The Greenland Ice Sheet as a hot spot of phosphorus weathering and export in the Arctic

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 191-210

  Hawkings, Jon ^a   Wadham, Jemma ^a   Tranter, Martyn ^a   Telling, Jon ^a   Bagshaw, Elizabeth ^b   Beaton, Alexander ^c   Simmons, Sarah Louise ^a   Chandler, David ^a   Tedstone, Andrew ^d   Nienow, Peter ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

biogeochemistry; cryosphere; glaciology; nutrient cycles; nutrient export; phosphorus

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; CRYOSPHERE; GLACIOLOGY; ICE SHEET; NUTRIENT CYCLING; PHOSPHORUS; PHOSPHORUS CYCLE; RIVER BASIN; RIVER DISCHARGE;

ARCTIC; GREENLAND; GREENLAND ICE SHEET;

EID: 84958781124     PISSN: 08866236     EISSN: 19449224     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2015GB005237     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Anesio, A. M., B. Mindl, J. Laybourn-Parry, A. J. Hodson, and, B. Sattler, (2007), Viral dynamics in cryoconite holes on a high Arctic glacier (Svalbard), J. Geophys. Res., 112, G04S31, doi: 10.1029/2006JG000350.
2. Bagshaw, E. A., M. Tranter, A. G. Fountain, K. Welch, H. J. Basagic, and, W. B. Lyons, (2013), Do cryoconite holes have the potential to be significant sources of C, N, and P to downstream depauperate?, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 45 (4), 440-454, doi: 10.1657/1938-4246-45.4.440.
3. Bagshaw, E. A., B. Lishman, J. L. Wadham, J. A. Bowden, S. G. Burrow, L. R. Clare, and, D. Chandler, (2014), Novel wireless sensors for in situ measurement of sub-ice hydrologic systems, Ann. Glaciol., 55 (65), 41-50, doi: 10.3189/2014aog65a007.
4. Bamber, J., M. van den Broeke, J. Ettema, J. Lenaerts, and, E. Rignot, (2012), Recent large increases in freshwater fluxes from Greenland into the North Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L19501, doi: 10.1029/2012GL052552.
5. Bartholomew, I., P. Nienow, D. Mair, A. Hubbard, M. A. King, and, A. Sole, (2010), Seasonal evolution of subglacial drainage and acceleration in a Greenland outlet glacier, Nat. Geosci., 3 (6), 408-411, doi: 10.1038/Ngeo863.
6. Bartholomew, I., P. Nienow, A. Sole, D. Mair, T. Cowton, S. Palmer, and, J. Wadham, (2011), Supraglacial forcing of subglacial drainage in the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L08502, doi: 10.1029/2011GL047063.
7. Berner, R. A., and, J. L. Rao, (1994), Phosphorus in sediments of the Amazon River and estuary-Implications for the global flux of phosphorus to the sea, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58 (10), 2333-2339, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90014-0.
8. Beusen, A. H. W., A. L. M. Dekkers, A. F. Bouwman, W. Ludwig, and, J. Harrison, (2005), Estimation of global river transport of sediments and associated particulate C, N, and P, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB4S05, doi: 10.1029/2005GB002453.
9. Bhatia, M. P., E. B. Kujawinski, S. B. Das, C. F. Breier, P. B. Henderson, and, M. A. Charette, (2013), Greenland meltwater as a significant and potentially bioavailable source of iron to the ocean, Nat. Geosci., 6 (4), 274-278, doi: 10.1038/ngeo1746.
10. Bogen, J., and, T. E. Bonsnes, (2003), Erosion and sediment transport in High Arctic rivers, Svalbard, Polar Res., 22 (2), 175-189, doi: 10.1111/J.1751-8369.2003.Tb00106.X.
11. Broecker, W. S., and, T. H. Peng, (1982), Tracers in the Sea, Eldigio Press, New York.
12. Brown, G. H., M. Tranter, and, M. J. Sharp, (1996), Experimental investigations of the weathering of suspended sediment by Alpine glacial meltwater, Hydrol. Process., 10 (4), 579-597, doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199604)10:4<579::AID-HYP393>3.0.CO;2-D.
13. Cai, Y. H., L. D. Guo, T. A. Douglas, and, T. E. Whitledge, (2008), Seasonal variations in nutrient concentrations and speciation in the Chena River, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 113, G03035, doi: 10.1029/2008JG000733.
14. Chairat, C., J. Schott, E. H. Oelkers, J. E. Lartigue, and, N. Harouiya, (2007), Kinetics and mechanism of natural fluorapatite dissolution at 25°C and pH from 3 to 12, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 71 (24), 5901-5912, doi: 10.1016/J.Gca.2007.08.031.
15. Chandler, D. M., et al., (2013), Evolution of the subglacial drainage system beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet revealed by tracers, Nat. Geosci., 6 (3), 195-198, doi: 10.1038/ngeo1737.
16. Chillrud, S. N., F. L. Pedrozo, P. F. Temporetti, H. F. Planas, and, P. N. Froelich, (1994), Chemical-weathering of phosphate and germanium in glacial meltwater streams-Effects of subglacial pyrite oxidation, Limnol. Oceanogr., 39 (5), 1130-1140.
17. Chu, V. W., (2014), Greenland ice sheet hydrology: A review, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 38 (1), 19-54, doi: 10.1177/0309133313507075.
18. Clark, P. U., A. S. Dyke, J. D. Shakun, A. E. Carlson, J. Clark, B. Wohlfarth, J. X. Mitrovica, S. W. Hostetler, and, A. M. McCabe, (2009), The Last Glacial Maximum, Science, 325 (5941), 710-714.
19. Collins, D. N., (1979), Hydrochemistry of meltwaters draining from an Alpine glacier, Arctic Alpine Res., 11 (3), 307-324, doi: 10.2307/1550419.
20. Cotner, J. B., and, R. G. Wetzel, (1992), Uptake of dissolved inorganic and organic phosphorus-compounds by phytoplankton and bacterioplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 37 (2), 232-243.
21. Cowton, T., P. Nienow, I. Bartholomew, A. Sole, and, D. Mair, (2012), Rapid erosion beneath the Greenland ice sheet, Geology, 40 (4), 343-346, doi: 10.1130/G32687.1.
22. Cowton, T., P. Nienow, A. Sole, J. Wadham, G. Lis, I. Bartholomew, D. Mair, and, D. Chandler, (2013), Evolution of drainage system morphology at a land-terminating Greenlandic outlet glacier, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 118, 29-41, doi: 10.1029/2012JF002540.
23. Death, R., J. L. Wadham, F. Monteiro, A. M. Le Brocq, M. Tranter, A. Ridgwell, S. Dutkiewicz, and, R. Raiswell, (2014), Antarctic ice sheet fertilises the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 11 (10), 2635-2643, doi: 10.5194/bg-11-2635-2014.
24. Dore, J. E., T. Houlihan, D. V. Hebel, G. Tien, L. Tupas, and, D. M. Karl, (1996), Freezing as a method of sample preservation for the analysis of dissolved inorganic nutrients in seawater, Mar. Chem., 53 (3-4), 173-185, doi: 10.1016/0304-4203(96)00004-7.
25. Dorich, R. A., D. W. Nelson, and, L. E. Sommers, (1985), Estimating algal available phosphorus in suspended sediments by chemical extraction, J. Environ. Qual., 14 (3), 400-405, doi: 10.2134/jeq1985.00472425001400030018x.
26. Drever, J. I., (1997), The Geochemistry of Natural Waters, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N. J.
27. Eijsink, L. M., M. D. Krom, and, G. J. de Lange, (1997), The use of sequential extraction techniques for sedimentary phosphorus in eastern Mediterranean sediments, Mar. Geol., 139 (1-4), 147-155, doi: 10.1016/S0025-3227(96)00108-9.
28. Elser, J. J., M. E. S. Bracken, E. E. Cleland, D. S. Gruner, W. S. Harpole, H. Hillebrand, J. T. Ngai, E. W. Seabloom, J. B. Shurin, and, J. E. Smith, (2007), Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, Ecol. Lett., 10 (12), 1135-1142, doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01113.x.
29. Emmerton, C. A., L. F. W. Lesack, and, W. F. Vincent, (2008), Nutrient and organic matter patterns across the Mackenzie River, estuary and shelf during the seasonal recession of sea-ice, J. Mar. Syst., 74 (3-4), 741-755, doi: 10.1016/J.Jmarsys.2007.10.001.
30. Fettweis, X., B. Franco, M. Tedesco, J. H. van Angelen, J. T. M. Lenaerts, M. R. van den Broeke, and, H. Gallee, (2013), Estimating the Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance contribution to future sea level rise using the regional atmospheric climate model MAR, Cryosphere, 7 (2), 469-489, doi: 10.5194/Tc-7-469-2013.
31. Filippelli, G. M., (2008), The global phosphorus cycle: Past, present, and future, Elements, 4 (2), 89-95, doi: 10.2113/Gselements.4.2.89.
32. Föllmi, K. B., R. Hosein, K. Arn, and, P. Steinmann, (2009), Weathering and the mobility of phosphorus in the catchments and forefields of the Rhône and Oberaar glaciers, central Switzerland: Implications for the global phosphorus cycle on glacial/interglacial timescales, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73 (8), 2252-2282, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.017.
33. Froelich, P. N., (1988), Kinetic control of dissolved phosphate in natural rivers and estuaries-A Primer on the phosphate buffer mechanism, Limnol. Oceanogr., 33 (4), 649-668.
34. Golterman, H. L., (1996), Fractionation of sediment phosphate with chelating compounds: A simplification, and comparison with other methods, Hydrobiologia, 335 (1), 87-95, doi: 10.1007/Bf00013687.
35. Grasshoff, K., K. Kremling, and, M. Ehrhardt, (1999), Methods of Seawater Analysis, 3rd ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany.
36. Green, W. J., B. R. Stage, A. Preston, S. Wagers, J. Shacat, and, S. Newell, (2005), Geochemical processes in the Onyx River, Wright Valley, Antarctica: Major ions, nutrients, trace metals, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69 (4), 839-850, doi: 10.1016/J.Gca.2004.08.001.
37. Gunnars, A., S. Blomqvist, P. Johansson, and, C. Andersson, (2002), Formation of Fe(III) oxyhydroxide colloids in freshwater and brackish seawater, with incorporation of phosphate and calcium, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66 (5), 745-758.
38. Guo, L. D., J. Z. Zhang, and, C. Gueguen, (2004), Speciation and fluxes of nutrients (N, P, Si) from the upper Yukon River, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB1038, doi: 10.1029/2003GB002152.
39. Harrison, J. A., A. F. Bouwman, E. Mayorga, and, S. Seitzinger, (2010), Magnitudes and sources of dissolved inorganic phosphorus inputs to surface fresh waters and the coastal zone: A new global model, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 24, GB1003, doi: 10.1029/2009GB003590.
40. Hawkings, J. R., J. L. Wadham, M. Tranter, R. Raiswell, L. G. Benning, P. J. Statham, A. Tedstone, P. Nienow, K. Lee, and, J. Telling, (2014), Ice sheets as a significant source of highly reactive nanoparticulate iron to the oceans, Nat. Commun., 5, doi: 10.1038/ncomms4929.
41. Hawkings, J. R., et al., (2015), The effect of warming climate on nutrient and solute export from the Greenland Ice Sheet, Geochem. Perspect. Lett., 1, 94-104, doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1510.
42. Hay, W. W., (1998), Detrital sediment fluxes from continents to oceans, Chem. Geol., 145 (3-4), 287-323, doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00149-6.
43. Henriksen, N., A. K. Higgins, F. Kalsbeek, and, T. C. R. Pulvertaft, (2009), Greenland From Archaean to Quaternary Descriptive Text to the 1995 Geological Map of Greenland, 1:2 500 000, Geol. Surv. Den. Greenl., vol. 18, 2nd ed., pp. 9-116, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen.
44. Hock, R., and, C. Noetzli, (1997), Areal melt and discharge modelling of Storglaciaren, Sweden, Ann. Glaciol., 24, 211-216.
45. Hodson, A. J., P. Mumford, and, D. Lister, (2004), Suspended sediment and phosphorus in proglacial rivers: Bioavailability and potential impacts upon the P status of ice-marginal receiving waters, Hydrol. Process., 18 (13), 2409-2422, doi: 10.1002/hyp.1471.
46. Hodson, A. J., P. N. Mumford, J. Kohler, and, P. M. Wynn, (2005), The High Arctic glacial ecosystem: New insights from nutrient budgets, Biogeochemistry, 72 (2), 233-256.
47. Holmes, R. M., et al., (2012), Seasonal and annual fluxes of nutrients and organic matter from large rivers to the Arctic Ocean and surrounding seas, Estuaries Coasts, 35 (2), 369-382, doi: 10.1007/S12237-011-9386-6.
48. Hood, E., and, L. Berner, (2009), Effects of changing glacial coverage on the physical and biogeochemical properties of coastal streams in southeastern Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 114, G03001, doi: 10.1029/2009JG000971.
49. Hood, E., and, D. Scott, (2008), Riverine organic matter and nutrients in southeast Alaska affected by glacial coverage, Nat. Geosci., 1 (9), 583-587, doi: 10.1038/Ngeo280.
50. Hood, E., J. Fellman, R. G. M. Spencer, P. J. Hernes, R. Edwards, D. D'Amore, and, D. Scott, (2009), Glaciers as a source of ancient and labile organic matter to the marine environment, Nature, 462 (7276), 1044-1047, doi: 10.1038/Nature08580.
51. Hood, E., T. J. Battin, J. Fellman, S. O'Neel, and, R. G. M. Spencer, (2015), Storage and release of organic carbon from glaciers and ice sheets, Nat. Geosci., 8 (2), 91-96, doi: 10.1038/ngeo2331.
52. Hopwood, M. J., S. Bacon, K. Arendt, D. P. Connelly, and, P. J. Statham, (2015), Glacial meltwater from Greenland is not likely to be an important source of Fe to the North Atlantic, Biogeochemistry, 124 (1-3), 1-11, doi: 10.1007/s10533-015-0091-6.
53. Hudson, B., I. Overeem, D. McGrath, J. P. M. Syvitski, A. Mikkelsen, and, B. Hasholt, (2014), MODIS observed increase in duration and spatial extent of sediment plumes in Greenland fjords, Cryosphere, 8 (4), 1161-1176, doi: 10.5194/Tc-8-1161-2014.
54. Jeandel, C., and, E. H. Oelkers, (2015), The influence of terrigenous particulate material dissolution on ocean chemistry and global element cycles, Chem. Geol., 395, 50-66, doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.12.001.
55. Jeffries, D. S., F. P. Dieken, and, D. E. Jones, (1979), Performance of the autoclave digestion method for total phosphorus analysis, Water Res., 13 (3), 275-279, doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(79)90206-9.
56. Knight, P. G., (1999), Glaciers, 261 pp., Stanley Thornes, Cheltenham.
57. Lawson, E. C., J. L. Wadham, M. Tranter, M. Stibal, G. P. Lis, C. E. H. Butler, J. Laybourn-Parry, P. Nienow, D. Chandler, and, P. Dewsbury, (2014), Greenland Ice Sheet exports labile organic carbon to the Arctic oceans, Biogeosciences, 11 (14), 4015-4028, doi: 10.5194/bg-11-4015-2014.
58. Le Fouest, V., M. Babin, and, J. E. Tremblay, (2013), The fate of riverine nutrients on Arctic shelves, Biogeosciences, 10 (6), 3661-3677, doi: 10.5194/Bg-10-3661-2013.
59. Leeson, A. A., A. Shepherd, K. Briggs, I. Howat, X. Fettweis, M. Morlighem, and, E. Rignot, (2015), Supraglacial lakes on the Greenland ice sheet advance inland under warming climate, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 51-55, doi: 10.1038/nclimate2463.
60. Levy, E. T., and, W. H. Schlesinger, (1999), A comparison of fractionation methods for forms of phosphorus in soils, Biogeochemistry, 47 (1), 25-38, doi: 10.1023/A:1006105420235.
61. Liermann, S., A. A. Beylich, and, A. van Welden, (2012), Contemporary suspended sediment transfer and accumulation processes in the small proglacial Saetrevatnet sub-catchment, Bodalen, western Norway, Geomorphology, 167, 91-101, doi: 10.1016/J.Geomorph.2012.03.035.
62. Lisitzin, A. P., (2002), Sea-Ice and Iceberg Sedimentation in the Ocean: Recent and Past, Springer.
63. Lobbes, J. M., H. P. Fitznar, and, G. Kattner, (2000), Biogeochemical characteristics of dissolved and particulate organic matter in Russian rivers entering the Arctic Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64 (17), 2973-2983, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00409-9.
64. Mahowald, N., et al., (2008), Global distribution of atmospheric phosphorus sources, concentrations and deposition rates, and anthropogenic impacts, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB4026, doi: 10.1029/2008GB003240.
65. Mair, D., I. Willis, U. H. Fischer, B. Hubbard, P. Nienow, and, A. Hubbard, (2003), Hydrological controls on patterns of surface, internal and basal motion during three "spring events": Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, J. Glaciol., 49 (167), 555-567, doi: 10.3189/172756503781830467.
66. McClelland, J. W., A. Townsend-Small, R. M. Holmes, F. Pan, M. Stieglitz, M. Khosh, and, B. J. Peterson, (2014), River export of nutrients and organic matter from the North Slope of Alaska to the Beaufort Sea, Water Resour. Res., 50, 1823-1839, doi: 10.1002/2013WR014722.
67. Meng, J., Z. Yu, Q. Yao, T. S. Bianchi, A. Paytan, B. Zhao, H. Pan, and, P. Yao, (2015), Distribution, mixing behavior, and transformation of dissolved inorganic phosphorus and suspended particulate phosphorus along a salinity gradient in the Changjiang estuary, Mar. Chem., 168, 124-134, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2014.09.016.
68. Meybeck, M., (1982), Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus transport by world rivers, Am. J. Sci., 282 (4), 401-450.
69. Mindl, B., A. M. Anesio, K. Meirer, A. J. Hodson, J. Laybourn-Parry, R. Sommaruga, and, B. Sattler, (2007), Factors influencing bacterial dynamics along a transect from supraglacial runoff to proglacial lakes of a high Arctic glacier, Fems Microbiol. Ecol., 59 (2), 307-317, doi: 10.1111/J.1574-6941.2006.00262.X.
70. Moore, C. M., et al., (2013), Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation, Nat. Geosci., 6 (9), 701-710, doi: 10.1038/Ngeo1765.
71. Mueller, D. R., W. F. Vincent, W. H. Pollard, and, C. H. Fritsen, (2001), Glacial cryoconite ecosystems: A bipolar comparison of algal communities and habitats, Nova Hedwigia, 123, 173-198.
72. Nghiem, S. V., D. K. Hall, T. L. Mote, M. Tedesco, M. R. Albert, K. Keegan, C. A. Shuman, N. E. DiGirolamo, and, G. Neumann, (2012), The extreme melt across the Greenland ice sheet in 2012, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L20502, doi: 10.1029/2012GL053611.
73. Nixon, S. W., et al., (1996), The fate of nitrogen and phosphorus at the land sea margin of the North Atlantic Ocean, Biogeochemistry, 35 (1), 141-180, doi: 10.1007/Bf02179826.
74. Oelkers, E. H., E. Valsami-Jones, and, T. Roncal-Herrero, (2008), Phosphate mineral reactivity: From global cycles to sustainable development, Mineral. Mag., 72 (1), 337-340, doi: 10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.337.
75. Palmer, S., A. Shepherd, P. Nienow, and, I. Joughin, (2011), Seasonal speedup of the Greenland Ice Sheet linked to routing of surface water, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 302 (3-4), 423-428, doi: 10.1016/J.Epsl.2010.12.037.
76. Paytan, A., and, K. McLaughlin, (2007), The oceanic phosphorus cycle, Chem. Rev., 107 (2), 563-576, doi: 10.1021/cr0503613.
77. Peterson, B. J., R. M. Holmes, J. W. McClelland, C. J. Vorosmarty, R. B. Lammers, A. I. Shiklomanov, I. A. Shiklomanov, and, S. Rahmstorf, (2002), Increasing river discharge to the Arctic Ocean, Science, 298 (5601), 2171-2173, doi: 10.1126/Science.1077445.
78. Planavsky, N. J., O. J. Rouxel, A. Bekker, S. V. Lalonde, K. O. Konhauser, C. T. Reinhard, and, T. W. Lyons, (2010), The evolution of the marine phosphate reservoir, Nature, 467 (7319), 1088-1090, doi: 10.1038/Nature09485.
79. Porder, S., and, S. Ramachandran, (2013), The phosphorus concentration of common rocks-A potential driver of ecosystem P status, Plant Soil, 367 (1-2), 41-55, doi: 10.1007/S11104-012-1490-2.
80. Raiswell, R., and, D. E. Canfield, (2012), The iron biogeochemical cycle past and present, Geochem. Perspect., 1 (1), 1-220.
81. Raiswell, R., H. P. Vu, L. Brinza, and, L. G. Benning, (2010), The determination of labile Fe in ferrihydrite by ascorbic acid extraction: Methodology, dissolution kinetics and loss of solubility with age and de-watering, Chem. Geol., 278 (1-2), 70-79, doi: 10.1016/J.Chemgeo.2010.09.002.
82. Rignot, E., and, J. Mouginot, (2012), Ice flow in Greenland for the International Polar Year 2008-2009, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L11501, doi: 10.1029/2012GL051634.
83. Ruttenberg, K. C., (1992), Development of a sequential extraction method for different forms of phosphorus in marine-sediments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 37 (7), 1460-1482.
84. Ruttenberg, K. C., (2014), The global phosphorus cycle, in Treatise on Geochemistry, edited by, D. M. Karl, and, W. H. Schlesinger, pp. 499-558, Elsevier, Oxford.
85. Sahoo, S. K., N. J. Planavsky, B. Kendall, X. Q. Wang, X. Y. Shi, C. Scott, A. D. Anbar, T. W. Lyons, and, G. Q. Jiang, (2012), Ocean oxygenation in the wake of the Marinoan glaciation, Nature, 489 (7417), 546-549, doi: 10.1038/Nature11445.
86. Schroth, A. W., J. Crusius, I. Hoyer, and, R. Campbell, (2014), Estuarine removal of glacial iron and implications for iron fluxes to the ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 3951-3958, doi: 10.1002/2014GL060199.
87. Slomp, C. P., (2011), Phosphorus cycling in the estuarine and coastal zones: Sources, sinks, and transformations, in Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science, edited by, E. Wolanski, and, D. McLusky, pp. 201-229, Academic Press, Waltham, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374711-2.00506-4.
88. Smith, K. L., A. D. Sherman, T. J. Shaw, and, J. Sprintall, (2013), Icebergs as unique lagrangian ecosystems in polar seas, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 5, 269-287, doi: 10.1146/Annurev-Marine-121211-172317.
89. Sole, A. J., D. W. F. Mair, P. W. Nienow, I. D. Bartholomew, M. A. King, M. J. Burke, and, I. Joughin, (2011), Seasonal speedup of a Greenland marine-terminating outlet glacier forced by surface melt-induced changes in subglacial hydrology, J. Geophys. Res., 116, F03014, doi: 10.1029/2010JF001948.
90. Stibal, M., M. Tranter, J. Telling, and, L. G. Benning, (2008), Speciation, phase association and potential bioavailability of phosphorus on a Svalbard glacier, Biogeochemistry, 90 (1), 1-13, doi: 10.1007/S10533-008-9226-3.
91. Stibal, M., A. M. Anesio, C. J. D. Blues, and, M. Tranter, (2009), Phosphatase activity and organic phosphorus turnover on a high Arctic glacier, Biogeosciences, 6 (5), 913-922.
92. Sutula, M., T. S. Bianchi, and, B. A. McKee, (2004), Effect of seasonal sediment storage in the lower Mississippi River on the flux of reactive particulate phosphorus to the Gulf of Mexico, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49 (6), 2223-2235.
93. Swift, D. A., P. W. Nienow, T. B. Hoey, and, D. W. F. Mair, (2005), Seasonal evolution of runoff from Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland and implications for glacial geomorphic processes, J. Hydrol., 309 (1-4), 133-148, doi: 10.1016/J.Jhydrol.2004.11.016.
94. Tedesco, M., X. Fettweis, T. Mote, J. Wahr, P. Alexander, J. E. Box, and, B. Wouters, (2013), Evidence and analysis of 2012 Greenland records from spaceborne observations, a regional climate model and reanalysis data, Cryosphere, 7 (2), 615-630, doi: 10.5194/Tc-7-615-2013.
95. Telang, S., R. Pocklington, A. Naidu, E. Romankevich, I. Gitelson, and, M. Gladyshev, (1991), Carbon and mineral transport in major North American, Russian arctic, and Siberian rivers: The St. Lawrence, the Mackenzie, the Yukon, the arctic Alaskan rivers, the arctic basin rivers in the Soviet Union, and the Yenisei, in Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers, edited by, E. T. Degens, S. Kempe, and, J. E. Richey, pp. 75-104, John Wiley, Chichester.
96. Telling, J., et al., (2012), Microbial nitrogen cycling on the Greenland Ice Sheet, Biogeosciences, 9 (7), 2431-2442, doi: 10.5194/Bg-9-2431-2012.
97. Telling, J., A. M. Anesio, M. Tranter, A. Fountain, T. Nylen, J. Hawkings, V. B. Singh, P. Kaur, M. Musilova, and, J. L. Wadham, (2014), Spring thaw ionic pulses boost nutrient availability and microbial growth in entombed Antarctic Dry Valley cryoconite holes, Front Microbiol., 5, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00694.
98. Torres-Valdés, S., T. Tsubouchi, S. Bacon, A. C. Naveira-Garabato, R. Sanders, F. A. McLaughlin, B. Petrie, G. Kattner, K. Azetsu-Scott, and, T. E. Whitledge, (2013), Export of nutrients from the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 1625-1644, doi: 10.1002/jgrc.20063.
99. Tranter, M., M. Sharp, H. Lamb, G. Brown, B. Hubbard, and, I. Willis, (2002), Geochemical weathering at the bed of Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland-A new model, Hydrol. Process., 16 (5), 959-993.
100. Tyrrell, T., (1999), The relative influences of nitrogen and phosphorus on oceanic primary production, Nature, 400 (6744), 525-531, doi: 10.1038/22941.
101. Wadham, J. L., M. Tranter, M. Skidmore, A. J. Hodson, J. Priscu, W. B. Lyons, M. Sharp, P. Wynn, and, M. Jackson, (2010), Biogeochemical weathering under ice: Size matters, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 24, GB3025, doi: 10.1029/2009GB003688.
102. Wu, J. F., W. Sunda, E. A. Boyle, and, D. M. Karl, (2000), Phosphate depletion in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Science, 289 (5480), 759-762, doi: 10.1126/Science.289.5480.759.
103. Zhang, S., H. Ji, W. Yan, and, S. Duan, (2003), Composition and flux of nutrients transport to the Changjiang estuary, J. Geogr. Sci., 13 (1), 3-12, doi: 10.1007/BF02873141.