particle laden fluid interfaces: dynamics and interfacial rheology Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 206 2014 303 319 10.1016/j.cis.2013.10.010
52. S. Reynaert, P. Moldenaers, and J. Vermant Interfacial rheology of stable and weakly aggregated two-dimensional suspensions Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 9 2007 6463 6475 10.1039/B710825G
53. S. Vandebril, J. Vermant, and P. Moldenaers Efficiently suppressing coalescence in polymer blends using nanoparticles: role of interfacial rheology Soft Matter 6 14 2010 3353 3362 10.1039/B927299B
54. I. Labaume, P. Médéric, J. Huitric, and T. Aubry Comparative study of interphase viscoelastic properties in polyethylene/polyamide blends compatibilized with clay nanoparticles or with a graft copolymer J. Rheol. (1978-present) 57 2 2013 377 392 10.1122/1.4774322
55. X.Q. Liu, R.H. Li, R.Y. Bao, W.R. Jiang, W. Yang, B.H. Xie, and M.B. Yang Suppression of phase coarsening in immiscible, co-continuous polymer blends under high temperature quiescent annealing Soft Matter 10 20 2014 3587 3596 10.1039/C3SM53211A
56. M. Trifkovic, A.T. Hedegaard, M. Sheikhzadeh, S. Huang, and C.W. Macosko Stabilization of PE/PEO cocontinuous blends by interfacial nanoclays Macromolecules 48 13 2015 4631 4644 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00354
57. J. Chen, Y.Y. Shi, J.H. Yang, N. Zhang, T. Huang, C. Chen, Y. Wang, and Z.W. Zhou A simple strategy to achieve very low percolation threshold via the selective distribution of carbon nanotubes at the interface of polymer blends J. Mater. Chem. 22 42 2012 22398 22404 10.1039/C2JM34295B
58. A. Abbasi Moud, A. Javadi, H. Nazockdast, A. Fathi, and V. Altstaedt Effect of dispersion and selective localization of carbon nanotubes on rheology and electrical conductivity of polyamide 6 (PA6), polypropylene (PP), and PA6/PP nanocomposites J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 53 5 2015 368 378 10.1002/polb.23638
59. G. Filippone, G. Romeo, and D. Acierno Role of interface rheology in altering the onset of co-continuity in nanoparticle-filled polymer blends Macromol. Mater. Eng. 296 7 2011 658 665 10.1002/mame.201000343
60. M. Salzano de Luna, M. Galizia, J. Wojnarowicz, R. Rosa, W. Lojkowski, C. Leonelli, D. Acierno, and G. Filippone Dispersing hydrophilic nanoparticles in hydrophobic polymers: HDPE/ZnO nanocomposites by a novel template-based approach Express Polym. Lett. 8 5 2014 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2014.40
61. G. Filippone, N.T. Dintcheva, F.P. La Mantia, and D. Acierno Selective localization of organoclay and effects on the morphology and mechanical properties of LDPE/PA11 blends with distributed and co-continuous morphology J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 48 5 2010 600 609 10.1002/polb.21928
62. G. Xu, S. Qin, J. Yu, Y. Huang, M. Zhang, and W. Ruan Effect of migration of layered nanoparticles during melt blending on the phase morphology of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polyamide 6/montmorillonite ternary nanocomposites RSC Adv. 5 38 2015 29924 29930 10.1039/C5RA01401H
63. S. Mallick, and B.B. Khatua Morphology and properties of nylon6 and high density polyethylene blends in absence and presence of nanoclay J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 121 1 2011 359 368 10.1002/app.33580
64. M. Gahleitner, B. Kretzschmar, G. Van Vliet, J. Devaux, D. Pospiech, K. Bernreitner, and E. Ingolic Rheology/morphology interactions in polypropylene/polyamide-6 nanocomposites Rheol. Acta 45 4 2006 322 330 10.1007/s00397-005-0029-3
65. R. Salehiyan, Y. Yoo, W.J. Choi, and K. Hyun Characterization of morphologies of compatibilized polypropylene/polystyrene blends with nanoparticles via nonlinear rheological properties from FT-rheology Macromolecules 47 12 2014 4066 4076 10.1021/ma500700e
66. M. Kong, Y. Huang, Y. Lv, S. Wang, Q. Yang, and G. Li Flow-induced morphological instability in nanosilica-filled polyamide 6/polystyrene blends Polymer 55 16 2014 4348 4357 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.05.060
67. D. Wu, L. Wu, M. Zhang, W. Zhou, and Y. Zhang Morphology evolution of nanocomposites based on poly(phenylene sulfide)/poly(butylene terephthalate) blend J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 46 12 2008 1265 1279 10.1002/polb.21461
68. Y.C. Ahn, and D.R. Paul Rubber toughening of nylon 6 nanocomposites Polymer 47 8 2006 2830 2838 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.02.074
69. H. Xiu, H.W. Bai, C.M. Huang, C.L. Xu, X.Y. Li, and Q. Fu Selective localization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles at the interface and its effect on the impact toughness of poly(L-lactide)/poly(ether)urethane blends Express Polym. Lett. 7 3 2012 261 271 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2013.24
70. P. Thareja, K. Moritz, and S.S. Velankar Interfacially active particles in droplet/matrix blends of model immiscible homopolymers: particles can increase or decrease drop size Rheol. Acta 49 3 2010 285 298 10.1007/s00397-009-0421-5
71. S.P. Nagarkar, and S.S. Velankar Morphology and rheology of ternary fluid-fluid-solid systems Soft Matter 8 32 2012 8464 8477 10.1039/C2SM25758K
72. S.H. Lee, M. Kontopoulou, and C.B. Park Effect of nanosilica on the co-continuous morphology of polypropylene/polyolefin elastomer blends Polymer 51 5 2010 1147 1155 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.01.018
73. S. Tomotika On the instability of a cylindrical thread of a viscous liquid surrounded by another viscous fluid Proc. Roy. Soc. A 150 June 1935 322 337 10.1098/rspa.1935.0104
74. H. Veenstra, J. Van Dam, and A.P. de Boer On the coarsening of co-continuous morphologies in polymer blends: effect of interfacial tension, viscosity and physical cross-links Polymer 41 8 2000 3037 3045 10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00455-3
75. A.B. Pawar, M. Caggioni, R.W. Hartel, and P.T. Spicer Arrested coalescence of viscoelastic droplets with internal microstructure Faraday Discuss. 158 1 2012 341 350 10.1039/C2FD20029E
76. J.M. Frostad, M.C. Collins, and L.G. Leal Direct measurement of the interaction of model food emulsion droplets adhering by arrested coalescence Colloids Surf. A 441 2014 459 465 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.09.028
77. X.Q. Liu, Z.Y. Sun, R.Y. Bao, W. Yang, B.H. Xie, and M.B. Yang Nanoparticle retarded shape relaxation of dispersed droplets in polymer blends: an understanding from the viewpoint of molecular movement RSC Adv. 4 77 2014 41059 41068 10.1039/C4RA04380D
78. H. Xiu, C. Huang, H. Bai, J. Jiang, F. Chen, H. Deng, K. Wang, Q. Zhang, and Q. Fu Improving impact toughness of polylactide/poly(ether)urethane blends via designing the phase morphology assisted by hydrophilic silica nanoparticles Polymer 55 6 2014 1593 1600 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.01.057
79. H. Xiu, Y. Zhou, J. Dai, C. Huang, H. Bai, Q. Zhang, and Q. Fu Formation of new electric double percolation via carbon black induced co-continuous like morphology RSC Adv. 4 70 2014 37193 37196 10.1039/C4RA06836J
80. T.S. Horozov, and B.P. Binks Particle-stabilized emulsions: a bilayer or a bridging monolayer? Angew. Chem. 118 5 2006 787 790 10.1002/ange.200503131
81. D.J. French, P. Taylor, J. Fowler, and P.S. Clegg Making and breaking bridges in a Pickering emulsion J. Colloid Interface Sci. 441 2014 30 38 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.11.032
82. P. Thareja, and S. Velankar Particle-induced bridging in immiscible polymer blends Rheol. Acta 46 3 2007 405 412 10.1007/s00397-006-0130-2
83. P. Thareja, and S. Velankar Rheology of immiscible blends with particle-induced drop clusters Rheol. Acta 47 2 2008 189 200 10.1007/s00397-007-0231-6
84. J. Vermant, S. Vandebril, C. Dewitte, and P. Moldenaers Particle-stabilized polymer blends Rheol. Acta 47 7 2008 835 839 10.1007/s00397-008-0285-0
85. Z.M. Zou, Z.Y. Sun, and L.J. An Effect of fumed silica nanoparticles on the morphology and rheology of immiscible polymer blends Rheol. Acta 53 1 2014 43 53 10.1007/s00397-013-0740-4
86. G. Filippone, and D. Acierno Clustering of coated droplets in clay-filled polymer blends Macromol. Mater. Eng. 297 9 2012 923 928 10.1002/mame.201100398
87. A.B. Pawar, M. Caggioni, R. Ergun, R.W. Hartel, and P.T. Spicer Arrested coalescence in Pickering emulsions Soft Matter 7 17 2011 7710 7716 10.1039/C1SM05457K
88. Y. Chen, Q. Yang, Y. Huang, X. Liao, and Y. Niu Influence of phase coarsening and filler agglomeration on electrical and rheological properties of MWNTs-filled PP/PMMA composites under annealing Polymer 79 2015 159 170 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.10.027
89. M. Sumita, K. Sakata, S. Asai, K. Miyasaka, and H. Nakagawa Dispersion of fillers and the electrical conductivity of polymer blends filled with carbon black Polym. Bull. 25 2 1991 265 271 10.1007/BF00310802
90. M. Sumita, K. Sakata, Y. Hayakawa, S. Asai, K. Miyasaka, and M. Tanemura Double percolation effect on the electrical conductivity of conductive particles filled polymer blends Colloid Polym. Sci. 270 2 1992 134 139 10.1007/BF00652179
91. F. Gubbels, R. Jérôme, P. Teyssie, E. Vanlathem, R. Deltour, A. Calderone, V. Parente, and J.L. Brédas Selective localization of carbon black in immiscible polymer blends: a useful tool to design electrical conductive composites Macromolecules 27 7 1994 1972 1974 10.1021/ma00085a049
92. F. Gubbels, R. Jérôme, E. Vanlathem, R. Deltour, S. Blacher, and F. Brouers Kinetic and thermodynamic control of the selective localization of carbon black at the interface of immiscible polymer blends Chem. Mater. 10 5 1998 1227 1235 10.1021/cm970594d
93. F. Gubbels, S. Blacher, E. Vanlathem, R. Jérôme, R. Deltour, F. Brouers, and P. Teyssie Design of electrical composites: determining the role of the morphology on the electrical properties of carbon black filled polymer blends Macromolecules 28 5 1995 1559 1566 10.1021/ma00109a030
94. S. Steinmann, W. Gronski, and C. Friedrich Influence of selective filling on rheological properties and phase inversion of two-phase polymer blends Polymer 43 16 2002 4467 4477 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00271-9
95. D.R. Paul, and J.W. Barlow Polymer blends J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. 18 1 1980 109 168 10.1080/00222358008080917
96. I.S. Miles, and A. Zurek Preparation, structure, and properties of two-phase co-continuous polymer blends Polym. Eng. Sci. 28 12 1988 796 805 10.1002/pen.760281205
97. L.A. Utracki, and B.D. Favis Polymer alloys and blends vol. 4 1989 Marcel Dekker New York
98. Y. Li, and H. Shimizu Novel morphologies of poly(phenylene oxide)(PPO)/polyamide 6 (PA6) blend nanocomposites Polymer 45 22 2004 7381 7388 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.09.018
99. Z. Xu, Y. Zhang, Z. Wang, N. Sun, and H. Li Enhancement of electrical conductivity by changing phase morphology for composites consisting of polylactide and poly(ϵ-caprolactone) filled with acid-oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3 12 2011 4858 4864 10.1021/am201355j
100. C. Gao, S. Zhang, B. Han, H. Sun, G. Wang, and Z. Jiang Multi-walled carbon nanotube induced co-continuity of poly(ether ether ketone)/polyimide blends for high performance conductive materials RSC Adv. 4 79 2014 42175 42182 10.1039/C4RA07473D
101. M. Zhang, Y. Huang, M. Kong, H. Zhu, G. Chen, and Q. Yang Morphology and rheology of poly (l-lactide)/polystyrene blends filled with silica nanoparticles J. Mater. Sci. 47 3 2012 1339 1347 10.1007/s10853-011-5908-7
102. Y. Li, and H. Shimizu Conductive PVDF/PA6/CNTs nanocomposites fabricated by dual formation of cocontinuous and nanodispersion structures Macromolecules 41 14 2008 5339 5344 10.1021/ma8006834
103. Y. Li, and H. Shimizu Co-continuous polyamide 6 (PA6)/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) nanocomposites Macromol. Rapid Commun. 26 9 2005 710 715 10.1002/marc.200400654
104. D. Wu, C. Zhou, and M. Zhang Effect of clay on immiscible morphology of poly(butylene terephthalate)/polyethylene blend nanocomposites J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 102 4 2006 3628 3633 10.1002/app.24088
105. S.P. Pawar, and S. Bose Peculiar morphological transitions induced by nanoparticles in polymeric blends: retarded relaxation or altered interfacial tension? Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17 22 2015 14470 14478 10.1039/C5CP01644D
106. M.H. Al-Saleh, and U. Sundararaj An innovative method to reduce percolation threshold of carbon black filled immiscible polymer blends Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 39 2 2008 284 293 10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.10.010
107. G. Filippone, N.T. Dintcheva, D. Acierno, and F.P. La Mantia The role of organoclay in promoting co-continuous morphology in high-density poly(ethylene)/poly(amide) 6 blends Polymer 49 5 2008 1312 1322 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.01.045
108. G. Filippone, and D. Acierno Altering the onset of cocontinuity in nanocomposite immiscible blends by acting on the melt-compounding procedure J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 122 6 2011 3711 3718 10.1002/app.34785
109. A. Nuzzo, E. Bilotti, T. Peijs, D. Acierno, and G. Filippone Nanoparticle-induced co-continuity in immiscible polymer blends - a comparative study on bio-based PLA-PA11 blends filled with organoclay, sepiolite, and carbon nanotubes Polymer 55 19 2014 4908 4919 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.07.036
110. H. Xiu, Y. Zhou, C. Huang, H. Bai, Q. Zhang, and Q. Fu Deep insight into the key role of carbon black self-networking in the formation of co-continuous-like morphology in polylactide/poly (ether) urethane blends Polymer 82 2016 11 21 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.10.034
111. G. Wu, B. Li, and J. Jiang Carbon black self-networking induced co-continuity of immiscible polymer blends Polymer 51 9 2010 2077 2083 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.03.007
112. X. Cai, B. Li, Y. Pan, and G. Wu Morphology evolution of immiscible polymer blends as directed by nanoparticle self-agglomeration Polymer 53 1 2012 259 266 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.11.032
113. F. Xiang, Y. Shi, X. Li, T. Huang, C. Chen, Y. Peng, and Y. Wang Cocontinuous morphology of immiscible high density polyethylene/polyamide 6 blend induced by multiwalled carbon nanotubes network Eur. Polymer J. 48 2 2012 350 361 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.11.013
114. H. Zou, K. Wang, Q. Zhang, and Q. Fu A change of phase morphology in poly(p-phenylene sulfide)/polyamide 66 blends induced by adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes Polymer 47 22 2006 7821 7826 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.09.008
115. H. Zou, N. Ning, R. Su, Q. Zhang, and Q. Fu Manipulating the phase morphology in PPS/PA66 blends using clay J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 106 4 2007 2238 2250 10.1002/app.26880
116. P. Pötschke, A.R. Bhattacharyya, and A. Janke Morphology and electrical resistivity of melt mixed blends of polyethylene and carbon nanotube filled polycarbonate Polymer 44 26 2003 8061 8069 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.10.003
117. J. Huang, Y. Zhu, W. Jiang, R. Cardinaels, P. Moldenaers, and D. Shi Morphology control and stabilization in immiscible polypropylene and polyamide 6 blends with organoclay Int. Polym. Proc. 29 4 2014 522 534 10.3139/217.2912
118. E.J. Stancik, M. Kouhkan, and G.G. Fuller Coalescence of particle-laden fluid interfaces Langmuir 20 1 2004 90 94 10.1021/la0356093
119. R.C. Willemse, E.J.J. Ramaker, J. Van Dam, and A.P. De Boer Coarsening in molten quiescent polymer blends: the role of the initial morphology Polym. Eng. Sci. 39 9 1999 1717 1725 10.1002/pen.11566
120. C.R. López-Barrón, and C.W. Macosko Rheological and morphological study of cocontinuous polymer blends during coarsening J. Rheol. (1978-present) 56 6 2012 1315 1334 10.1122/1.4739067
121. D. Yao, W. Zhang, and J.G. Zhou Controllable growth of gradient porous structures Biomacromolecules 10 5 2009 1282 1286 10.1021/bm900008d
122. P. Sarazin, X. Roy, and B.D. Favis Controlled preparation and properties of porous poly (l-lactide) obtained from a co-continuous blend of two biodegradable polymers Biomaterials 25 28 2004 5965 5978 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.065
123. X.Q. Liu, Q.Y. Wang, R.Y. Bao, W. Yang, B.H. Xie, and M.B. Yang Suppressing phase retraction and coalescence of co-continuous polymer blends: effect of nanoparticles and particle network RSC Adv. 4 90 2014 49429 49441 10.1039/C4RA09138H
124. J.M. Feng, X.Q. Liu, R.Y. Bao, W. Yang, B.H. Xie, and M.B. Yang Suppressing phase coarsening in immiscible polymer blends using nano-silica particles located at the interface RSC Adv. 5 91 2015 74295 74303 10.1039/C5RA13637G
125. T. Parpaite, B. Otazaghine, A. Taguet, R. Sonnier, A.S. Caro, and J.M. Lopez-Cuesta Incorporation of modified Stöber silica nanoparticles in polystyrene/polyamide-6 blends: coalescence inhibition and modification of the thermal degradation via controlled dispersion at the interface Polymer 55 11 2014 2704 2715 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.04.016
126. R.R. Tiwari, and D.R. Paul Effect of organoclay on the morphology, phase stability and mechanical properties of polypropylene/polystyrene blends Polymer 52 4 2011 1141 1154 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.01.019
127. E. Moghbelli, H.J. Sue, and S. Jain Stabilization and control of phase morphology of PA/SAN blends via incorporation of exfoliated clay Polymer 51 18 2010 4231 4237 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.05.025
128. P.J. Brigandi, J.M. Cogen, and R.A. Pearson Electrically conductive multiphase polymer blend carbon-based composites Polym. Eng. Sci. 54 1 2014 1 16 10.1002/pen.23530
129. 2 particles Polymer 48 3 2007 860 869 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.12.022
130. L. Liu, Y. Wang, Y. Li, J. Wu, Z. Zhou, and C. Jiang Improved fracture toughness of immiscible polypropylene/ethylene-co-vinyl acetate blends with multiwalled carbon nanotubes Polymer 50 14 2009 3072 3078 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.04.067
131. 2 hybrid composites with controlled morphology J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 115 1 2010 469 479 10.1002/app.30185
132. Z. Zhang, X. Zhao, J. Zhang, and S. Chen Effect of nano-particles-induced phase inversion on largely improved impact toughness of PVC/α-methylstyrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (α-MSAN)/CPE-matrix composites Compos. Sci. Technol. 86 2013 122 128 10.1016/j.compscitech.2013.07.009
133. Z. Zhang, S. Wang, J. Zhang, W. Zhu, X. Zhao, T. Tian, and T. Chen Self-formation of elastomer network assisted by nano-silicon dioxide particles: a simple and efficient route toward polymer nanocomposites with simultaneous improved toughness and stiffness Chem. Eng. J. 285 2016 439 448 10.1016/j.cej.2015.09.066
134. H. Yang, B. Li, Q. Zhang, R. Du, and Q. Fu Simultaneous enhancement of electrical conductivity and impact strength via formation of carbon black-filler network in PP/EPDM Blends Polym. Adv. Technol. 22 6 2011 857 862 10.1002/pat.1588
135. E. Cohen, L. Zonder, A. Ophir, S. Kenig, S. McCarthy, C. Barry, and J. Mead Hierarchical structures composed of confined carbon nanotubes in cocontinuous ternary polymer blends Macromolecules 46 5 2013 1851 1859 10.1021/ma301903n
136. W. Zhang, D. Yao, Q. Zhang, J.G. Zhou, and P.I. Lelkes Fabrication of interconnected microporous biomaterials with high hydroxyapatite nanoparticle loading Biofabrication 2 3 2010 035006 10.1088/1758-5082/2/3/035006
137. A. Baklavaridis, I. Zuburtikudis, and C. Panayiotou Porous composite structures derived from multiphase polymer blends Polym. Eng. Sci. 2014 10.1002/pen.24025
138. P.K.S. Mural, A. Banerjee, M.S. Rana, A. Shukla, B. Padmanabhan, S. Bhadra, G. Madras, and S. Bose Polyolefin based antibacterial membranes derived from PE/PEO blends compatibilized with amine terminated graphene oxide and maleated PE J. Mater. Chem. A 2 41 2014 17635 17648 10.1039/C4TA03997A
139. P.K.S. Mural, M. Sharma, A. Shukla, S. Bhadra, B. Padmanabhan, G. Madras, and S. Bose Porous membranes designed from bi-phasic polymeric blends containing silver decorated reduced graphene oxide synthesized via a facile one-pot approach RSC Adv. 5 41 2015 32441 32451 10.1039/C5RA01656H
140. B. Andričić, T. Kovačić, and I. Klarić Properties of recycled material containing poly(vinyl chloride), polypropylene, and calcium carbonate nanofiller Polym. Eng. Sci. 48 3 2008 572 577 10.1002/pen.20986
141. N. Kerboua, N. Cinausero, T. Sadoun, and J.M. Lopez-Cuesta Effect of organoclay in an immiscible poly(ethylene terephtalate) waste/poly(methyl methacrylate) blend J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 117 1 2010 129 137 10.1002/app.31968
142. 2 Adv. Mater. Res. 150 2011 857 860 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.150-151.857
143. A. Causa, M.C. Mistretta, D. Acierno, and G. Filippone Effectiveness of organoclays as compatibilizers for multiphase polymer blends - a sustainable route for the mechanical recycling of co-mingled plastics Times of Polymers (TOP) and Composites 2014: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Times of Polymers (TOP) and Composites vol. 1599 2014 AIP Publishing 414 417 10.1063/1.4876866
144. R.S. Chen, S. Ahmad, S. Gan, A. Ghani, M. Hafizuddin, and M.N. Salleh Effects of compatibilizer, compounding method, extrusion parameters, and nanofiller loading in clay-reinforced recycled HDPE/PET nanocomposites J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132 29 2015 10.1002/app.42287
145. C. Fang, L. Nie, S. Liu, R. Yu, N. An, and S. Li Characterization of polypropylene-polyethylene blends made of waste materials with compatibilizer and nano-filler Compos. Part B: Eng. 55 2013 498 505 10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.06.046
146. P.K. Mural, S. Mohanty, S.K. Nayak, and S. Anbudayanidhi Polypropylene/high impact polystyrene blend nanocomposites obtained from E-waste: evaluation of mechanical, thermal and morphological properties Int. J. Plast. Technol. 15 1 2011 46 60 10.1007/s12588-011-9005-1
147. N. Mnif, V. Massardier, T. Kallel, and B. Elleuch Study of the modification of the properties of (PP/EPR) blends with a view to preserving natural resources when elaborating new formulation and recycling polymers Polym. Compos. 30 6 2009 805 811 10.1002/pc.20623
148. 3 based formulations in the perspective of polymer recycling. Effect of nanoparticles properties and compatibilizers Polym. Adv. Technol. 21 12 2010 896 903 10.1002/pat.1520
149. Y. Kazemi, A. Ramezani Kakroodi, and D. Rodrigue Compatibilization efficiency in post-consumer recycled polyethylene/polypropylene blends: effect of contamination Polym. Eng. Sci. 2015 10.1002/pen.24125
150. N.F. Magalhães, K. Dahmouche, G.K. Lopes, and C.T. Andrade Using an organically-modified montmorillonite to compatibilize a biodegradable blend Appl. Clay Sci. 72 2013 1 8 10.1016/j.clay.2012.12.008
151. W.H. Ferreira, M.M. Carmo, A.L.N. Silva, and C.T. Andrade Effect of structure and viscosity of the components on some properties of starch-rich hybrid blends Carbohydr. Polym. 117 2015 988 995 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.018
152. W.H. Ferreira, R.R. Khalili, M.J. Figueira, and C.T. Andrade Effect of organoclay on blends of individually plasticized thermoplastic starch and polypropylene Ind. Crops Prod. 52 2014 38 45 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.016
153. M. Mondragón, E.M. Hernandez, J.L. Rivera-Armenta, and F.J. Rodríguez-González Injection molded thermoplastic starch/natural rubber/clay nanocomposites: morphology and mechanical properties Carbohydr. Polym. 77 2009 80 86 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.12.008
154. D.M. Nguyen, T.T. Vu, A.C. Grillet, H.H. Thuc, and C.H. Thuc Effect of organoclay on morphology and properties of linear low density polyethylene and Vietnamese cassava starch biobased blend Carbohydr. Polym. 136 2016 163 170 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.020
155. R. Wang, S. Wang, and Y. Zhang Morphology, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of poly(l-lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate)/silicon dioxide composites J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 113 6 2009 3630 3637 10.1002/app.30353
156. W.H. Hoidy, E.A.J. Al-Mulla, and K.W. Al-Janabi Mechanical and thermal properties of PLLA/PCL modified clay nanocomposites J. Polym. Environ. 18 4 2010 608 616 10.1007/s10924-010-0240-x
157. S.C. Agwuncha, S.S. Ray, J. Jayaramudu, C. Khoathane, and R. Sadiku Influence of boehmite nanoparticle loading on the mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of biodegradable polylactide/poly(∈-caprolactone) blends Macromol. Mater. Eng. 300 1 2015 31 47 10.1002/mame.201400212
158. A. Nuzzo, S. Coiai, S.C. Carroccio, N.T. Dintcheva, C. Gambarotti, and G. Filippone Heat-resistant fully bio-based nanocomposite blends based on poly(lactic acid) Macromol. Mater. Eng. 299 1 2014 31 40 10.1002/mame.201300051
159. D. Vrsaljko, D. Macut, and V. Kovačević Potential role of nanofillers as compatibilizers in immiscible PLA/LDPE Blends J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132 6 2015 10.1002/app.41414
160. F. Yu, and H.X. Huang Simultaneously toughening and reinforcing poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic polyurethane blend via enhancing interfacial adhesion by hydrophobic silica nanoparticles Polym. Testing 45 2015 107 113 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2015.06.001
161. J. Odent, Y. Habibi, J.M. Raquez, and P. Dubois Ultra-tough polylactide-based materials synergistically designed in the presence of rubbery ϵ-caprolactone-based copolyester and silica nanoparticles Compos. Sci. Technol. 84 2013 86 91 10.1016/j.compscitech.2013.05.003
162. B.J. Rashmi, K. Prashantha, M.F. Lacrampe, and P. Krawczak Toughening of poly(lactic acid) without sacrificing stiffness and strength by melt-blending with polyamide 11 and selective localization of halloysite nanotubes Express Polym. Lett. 9 8 2015 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2015.67
163. V. Ojijo, S. Sinha Ray, and R. Sadiku Effect of nanoclay loading on the thermal and mechanical properties of biodegradable polylactide/poly[(butylene succinate)-co-adipate] blend composites ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4 5 2012 2395 2405 10.1021/am201850m
164. G.X. Chen, H.S. Kim, E.S. Kim, and J.S. Yoon Compatibilization-like effect of reactive organoclay on the poly(l-lactide)/poly(butylene succinate) blends Polymer 46 25 2005 11829 11836 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.10.056
165. A. Boker, J. He, T. Emrick, and T.P. Russell Self-assembly of nanoparticles at interfaces Soft Matter 3 2007 1231 1248 10.1039/B706609K
166. G. Filippone, A. Causa, M.S. de Luna, L. Sanguigno, and D. Acierno Assembly of plate-like nanoparticles in immiscible polymer blends-effect of the presence of a preferred liquid-liquid interface Soft Matter 10 18 2014 3183 3191 10.1039/C3SM52995A
167. L. Bai, J.W. Fruehwirth, X. Cheng, and C.W. Macosko Dynamics and rheology of nonpolar bijels Soft Matter 11 26 2015 5282 5293 10.1039/C5SM00994D