Detrital sediment fluxes from continents to oceans

Chemical Geology

Volumn 145, Issue 3-4, 1998, Pages 287-323

  Hay, William W ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONTINENT; OCEAN; SEDIMENT FLUX;

EID: 0032521988     PISSN: 00092541     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00149-6     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. Ahnert F. Functional relationships between denudation, relief, and uplift in large mid-latitude drainage basins. Am. J. Sci. 268:1970;243-263.
2. Algeo T.J., Berner R.A., Maynard J.B., Scheckler S.E. Late Devonian anoxic events and biotic crises: "rooted" in the evolution of vascular land plants? GSA Today. 5(45):1995;64-66.
3. Alley H.B., MacAyeal D.R. Ice-rafted debris associated with binge/purge oscillations of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Paleoceanography. 9:1994;503-511.
4. Andrews J.T., Tedesco K. Detrital carbonate-rich sediments, northwestern Labrador Sea: Implications for ice sheet dynamics and iceberg rafting (Heinrich) events in the North Atlantic. Geology. 20:1992;1087-1090.
5. Andrews J.T., Milliman J.D., Jenning A.E., Rynes N., Dwyer J. Sediment thicknesses and Holocene glacial sedimentation rates in three east Greenland fjords (ca. 60°N). J. Geol. 102:1994;669-683.
6. Avouac J.P., Burov E.B. Erosion as a driving mechanism of intra continental mountain growth. J. Geophys. Res. 101:1996;17747-17769.
7. Baumgartner, A., Reichel, E., 1975. The World Water Balance; Mean Annual Global Continental and Maritime Precipitation, Evaporation and Run off. Elsevier, New York, NY, p. 179.
8. Barron, E.J., Whitman, J.M., 1981. Oceanic sediments in space and time. In: Emiliani, C. (Ed.), The Sea, vol. 7, The Oceanic Lithosphere. Wiley, New York, pp. 689-731.
9. Bell M., Laine E.P. Erosion of the Laurentide region of North America by glacial and glaciofluvial processes. Quat. Res. 23:1985;154-174.
10. Berner, E.K., Berner, R.A., 1987. The Global Water Cycle: Geochemistry and Environment. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 397.
11. Berner, E.K., Berner, R.A., 1996. Global Environment: Water, Air, and Geochemical Cycles. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 376 pp.
12. Berner R.A. A model for atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time. Am. J. Sci. 291:1991;39-376.
13. Berner R.A. Weathering, plants, and the long term carbon cycle. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 56:1992;3225-3231.
14. Berner R.A. Geocarb II: A revised model of atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time. Am. J. Sci. 294:1994;56-91.
15. Berner, R.A., 1995. Chemical weathering and its effect on atmospheric CO2 and climate. In: White, A.F., Brantley, S.L. (Eds.), Chemical Weathering Rates of Silicate Minerals. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C., pp. 565-583.
16. Berner R.A. The rise of plants and their effect on weathering and atmospheric CO2. Science. 276:1997;544-546.
17. Berner R.A., Lasaga A.C., Garrels R.M. The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the 100 million years. Am. J. Sci. 283:1983;641-683.
18. Bond G., Heinrich H., Huon S.et al. Evidence for massive discharges of icebergs into the glacial North Atlantic. Nature. 360:1982;245-250.
19. Broecker W., Bond G., Klas M., Clark E., McManus J. Origin of the northern Atlantic's Heinrich events. Clim. Dyn. 6:1992;91-109.
20. Collins, D.N., 1983. Solute yield from a glacierised high mountain basin. In: Webb, B.W. (Ed.), Dissolved Loads of Rivers and Surface Water Quantity/Quality Relationships. Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci. Publ. 141, 41-49.
21. Corbel J. Vitesse de l'érosion. Z. Geomorphol. 3:1959;1-28.
22. Corbel J. L'érosion terrestre, étude quantitative (méthodes-techniques-résultats). Ann. Geogr. J. 73:1964;385-412.
23. Curtis C.D. Stability of minerals in surface weathering reactions: A general thermochemical approach. Earth Surf. Proc. 1:1976;63-70.
24. Curtis W.F., Culbertson K., Chase E.B. Fluvial-sediment discharge to the oceans from the conterminous United States. U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ. 670:1973;1-17.
25. Davis, W.M., 1909. Geographical Essays. Ginn, Boston, MA, p. 777.
26. Delft Hydraulic Laboratory, 1986. Manual of Sediment Measurements.
27. Douglas J. Man, vegetation, and the sediment yield of rivers. Nature. 215:1967;925-928.
28. Duce R.A., Liss P.A., Merrill J.T.et al. The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles. 5:1991;193-259.
29. Dunne T. Sediment yield and land use in tropical catchments. J. Hydrol. 42:1979;281-300.
30. Eyles N.S., Slatt R.M., Rogerson R.J. Geochemical denudation rates and solute transport mechanisms in a maritime temperate glacier basin. Can. J. Earth Sci. 19:1982;1570-1581.
31. Flint, R.F., 1971. Glacial and Quaternary Geology. Wiley, New York, p. 892.
32. Fournier, F., 1960. Climat et Érosion. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, p. 201.
33. France-Lanord C., Derry L.A. d13C of organic carbon in the Bengal fan: source evolution and transport of C3 and C4 plant carbon to marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 58:1994;4809-4814.
34. Gaillardet J., Dupré B., Allègre C.J. A geochemical mass budget model applied to the Congo Basin rivers. Erosion rates and composition of the continental crust. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 59:1995;3469-3485.
35. Garner H.F. Stratigraphic-sedimentary significance of contemporary climate and relief in four regions of the Andes mountains. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 70:1959;1327-1368.
36. Garrels, R.M., Mackenzie, F.T., 1971. Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks. Norton, New York, p. 397.
37. Gary, M., McAfee, R.J., Wolf, 1974. Glossary of Geology. American Geological Institute, Washington, D.C., 805 pp.
38. Gibbs M.T., Kump L.R. Global chemical erosion during the last glacial maximum and the present: Sensitivity to changes in lithology and hydrology. Paleoceanography. 9:1994;529-543.
39. Gilluly, J., 1955. Geologic contrasts between continents and ocean basins. In: Poldervaart, A. (Ed.), Crust of the Earth. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 62. Geological Society of America, New York, pp. 7-18.
40. Goldberg, E.R., 1971. Atmospheric Transport. In: Impingement of Man on the Oceans. Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 75-88.
41. Gravenor C.P. Erosion by continental ice sheets. Am. J. Sci. 275:1975;594-604.
42. Grousset F.E., Labeyrie L., Sinko J.A.et al. Patterns of ice-rafted detritus in the glacial North Atlantic (40-55°N). Paleoceanography. 8:1993;175-192.
43. Hadley, R.F., Schumm, S.A., 1961. Sediment sources and drainage basin characteristics in upper Cheyenne River basin. U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Supply Pap. 1531-B.
44. Hallett B., Hunter L., Bogen J. Rates of erosion and sediment evacuation by glaciers: A review of field data and their implications. Global Planet. Change. 12:1996;213-235.
45. Harbor J., Warburton J. Relative rates of glacial and nonglacial erosion in alpine environments. Arct. Alp. Res. 25:1993;1-7.
46. Harrison C.G. Rates of continental erosion and mountain building. Geol. Rundsch. 83:1994;431-447.
47. Hay W.W. Understanding and modeling the sedimentary system. Geowissenschaften. 15(1):1997;5-9.
48. Hay, W.W., Rosol, M.J., Jory, D.E., Sloan, J.L., II, 1987. Tectonic control of global patterns of detrital and carbonate sedimentation. In: Doyle, L.J., Roberts, H.H. (Eds.), Carbonate Clastic Transitions: Developments in Sedimentology, vol. 42. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 1-34.
49. Hay W.W., Shaw C.A., Wold C.N. Mass-balanced paleographic reconstructions. Geol. Rundschau. 78:1989;207-242.
50. Hay, W.W., Southam, J.R., 1977. Modulation of marine sedimentation by the continental shelves. In: Andersen, N.R., Malahoff, A. (Eds.), The Fate of Fossil Fuel CO2 in the Oceans. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 569-604.
51. Heinrich H. Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in the northeast Atlantic ocean during the past 130,00 years. Quat. Res. 29:1988;143-152.
52. Higgs R. Provenance of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments from the Labrador and west Greenland continental margins. Can. J. Earth Sci. 15:1978;1850-1860.
53. Holeman J.N. The sediment yield of major rivers of the world. Water Resour. Res. 4:1968;737-747.
54. Holeman J.N. Erosion rates in the U.S. estimated by the Soil Conservation Services inventory. EOS. 61:1980;954.
55. Holland, H.D., 1978. The Chemistry of the Atmosphere and Oceans. Wiley-Interscience, New York, p. 351.
56. Holland, H.D., 1981. River transport to the oceans. In: Emiliani, C. (Ed.), The Sea, vol. 7, The Oceanic Lithosphere. Wiley, New York, pp. 763-800.
57. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, IAHS, (UNESCO), 1974. Gross Sediment Transport into the Oceans, Preliminary Edition. 4/WS/33. UNESCO, Paris, p. 4.
58. Jansen J.M., Painter R.B. Predicting sediment yield from climate and topography. J. Hydrol. 21:1974;371-380.
59. Jansson M. A global survey of sediment yield. Geograf. Ann. 70A:1988;81-98.
60. Judson S. Erosion of the land. Am. Sci. 56:1968;356-374.
61. Judson S., Ritter D.F. Rates of regional denudation in the United States. J. Geophys. Res. 69:1964;3395-3401.
62. Kasting J. Long-term stability of the Earth's climate. Global and Planetary Change. 1:1989;83-95.
63. Kuenen, P.H., 1950. Marine Geology. Wiley, New York, p. 568.
64. Kump, L.B., Alley, R.B., 1994. Global chemical weathering on glacial time scales. In: Hay, W.W., (Ed.), Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 46-60.
65. Laine E.P. New evidence from beneath the western North Atlantic for the depth of glacial erosion in Greenland and North America. Quat. Res. 14:1980;1-11.
66. Langbein W.B., Schumm S.A. Yield of sediment in relation to mean annual precipitation. EOS. 39:1958;1076-1084.
67. Lasaga, A.C., Berner, R.A., Garrels, R.M., 1985. An improved geochemical model of atmospheric CO2 fluctuations over the past 100 million years. In: Sundquist, E.T., Broecker, W.S. (Eds.), The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations Archaean to Present. Geophys. Monogr. Am. Geophys. Union 32, 397-411.
68. Leeder, M.R., 1982. Sedimentology: Process and Product. George Allen and Unwin, London, UK, p. 344.
69. Leeder M.R. Denudation, vertical crustal movements and sedimentary basin fill. Geol. Rundsch. 80:1991;441-458.
70. Leopold, L.B., Wolma, M.G., Miller, J.P., 1964. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology. Freeman, San Francisco, CA, p. 522.
71. Lerman, A., 1994. Surficial weathering fluxes and their geochemical controls. In: Hay, W.W. (Ed.), Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 28-45.
72. Lisitzin, A.P., 1972. Sedimentation in the World Ocean. In: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, OK, p. 218.
73. Lisitzin, A., 1974. Osadkoobrazovaniye v Okeanokh. Nauka, Moscow, 438 pp.
74. Lisitzin, A., 1996. Oceanic Sedimentation: Lithology and Geochemistry. In: Kennett, J.P. (Ed.), Trans. C. Woolhiser. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 400 pp.
75. Livingstone, D.A., 1963. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. In: Fleischer, M. (Ed.), Data of Geochemistry, 6th ed., U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 440 G, 1-64.
76. Lopatin, G.W., 1950. Erozia y stok nanosov. Priroda 7.
77. Loughnan, F.C., 1969. Chemical Weathering of the Silicate Minerals. Elsevier, New York, p. 154.
78. Martin, J.M., Whitfield, M., 1981. The significance of river input of chemical elements to the ocean. In: Wong, C.S., Boyle, E., Bruland, K.W., Burton, J.D., Goldberg, E.D. (Eds.), Trace Metals in Sea Water. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 265-296.
79. Meade R.H. Errors in using modern stream-load data to estimate natural rates of denudation. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 80:1969;1265-1274.
80. Meade R.H. Sources, sinks, and storage of river sediment in the Atlantic drainage of the United States. J. Geol. 90:1982;235-252.
81. Meade, R.H., 1988. Movement and storage of sediment in river systems. In: Lerman, A., Meybeck, M. (Eds.), Physical and Chemical Weathering in Geochemical Cycles. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 165-179.
82. Meade R.H., Parker R.S. Sediment in rivers of the United States. U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Supply Pap. 2275:1985;49-60.
83. Meade, R.H., Yuzyk, T.R., Day, T.J., 1990. Movement and storage of sediment in rivers of the United States and Canada. In: Wolman, M.G., Riggs, H.C. (Eds.), The Geology of North America, vol. 1, Surface Water Hydrology. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, pp. 255-280.
84. Metcalf R.C. The cationic denudation rate of an alpine glacial catchment: Gornergletscher, Switzerland. Z. Gletscherk. Glazialgeol. 22:1986;19-32.
85. Meybeck M. Total mineral dissolved transport by world major rivers. Hydrol. Sci. Bull. 21:1976;265-284.
86. Meybeck M. Concentrations des eaux fluviales en éléments majeurs et apports en solution aux océans. Rev. Géol. Dynam. Géogr. Phys. 21:1979;215-246.
87. Meybeck, M., 1980. Pathways of major elements from land to ocean through rivers. In: Martin, J., Burton, J.D., Eisma, D. (Eds.), Proceedings of the SCOR/UNEP/UNESCO Review and Workshop on River Inputs to Ocean Systems. FAO, Rome, Italy, pp. 18-30.
88. Meybeck, M., 1984. Les fleuves et le cycle géochimique des éléments. Thèse d'état (no. 84-35). École Normal Supérieure, Laboratoire de Géologie, Université Marie et Pierre Curie, Paris 6, France.
89. Meybeck M. Global chemical weathering of surficial rocks estimated from river dissolved loads. Am. J. Sci. 287:1987;401-428.
90. Meybeck, M., 1988. How to establish and use world budgets of riverine materials. In: Lerman, A. (Ed.), Physical and Chemical Weathering in Geochemical Cycles. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 247-272.
91. Meybeck, M., 1994. Origin and variable composition of present day riverborne material. In: Hay, W.W. (Ed.), Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 61-73.
92. Miall, A.D., 1996. The Geology of Fluvial Deposits. Springer, Berlin, Germany, p. 582.
93. Milliman, J.D., 1980. Transfer of river-borne particulate material to the oceans. In: Martin, J., Burton, J.D., Eisma, D. (Eds.), River Inputs to Ocean Systems, SCOR/UNEP/UNESCO Review and Workshop. FAO, Rome, pp. 5-12.
94. Milliman, J.D., 1991. Flux and fate of fluvial sediment and water in coastal seas. In: Mantoura, R.F., Martin, J.W., (Eds.), Ocean Margin Processes in Global Change. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp. 69-89.
95. Milliman J.D., Meade R.H. World-wide delivery of river sediment to the oceans. J. Geol. 91:1983;1-21.
96. Milliman J.D., Qin Y.S., Ren M.E. Man's influence on the erosion and transport of sediment by Asian rivers: The Yellow River (Huanghe) example. J. Geol. 95:1987;751-762.
97. Milliman, J.D., Quraishee, G.S., Beg, M.N., 1984. Sediment discharge from the Indus River to the ocean: Past present and future. In: Haq, B.U., Milliman, J.D., (Eds.), Marine Geology and Oceanography of the Arabian Sea. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 65-70.
98. Milliman J.D., Syvitski J.P. Geomorphic\tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: The importance of small mountainous rivers. J. Geol. 100:1992;525-544.
99. Milliman, J.D., Syvitski, J.P., 1994. Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: The importance of small mountainous rivers. In: Hay, W.W. (Ed.), Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 74-85.
100. Molnar P., England P. Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain ranges and global climate change: chicken or egg. Nature. 346:1990;29-34.
101. Montgomery D.R. Valley incision and uplift of mountain peaks. J. Geophys. Res. 99:1994;13913-13921.
102. Pearce, F., 1991. A dammed fine mess. New Sci. (May 4), 36-39.
103. Pechinov D. Vodna erozia i to'rd ottok. Priroda. 8:1959;49-52.
104. Perlmutter, M.A., Matthews, M.D., 1989. Global cyclostratigraphy: A model. In: Cross, T.A. (Ed.), Quantitative Dynamic Stratigraphy. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 233-260.
105. Petts, G.E., Møller, H., Roux, A.L. (Eds.), 1989. Historical Changes of Large Alluvial Rivers: Western Europe. Wiley, Chichester, UK, p. 365.
106. Pinet P., Souriau M. Continental erosion and large-scale relief. Tectonics. 7:1988;563-582.
107. Potter P.E. Significance and origin of big rivers. J. Geol. 86:1978;13-33.
108. Prospero, J.M., 1981. Eolian transport to the world ocean. In: Emiliani, C. (Ed.), The Sea, vol. 7, The Oceanic Lithosphere. Wiley, New York, pp. 801-874.
109. Raymo M.E., Ruddiman W.F. Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate. Nature. 359:1992;117-122.
110. Raymo M. Geochemical evidence supporting T.C. Chamberlin's theory of glaciation. Geology. 19:1991;344-347.
111. Reynolds R.C., Johnson N.M. Chemical weathering in the temperate glacial environment of the northern Cascade Mountains. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 36:1972;537-554.
112. Ruxton B.P., McDougall I. Denudation rates in northeast Papua from potassium-argon dating of lavas. Am. J. Sci. 265:1967;545-561.
113. Scheidegger, A., 1970. Theoretical Geomorphology, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, p. 435.
114. Schumm S.A. The evolution of drainage basin systems and slopes in badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 67:1956;597-646.
115. Schumm, S.A., 1963. The disparity between present rates of denudation and orogeny. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 454 H, 454-511.
116. Schumm, S.A., 1965. Quaternary paleohydrology. In: Wright Jr., H.E., Frey, D.G. (Eds.), The Quaternary of the United States. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, pp. 7783-794.
117. Schumm, S.A., 1977. The Fluvial System. Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 1-338.
118. Schumm, S.A., Hadley, R.F., 1961. Progress in the application of landform analysis in studies of semiarid erosion. U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ. 437, p. 14.
119. Sharp M., Tranter M., Brown G.H., Skidmore M. Rates of chemical denudation and CO2 drawdown in a glacier-covered Alpine catchment. Geology. 23:1995;61-64.
120. Souchez, R.A., Lemmens, M.M., 1987. Solutes. In: Gurnell, A.M., Clark, M.J. (Eds.), Glacio-Fluvial Sediment Transfer. Wiley, New York, pp. 285-303.
121. Stallard, R.F., 1992. Tectonic processes, continental freeboard, and the rate controlling step for continental denudation. In: Butcher, S.S., et al. (Eds.), Global Biogeochemical Cycles. Academic Press, New York, pp. 93-121.
122. Stallard, R.F., 1995. Relating chemical and physical erosion. In: White, A.F., Brantley, S.L. (Eds.), Chemical Weathering Rates of Silicate Minerals. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C., pp. 543-564.
123. Strakhov, N.M., 1960. Osnovi Teorii Litogeneza I. Isdatelstvo Akademia Nauk, SSSR, Moscow.
124. Strakhov, N.M., 1961. Onekotroykh zakonomernostiakh denudatsii i perenosa osadochnogo materiala na ploshchadyakh gymidnykh klimatov. In: Strakhov, N.M., Bezrykov, P.L., Yablokov, V.S. (Eds.), Sovremennye osadki morie i okeanov. Izdatelstvo Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moscow, pp. 5-27.
125. Strakhov, N.M., 1967. Principles of Lithogenesis, vol. 1. In: Tomkieff, S.I. Hemingway, J.E. (Eds.), Trans. J.P. Fitzsimmons. Consultants Bureau and Oliver and Boyd, New York, p. 245 pp.
126. Sugden D.E. A case against deep erosion of shields by ice sheets. Geology. 4:1976;580-582.
127. Summerfield M.A., Hulton N.J. Natural controls of fluvial denudation rates in major world drainage basins. J. Geophys. Res. 99:1994;13871-13883.
128. Tranter M., Brown G.H., Raiswell R., Sharp M., Gurnell A.M. A conceptual model of solute acquisition by Alpine glacial meltwaters. J. Glaciol. 39:1993;573-581.
129. Trimble S.W. Denudation studies: Can we assume stream steady state. Science. 188:1975;1207-1208.
130. Trimble S.W. The fallacy of stream equilibrium in contemporary denudation studies. Am. J. Sci. 277:1977;876-877.
131. Trimble S.W. A sediment budget for the Coon Creek basin in the Driftless Area, Wisconsin, 1853-1977. Am. J. Sci. 283:1983;454-474.
132. Trimble S.W., Lundt S.W. Soil conservation and the reduction of erosion and sedimentation in the Coon Creek basin, Wisconsin. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1234:1982;1-35.
133. Velbel M.A. Temperature dependence of silicate weathering in nature: How strong a negative feedback on long term accumulation of atmospheric CO2 and global greenhouse warming? Geology. 21:1993;1059-1062.
134. Volk T. Feedback between weathering and atmospheric CO2 over the last 100 million years. Am. J. Sci. 287:1987;763-779.
135. Walker J.C., Hays P.B., Kasting J.F. A negative feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of the Earth's surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res. 86:1981;9776-9782.
136. Walling, D.E., 1987. Rainfall, runoff, and erosion of the land: A global view. In: Gregory, K.J. (Ed.), Energetics of Physical Environment. Wiley, London, UK, pp. 89-117.
137. Walling, D.E., Webb, B.W., 1983. Patterns of sediment yield. In: Gregory, K.J. (Ed.), Background to Paleohydrology. Wiley, New York, pp. 69-100.
138. Waythomas C.F., Williams G.P. Sediment yield and spurious correlation: toward a better portrayal of the annual suspended-sediment load or rivers. Geomorphology. 1:1988;309-316.
139. Wetzel A. The transfer of river load to deep-sea fans: A quantitative approach. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 77:1993;1679-1692.
140. White A.F., Blum A.E. Effects of climate on chemical weathering in watersheds. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 59:1995;1729-1747.
141. White, A.F., Brantley, S.L., 1995. Chemical weathering rates of silicate minerals: An overview. In: White, A.F., Brantley, S.L. (Eds.), Chemical Weathering Rates of Silicate Minerals. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C., pp. 1-22.
142. White W.A. Deep erosion by continental ice sheet. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 83:1972;1037-1056.
143. Wilson L. Variations in mean annual sediment yield as a function of mean annual precipitation. Am. J. Sci. 273:1973;335-349.
144. Windon H.L. Atmospheric dust records in permanent snowfields; implications to marine sedimentation. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 80:1969;761-782.
145. Wright, R.F., 1988. Influence of acid rain on weathering rates. In: Lerman, A. (Ed.), Physical and Chemical Weathering in Geochemical Cycles. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 181-196.
146. Yevteyev S.A. Determination of the amount of morainal material carried by glaciers to the East Antarctic coast. Inf. Bull., Sov. Antarct. Exped. 11:1959;14-16.