Synthesis, modification, and photo/photoelectrocatalytic degradation applications of TiO2 nanotube arrays: A review

Nanotechnology Reviews

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 75-112

  Ge, Ming Zheng ^a   Cao, Chun Yan ^a   Huang, Jian Ying ^a   Li, Shu Hui ^a   Zhang, Song Nan ^a   Deng, Shu ^a   Li, Qing Song ^a   Zhang, Ke Qin ^a   Lai, Yue Kun ^a  

^a SOOCHOW UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

electrochemical anodization; modification; photocatalysis; photoelectrocatalysis; TiO2 nanotube

Indexed keywords

ANODIC OXIDATION; DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS; FLUORINE COMPOUNDS; HYDROGEN PRODUCTION; NANOTUBES; PHOTOCATALYSIS; POLLUTION; SOLAR POWER GENERATION; YARN;

DEGRADATION OF POLLUTANTS; ELECTRO-CHEMICAL ANODIZATION; ELECTROCHEMICAL ANODIC OXIDATION; MODIFICATION; PHOTO-ELECTROCATALYSIS; PHOTOELECTRIC PROPERTY; TIO2 NANOTUBES; TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOTUBE ARRAY;

TITANIUM DIOXIDE;

EID: 84958758201     PISSN: 21919089     EISSN: 21919097     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/ntrev-2015-0049     Document Type: Review

References (275)

1. Litter MI. Heterogeneous photocatalysis-transition metal ions in photocatalytic systems. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 1999, 23, 89-114.
2. Malato S, Fernández-Ibanez P, Maldonado MI, Blanco J, Gernjak W. Decontamination and disinfection of water by solar photocatalysis: recent overview and trends. Catal. Today 2009, 147, 1-59.
3. Pronina N, Klauson D, Moiseev A, Deubener J, Krichevskaya M. Titanium dioxide sol-gel-coated expanded clay granules for use in photocatalytic fluidized-bed reactor. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2015, 178, 117-123.
4. Zhang XY, Deng YJ, Liu JK, Lu Y, Yang XH. Mass preparation and novel visible light photocatalytic activity of C and Ag Co-modified ZnO nanocrystals. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 2015, 459, 1-9.
5. Vimonses V, Jin B, Chow CWK, Saint C. An adsorption-photocatalysis hybrid process using multi-functional-nanoporous materials for wastewater reclamation. Water Res. 2010, 44, 5385-5397.
6. Yap PS, Lim TT. Effect of aqueous matrix species on synergistic removal of bisphenol-A under solar irradiation using nitrogendoped TiO2/AC composite. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2011, 101, 709-717.
7. Fujishima A, Honda K. Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 1972, 238, 37-38.
8. Ji Y, Zhang M, Cui J, Lin KC, Zheng H, Zhu JJ, Samia ACS. Highlyordered TiO2 nanotube arrays with double-walled and bambootype structures in dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Energy 2012, 1, 796-804.
9. Macak JM, Zlamal M, Krysa J, Schmuki P. Self-organized TiO2 nanotube layers as highly efficient photocatalysts. Small 2007, 3, 300-304.
10. Lai YK, Pan F, Xu C, Fuchs H, Chi LF. In situ surface-modificationinduced superhydrophobic patterns with reversible wettability and adhesion. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 1682-1686.
11. Huang JY, Lai YK, Pan F, Yang L, Wang H, Zhang KQ, Fuchs H, Chi LF. A multifunctional superamphiphobic TiO2 nanostructure surfaces with facile wettability and adhesion engineering. Small 2014, 10, 4865-4873.
12. Seger B, Pedersen T, Laursen AB, Vesborg PC, Hansen O, Chorkendorff I. Using TiO2 as a conductive protective layer for photocathodic H2 evolution. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 1057-1064.
13. Lai YK, Lin LX, Pan F, Huang JY, Song R, Huang YX, Lin CJ, Fuchs H, Chi LF. Bioinspired patterning with extreme wettability contrast on TiO2 nanotube array surface: a versatile platform for biomedical applications. Small 2013, 9, 2945-2953.
14. Wang H, Lai YK, Zheng RY, Bian Y, Zhang KQ, Lin CJ. Tuning the surface microstructure of titanate coatings on titanium implants for enhancing bioactivity of implants. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2015, 10, 3887-3896.
15. Xiong BT, Zhou BX, Bai J, Zheng Q, Liu YB, Cai WM, Cai J. Light scattering of nanocrystalline TiO2 film used in dye-sensitized solar cells. Chinese Phys. B 2008, 17, 3713-3719.
16. Wang LN, Jing M, Zheng YD, Guan YP, Lu X, Luo JL. Nanotubular surface modification of metallic implants via electrochemical anodization technique. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2014, 9, 4421-4435.
17. Zheng Q, Zhou BX, Bai J, Li LH, Jin ZJ, Zhang JL, Li JH, Liu YB, Cai WM, Zhu XY. Self-organized TiO2 nanotube array sensor for the determination of chemical oxygen demand. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 1044-1049.
18. Iijima S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 1991, 354, 56-58.
19. Sander MS, Cote MJ, Gu W, Kile BM, Tripp CP. Templateassisted fabrication of dense, aligned arrays of titania nanotubes with well-controlled dimensions on substrates. Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 2052-2057.
20. Lee J, Kim DH, Hong SH, Jho JY. A hydrogen gas sensor employing vertically aligned TiO2 nanotube arrays prepared by template-assisted method. Sensors and Actuat. B-Chem. 2011, 160, 1494-1498.
21. Tian ZRR, Voigt JA, Liu J, McKenzie B, Xu HF. Large oriented arrays and continuous films of TiO2-based nanotubes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 12384-12385.
22. Sun XM, Li YD. Synthesis and characterization of ion-exchangeable titanate nanotubes. Chem. Eur. J. 2003, 9, 2229-2238.
23. Bavykin DV, Friedrich JM, Walsh FC. Protonated titanates and TiO2 nanostructured materials: synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 2807-2824.
24. Gong D, Grimes CA, Varghese OK, Hu WC, Singh RS, Chen Z, Dickey EC. Titanium oxide nanotube arrays prepared by anodic oxidation. J. Mater. Res. 2001, 16, 3331-3334.
25. Grimes CA. Synthesis and application of highly ordered arrays of TiO2 nanotubes. J. Mater. Chem. 2007, 17, 1451-1457.
26. Lau YK, Gao XF, Zhuang HF, Huang JY, Lin CJ, Jiang L. Designing superhydrophobic porous nanostructures with tunable water adhesion. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 3799-3803.
27. Macak JM, Schmuki P. Anodic growth of self-organized anodic TiO2 nanotubes in viscous electrolytes. Electrochim. Acta 2006, 52, 1258-1264.
28. Roy P, Berger S, Schmuki P. TiO2 nanotubes: synthesis and applications. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 2904-2939.
29. Hoyer P. Formation of a titanium dioxide nanotube array. Langmuir 1996, 12, 1411-1413.
30. Huang JY, Zhang KQ, Lai YK. Fabrication, modification, and emerging applications of TiO2 nanotube arrays by electrochemical synthesis: a review. Int. J. Photoenergy 2013, 2013, 761971.
31. Kasuga T, Hiramatsu M, Hoson A, Sekino T, Niihara K. Formation of titanium oxide nanotube. Langmuir 1998, 14, 3160-3163.
32. Bavykin DV, Parmon VN, Lapkin AA, Walsh FC. The effect of hydrothermal conditions on the mesoporous structure of TiO2 nanotubes. J Mater. Chem. 2004, 14, 3370-3377.
33. Parayil SK, Razzaq A, Park SM, Kim HR, Grimes CA, In SI. Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 to hydrocarbon fuel using carbon and nitrogen co-doped sodium titanate nanotubes. Appl Catal. A-Gen. 2015, 498, 205-213.
34. Qin GH, Zhang J, Wang CY. Constructing robust TiO2-V2O5/C nanostructures decorated by multi-walled carbon nanotubes for high performance lithium ion batteries. J. Alloy. Compd. 2015, 635, 158-162.
35. Tang YX, Zhang YY, Deng JY, Wei JQ, Tam HL, Chandran BK, Dong ZL, Chen Z, Chen XD. Mechanical force-driven growth of elongated bending TiO2-based nanotubular materials for ultrafast rechargeable lithium ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 6111-6118.
36. Tang YX, Zhang YY, Deng JY, Qi DP, Leow WR, Wei JQ, Yin SY, Dong ZL, Yazami R, Chen Z, Chen XD. Unravelling the correlation between the aspect ratio of nanotubular structures and their electrochemical performance to achieve high-rate and long-life lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 13488-13492.
37. Zwilling V, Darque-Ceretti E, Boutry-Forveille A, David D, Perrin MY, Aucouturier M. Structure and physicochemistry of anodic oxide films on titanium and TA6V alloy. Surf. Interface Anal. 1999, 27, 629-637.
38. Li HQ, Lai YK, Huang JY, Tang YX, Yang L, Chen Z, Zhang KQ, Wang XC, Tan LP. Multifunctional wettability patterns prepared by laser processing on superhydrophobic TiO2 nanostructured surfaces. J. Mater. Chem. B 2015, 3, 342-347.
39. Seong WM, Kim DH, Park IJ, Park G D, Kang K, Lee S, Hong KS. Roughness of Ti substrates for control of the preferred orientation of TiO2 nanotube arrays as a new orientation factor. J. Phys. Chem. C 2015, 119, 13297-13305.
40. Chen CL, Dong CL, Chen CH, Wu JW, Lu YR, Lin CJ, Liou SYH, Tseng CM, Kumar K, Wei DH, Guo J, Chou WC, Wu MK. Electronic properties of free-standing TiO2 nanotube arrays fabricated by electrochemical anodization. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 22064-22071.
41. Cummings FR, Muller TFG, Malgas GF, Arendse CJ. Investigation of the growth and local stoichiometric point group symmetry of titania nanotubes during potentiostatic anodization of titanium in phosphate electrolytes. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 2015, 85, 278-286.
42. Passalacqua R, Perathoner S, Centi G. Use of modified anodization procedures to prepare advanced TiO2 nanostructured catalytic electrodes and thin film materials. Catal. Today 2015, 251, 121-131.
43. Mor GK, Varghese OK, Paulose M, Shankar K, Grimes CA. A review on highly ordered, vertically oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays: fabrication, material properties, and solar energy applications. Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. C. 2006, 90, 2011-2075.
44. Rani S, Roy SC, Paulose M, Varghese OK, Mor GK, Kim S, Yoriya S, LaTempa TJ, Grimes CA. Synthesis and applications of electrochemically self-assembled titania nanotube arrays. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010, 12, 2780-2800.
45. Su YF, Wu Z, Wu YN, Yu JD, Sun L, Lin CJ. Acid Orange II degradation through a heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction using Fe-TiO2 nanotube arrays as a photocatalyst. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 8537-8544.
46. Wu Z, Wang YY, Sun L, Mao YX, Wang MY, Lin CJ. An ultrasoundassisted deposition of NiO nanoparticles on TiO2 nanotube arrays for enhanced photocatalytic activity. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 8223-8229.
47. Lai YK, Wang LN, Liu DW, Chen Z, Lin CJ. TiO2-based nanomaterials: design, synthesis, and applications. J. Nanomater. 2015, 2015, 250632.
48. Zhao ZH, Tian J, Sang YH, Cabot A, Liu H. Structure, synthesis, and applications of TiO2 nanobelts. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 2557-2582.
49. Tian J, Zhao ZH, Kumar A, Boughton RI, Liu H. Recent progress in design, synthesis, and applications of one-dimensional TiO2 nanostructured surface heterostructures: a review. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 6920-6937.
50. Assefpourdezfuly M, Vlachos C, Andrews EH. Oxide morphology and adhesive bonding on titanium surfaces. J. Mater. Sci. 1984, 19, 3626-3639.
51. Macak JM, Sirotna K, Schmuki P. Self-organized porous titanium oxide prepared in Na2SO4/NaF electrolytes. Electrochim. Acta 2005, 50, 3679-3684.
52. Yasuda K, Schmuki P. Control of morphology and composition of self-organized zirconium titanate nanotubes formed in (NH4)2SO4/NH4F electrolytes. Electrochim. Acta 2007, 52, 4053-4061.
53. Cai QY, Paulose M, Varghese OK, Grimes CA. The effect of electrolyte composition on the fabrication of self-organized titanium oxide nanotube arrays by anodic oxidation. J. Mater. Res. 2005, 20, 230-236.
54. Yoriya S, Grimes CA. Self-assembled TiO2 nanotube arrays by anodization of titanium in diethylene glycol: approach to extended pore widening. Langmuir 2010, 26, 417-420.
55. Shankar K, Mor GK, Prakasam HE, Yoriya S, Paulose M, Varghese OK, Grimes CA. Highly-ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays up to 220 m in length: use in water photoelectrolysis and dye-sensitized solar cells. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 065707.
56. Paulose M, Prakasam HE, Varghese OK, Peng L, Popat KC, Mor GK, Desai TA, Grimes CA. TiO2 nanotube arrays of 1000 m length by anodization of titanium foil: phenol red diffusion. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 14992-14997.
57. Hahn R, Macak JM, Schmuki P. Rapid anodic growth of TiO2 and WO3 nanotubes in fluoride free electrolytes. Electrochem. Commun. 2007, 9, 947-952.
58. Umebayashi Y, Mitsugi T, Fukuda S, Fujimori T, Fujii K, Kanzaki R, Takeuchi M, Ishiguro SI. Lithium ion solvation in room-temperature ionic liquids involving bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide anion studied by Raman spectroscopy and DFT calculations. J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 13028-13032.
59. Richter C, Wu Z, Panaitescu E, Willey RJ, Menon L. Ultrahighaspect-ratio titania nanotubes. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 946-948.
60. Macak JM, Albu SP, Schmuki P. Towards ideal hexagonal selfordering of TiO2 nanotubes. Phys. Status Solidi RRL 2007, 1, 181-183.
61. Shin Y, Lee S. Self-organized regular arrays of anodic TiO2 nanotubes. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 3171-3173.
62. Ge MZ, Li SH, Huang JY, Zhang KQ, Al-Deyab SS, Lai YK. TiO2 nanotube arrays loaded with reduced graphene oxide films: facile hybridization and promising photocatalytic application. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 3491-3499.
63. Ye MD, Gong JJ, Lai YK, Lin CJ, Lin ZQ. High-efficiency photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen generation enabled by palladium quantum dots-sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 15720-15723.
64. Hua H, Hu CG, Zhao ZH, Liu H, Xie X, Xi Y. Pt nanoparticles supported on submicrometer-sized TiO2 spheres for effective methanol and ethanol oxidation. Electrochim. Acta 2013, 105, 130-136.
65. Yu DL, Zhu XF, Xu Z, Zhong XM, Gui QF, Song Y, Zhang SY, Chen XY, Li DD. Facile method to enhance the adhesion of TiO2 nanotube arrays to Ti substrate. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 8001-8005.
66. Lai YK, Zhuang HF, Sun L, Chen Z, Lin CJ. Self-organized TiO2 nanotubes in mixed organic-inorganic electrolytes and their photoelectrochemical performance. Electrochim. Acta 2009, 54, 6536-6542.
67. Zhu K, Vinzant TB, Neale NR. Frank AJ. Removing structural disorder from oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays: reducing the dimensionality of transport and recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 3739-3746.
68. Lin J, Chen XF. Synthesis of high-aspect-ratio, top-open and ultraflat-surface TiO2 nanotubes through double-layered configuration. Phys. Status Solidi RRL 2012, 6, 28-30.
69. Vaenas N, Stergiopoulos T, Kontos AG, Likodimos V, Boukos N, Falaras P. Sensitizer activated solar cells based on self-organized TiO2 nanotubes. Microelectron. Eng. 2012, 90, 62-65.
70. Roy P, Albu SP, Schmuki P. TiO2 nanotubes in dye-sensitized solar cells: higher efficiencies by well-defined tube tops. Electrochem. Commun. 2010, 12, 949-951.
71. Chanmanee W, Watcharenwong A, Chenthamarakshan CR, Kajitvichyanukul P, de Tacconi NR, Rajeshwar K. Formation and characterization of self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays by pulse anodization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 965-974.
72. Liao YL, Zhang DN, Wang Q, Wen TL, Jia LJ, Zhong ZY, Bai FM, Tang LH, Que WQ, Zhang HW. Open-top TiO2 nanotube arrays with enhanced photovoltaic and photochemical performances via a micromechanical cleavage approach. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 14279-14283.
73. Sun Y, Yan KP. Effect of anodization voltage on performance of TiO2 nanotube arrays for hydrogen generation in a two-compartment photoelectrochemical cell. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2014, 39, 11368-11375.
74. Regonini D, Satka A, Jaroenworaluck A, Allsopp DWE, Bowen CR, Stevens R. Factors influencing surface morphology of anodized TiO2 nanotubes. Electrochim. Acta 2012, 74, 244-253.
75. Atyaoui A, Cachet H, Sutter EMM, Bousselmi L. Effect of the anodization voltage on the dimensions and photoactivity of titania nanotubes arrays. Surf. Interface Anal. 2013, 45, 1751-1759.
76. Huang JY, Lai YK, Wang LN, Li SH, Ge MZ, Zhang KQ, Fuchs H, Chi LF. Controllable wettability and adhesion on bioinspired multifunctional TiO2 nanostructure surfaces for liquid manipulation. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 18531-18538.
77. Albu SP, Schmuki P. TiO2 nanotubes grown in different organic electrolytes: two-size self-organization, single vs. doublewalled tubes, and giant diameters. Phys. Status Solidi RRL 2010, 4, 215-217.
78. Regonini D, Bowen CR, Jaroenworaluck A, Stevens R. A review of growth mechanism, structure and crystallinity of anodized TiO2 nanotubes. Mat. Sci. Eng. R: Rep. 2013, 74, 377-406.
79. Acevedo-Pena P, Lartundo-Rojas L, Gonzalez I. Effect of water and fluoride content on morphology and barrier layer properties of TiO2 nanotubes grown in ethylene glycol-based electrolytes. J. Solid State Electr. 2013, 17, 2939-2947.
80. Huo KF, Gao B, Fu JJ, Zhao LZ, Chu PK. Fabrication, modification, and biomedical applications of anodized TiO2 nanotube arrays. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 17300-17324.
81. Bai J, Zhou BX, Li LH, Liu YB, Zheng Q, Shao JH, Zhu XY, Cai WM, Liao JS, Zou LX. The formation mechanism of titania nanotube arrays in hydrofluoric acid electrolyte. J. Mater. Sci. 2008, 43, 1880-1884.
82. Li YC, Wang YQ, Kong JH, Jia HZ, Wang ZS. Synthesis and characterization of carbon modified TiO2 nanotube and photocatalytic activity on methylene blue under sunlight. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2015, 344, 176-180.
83. Yin HY, Wang XL, Wang L, N QL, Zhao HT. Self-doped TiO2 hierarchical hollow spheres with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. J. Alloy. Compd. 2015, 640, 68-74.
84. Setyawati MI, Tay CY, Chia SL, Goh SL, Fang W, Neo MJ, Chong HC, Tan SM, Loo SCJ, Ng KW, Xie JP, Ong CN, Tan NS, Leong DT. Titanium dioxide nanomaterials cause endothelial cell leakiness by disrupting the homophilic interaction of VEcadherin. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 1673.
85. Zhang X, Wang F, Huang H, Li H, Han X, Liu Y, Kang ZH. Carbon quantum dot sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation under visible light. Nanoscale 2013, 5, 2274-2278.
86. Chen SG, Paulose M, Ruan C, Mor GK, Varghese OK, Kouzoudis D, Grimes CA. Electrochemically synthesized CdS nanoparticle-modified TiO2 nanotube-array photoelectrodes: preparation, characterization, and application to photoelectrochemical cells. J. Photoch. Photobio. A 2006, 177, 177-184.
87. Mahshid S, Li CC, Mahshid SS, Askari M, Dolati A, Yang LX, Luo SL, Cai QY. Sensitive determination of dopamine in the presence of uric acid and ascorbic acid using TiO2 nanotubes modified with Pd, Pt and Au nanoparticles. Analyst 2011, 136, 2322-2329.
88. Alsawat M, Altalhi T, Shapter JG, Losic D. Influence of dimensions, inter-distance and crystallinity of titania nanotubes (TNTs) on their photocatalytic activity. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2014, 4, 2091-2098.
89. Muscat J, Swamy V, Harrison NM. First-principles calculations of the phase stability of TiO2. Phys. Rev. B 2002, 65, 224112.
90. Varghese OK, Gong DW, Paulose M, Grimes CA, Dickey EC. Crystallization and high-temperature structural stability of titanium oxide nanotube arrays. J. Mater. Res. 2003, 18, 156-165.
91. Lu XH, Wang GM, Zhai T, Yu MH, Gan JY, Tong YX, Li Y. Hydrogenated TiO2 nanotube arrays for supercapacitors. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 1690-1696.
92. Salari M, Konstantinov K, Liu HK. Enhancement of the capacitance in TiO2 nanotubes through controlled introduction of oxygen vacancies. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 5128-5133.
93. Zhang XM, Huo KF, Wang HR, Zhang WR, Chu PK. Influence of structure parameters and crystalline phase on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanotube arrays. J Nanosci. Nanotechno. 2011, 11, 11200-11205.
94. Roguska A, Pisarek M, Andrzejczuk M, Dolata M, Lewandowska M, Janik-Czachor M. Characterization of a calcium phosphate-TiO2 nanotube composite layer for biomedical applications. Mat. Sci. Eng. C-Mater. 2011, 31, 906-914.
95. Acevedo-Pena P, Carrera-Crespo JE, Gonzalez F, Gonzalez I. Effect of heat treatment on the crystal phase composition, semiconducting properties and photoelectrocatalytic color removal efficiency of TiO2 nanotubes arrays. Electrochim. Acta 2014, 140, 564-571.
96. Li D, Cheng XW, Yu XJ, Xing ZP. Preparation and characterization of TiO2-based nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of acetylsalicylic acid: influence of calcination temperature. Chem. Eng. J. 2015, 279, 994-1003.
97. Ku Y, Fan ZR, Chou YC, Wang WY. Effects of TiO2 nanotube array dimension and annealing temperature on the Acid Red 4 degradation in aqueous solution by photocatalytic process. Water Sci. Technol. 2010, 61, 2943-2949.
98. Zhu K, Neale NR, Halverson AF, Kim JY, Frank AJ. Effects of annealing temperature on the charge-collection and lightharvesting properties of TiO2 nanotube-based dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 13433-13441.
99. Palmas S, Da Pozzo A, Mascia M, Vacca A, Ardu A, Matarrese R, Nova I. Effect of the preparation conditions on the performance of TiO2 nanotube arrays obtained by electrochemical oxidation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2011, 36, 8894-8901.
100. Tighineanu A, Ruff T, Albu S, Hahn R, Schmuki P. Conductivity of TiO2 nanotubes: influence of annealing time and temperature. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2010, 494, 260-263.
101. Asahi R, Morikawa T, Ohwaki T, Aoki K, Taga Y. Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides. Science 2001, 293, 269-271.
102. Wen W, Wu JM, Jiang YZ, Yu SL, Bai JQ, Cao MH, Cui J. Anatase TiO2 ultrathin nanobelts derived from room-temperature-synthesized titanates for fast and safe lithium storage. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 11804.
103. Sang YH, Zhao ZH, Tian J, Hao P, Jiang HD, Liu H, Claverie JP. Enhanced photocatalytic property of reduced graphene oxide/TiO2 nanobelt surface heterostructures constructed by an in situ photochemical reduction method. Small 2014, 10, 3775-3782.
104. Tian J, Leng YH, Zhao ZH, Xia Y, Sang YH, Hao P, Zhan J, Li MC, Liu H. Carbon quantum dots/hydrogenated TiO2 nanobelt heterostructures and their broad spectrum photocatalytic properties under UV, visible, and near-infrared irradiation. Nano Energy 2015, 11, 419-427.
105. Li H, Xing JH, Xia ZB, Chen JQ. Preparation of extremely smooth and boron-fluorine co-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays with enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic performance. Electrochim. Acta 2014,139, 331-336.
106. Yan GT, Zhang M, Hou J, Yang JJ. Photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic properties of N plus S co-doped TiO2 nanotube array films under visible light irradiation. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2011, 129, 553-557.
107. Zhou W, Leng YH, Hou DM, Li HD, Li LG, Li GQ, Liu H, Chen SW. Phase transformation and enhanced photocatalytic activity of S-doped Ag2O/TiO2 heterostructured nanobelts. Nanoscale 2014, 6, 4698-4704.
108. Lai YK, Huang JY, Zhang HF, Subramaniam VP, Tang YX, Gong DG, Sundar L, Sun L, Chen Z, Lin CJ. Nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanotube array films with enhanced photocatalytic activity under various light sources. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 184, 855-863.
109. Ramanathan R, Bansal V. Ionic liquid mediated synthesis of nitrogen, carbon and fluorine-codoped rutile TiO2 nanorods for improved UV and visible light photocatalysis. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 1424-1429.
110. Ghicov A, Macak JM, Tsuchiya H, Kunze J, Haeublein V, Kleber S, Schmuki P. TiO2 nanotube layers: dose effects during nitrogen doping by ion implantation. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2006, 419, 426-429.
111. Ghicov A, Macak JM, Tsuchiya H, Kunze J, Haeublein V, Frey L, Schmuki P. Ion implantation and annealing for an efficient N-doping of TiO2 nanotubes. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 1080-1082.
112. Vitiello RP, Macak JM, Ghicov A, Tsuchiya H, Dick LFP, Schmuki P. N-Doping of anodic TiO2 nanotubes using heat treatment in ammonia. Electrochem. Commun. 2006, 8, 544-548.
113. Kim D, Fujimoto S, Schmuki P, Tsuchiya H. Nitrogen doped anodic TiO2 nanotubes grown from nitrogen-containing Ti alloys. Electrochem. Commun. 2008, 10, 910-913.
114. Kim D, Tsuchiya H, Fujimoto S, Schmidt-Stein F, Schmuki P. Nitrogen-doped TiO2 mesosponge layers formed by anodization of nitrogen-containing Ti alloys. J. Solid State Electr. 2012, 16, 89-92.
115. Wang Y, Li Z, Tian YF, Zhao W, Liu XQ, Yang JB. A facile way to fabricate graphene sheets on TiO2 nanotube arrays for dye-sensitized solar cell applications. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 7991-7999.
116. Park JH, Kim S, Bard AJ. Novel carbon-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays with high aspect ratios for efficient solar water splitting. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 24-28.
117. Hahn R, Ghicov A, Salonen J, Lehto VP, Schmuki P. Carbon doping of self-organized TiO2 nanotube layers by thermal acetylene treatment. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 105604.
118. Hu LS, Huo KF, Chen RS, Gao B, Fu JJ, Chu PK. Recyclable and high-sensitivity electrochemical biosensing platform composed of carbon-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83, 8138-8144.
119. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 2004, 306, 666-669.
120. Williams G, Seger B, Kamat PV. TiO2-graphene nanocomposites. UV-assisted photocatalytic reduction of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 2008, 2, 1487-1491.
121. Zhang H, Lv XJ, Li YM, Wang Y, Li JH. P25-graphene composite as a high performance photocatalyst. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 380-386.
122. Zhang XY, Li HP, Cui XL, Lin Y. Graphene/TiO2 nanocomposites: synthesis, characterization and application in hydrogen evolution from water photocatalytic splitting. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 2801-2806.
123. Liu YB, Lee JHD, Xia Q, Ma Y, Yu Y, Yung LYL, Xie JP, Ong CN, Vecitis CD, Zhou Z. A graphene-based electrochemical filter for water purification. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 16554-16562.
124. Liu CB, Teng YR, Liu RH, Luo SL, Tang YH, Chen LY, Cai QY. Fabrication of graphene films on TiO2 nanotube arrays for photocatalytic application. Carbon 2011, 49, 5312-5320.
125. Tang YH, Luo SL, Teng YR, Liu CB, Xu XL, Zhang XL, Chen L. Efficient removal of herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from water using Ag/reduced graphene oxide co-decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays. J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 241, 323-330.
126. Gao B, Li XX, Ma YW, Cao Y, Hu ZY, Zhang XM, Fu JJ, Huo KF, Chu PK. MnO2-TiO2/C nanocomposite arrays for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. Thin Solid Films 2015, 584, 61-65.
127. Tang HL, Xiong M, Qu DY, Liu D, Zhang ZJ, Xie ZZ, Wei X, Tu WM, Qu DY. Enhanced supercapacitive performance on TiO2@C coaxial nano-rod array through a bio-inspired approach. Nano Energy 2015, 15, 75-82.
128. Wang QY, Qiao JL, Xu XH, Gao SM. Controlled synthesis of Cu nanoparticles on TiO2 nanotube array photoelectrodes and their photoelectrochemical properties. Mater. Lett. 2014, 131, 135-137.
129. Smith YR, Gakhar R, Merwin A, Mohanty SK, Chidambaram D, Misra M. Anodic titania nanotube arrays sensitized with Mnor Co-doped CdS nanocrystals. Electrochim. Acta 2014, 135, 503-512.
130. Piskunov S, Lisovski O, Begens J, Bocharov D, Zhukovskii YF, Wessel M, Spohr E. C-, N-, S-, and Fe-doped TiO2 and SrTiO3 nanotubes for visible-light-driven photocatalytic water splitting: prediction from first principles. J. Phys. Chem. C 2015, 119, 18686-18696.
131. Kim SH, Choi SY. Fabrication of Cu-coated TiO2 nanotubes and enhanced electrochemical performance of lithium ion batteries. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2015, 744, 45-52.
132. Liu K, Song Y, Chen SW. Defective TiO2-supported Cu nanoparticles as efficient and stable electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction in alkaline media. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 1224-1232.
133. Chen ML, Zhang FJ, Zhang K, Meng ZD, Oh WC. Fabrication of M-CNT/TiO2 (M Cr, Mn and Fe) composites and the effect of transition metals on their photocatalytic activities. J. Chem. Res. 2010, 34, 283-287.
134. Ranjitha A, Muthukumarasamy N, Thambidurai M, Velauthapillai D, Balasundaraprabhu R, Agilan S. Fabrication of Ni-doped TiO2 thin film photoelectrode for solar cells. Sol. Energy 2014, 106, 159-165.
135. Zhang W, Zhou WD, Wright JH, Kim YN, Liu DW, Xiao XC. Mndoped TiO2 nanosheet-based spheres as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries with high performance at elevated temperatures. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 7292-7300.
136. Truong NN, Altomare M, Yoo J, Schmuki P. Efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution: controlled dewetting-dealloying to fabricate site-selective high-activity nanoporous Au particles on highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 3208-3215.
137. Tong X, Yang P, Wang YW, Qin Y, Guo XY. Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance of TiO2 nanotube arrays coated with an ultrathin nitrogen-doped carbon film by molecular layer deposition. Nanoscale 2014, 6, 6692-6700.
138. Zhang L, Pan NQ, Lin SW. Influence of Pt deposition on water-splitting hydrogen generation by highly-ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2014, 39, 13474-13480.
139. Qin YH, Yang HH, Lv RL, Wang WG, Wang CW. TiO2 nanotube arrays supported Pd nanoparticles for ethanol electrooxidation in alkaline media. Electrochim. Acta 2013, 106, 372-377.
140. Bian HD, Shu X, Zhang JF, Yuan B, Wang Y, Liu LJ, Xu GQ, Chen Z, Wu YC. Uniformly dispersed and controllable ligand-free silver-nanoparticle-decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays with enhanced photoelectrochemical behaviors. Chem. Asian J. 2013, 8, 2746-2754.
141. Huang YX, Sun L, Xie KP, Lai YK, Liu BJ, Ren B, Lin CJ. SERS study of Ag nanoparticles electrodeposited on patterned TiO2 nanotube films. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2011, 42, 986-991.
142. Lai YK, Gong JJ, Lin CJ. Self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays with uniform platinum nanoparticles for highly efficient water splitting. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2012, 37, 6438-6446.
143. Xie KP, Sun L, Wang CL, Lai YK, Wang MY, Chen HB, Lin CJ. Photoelectrocatalytic properties of Ag nanoparticles loaded TiO2 nanotube arrays prepared by pulse current deposition. Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55, 7211-7218.
144. Wang Y, Yu JG, Xiao W, Li Q, Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of graphene based Au-TiO2 photocatalysts for efficient visible-light hydrogen production. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 3847-3855.
145. Zhan ZY, An JN, Zhang HC, Hansen RV, Zheng LX. Threedimensional plasmonic photoanodes based on Au-embedded TiO2 structures for enhanced visible-light water splitting. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 1139-1144.
146. Chen YH, Bian JJ, Qi LL, Liu EZ, Fan J. Efficient degradation of methylene blue over two-dimensional Au/TiO2 nanosheet films with overlapped light harvesting nanostructures, J. Nanomater 2015, 905259.
147. Xiao FX, Hung SF, Miao JW, Wang HY, Yang HB, Liu B. Metal-cluster-decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays: a composite heterostructure toward versatile photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical applications. Small 2015, 11, 554-567.
148. Li JG, Zhao TT, Chen TK, Liu YB, Ong CN, Xie JP. Engineering noble metal nanomaterials for environmental applications. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 7502-7519.
149. Liu H, Ye F, Yao QF, Cao HB, Xie JP, Lee JY, Yang J. Stellated Ag-Pt bimetallic nanoparticles: an effective platform for catalytic activity tuning. Sci. Rep. 2014, 4, 3969.
150. Chen BX, Zhang WF, Zhou XH, Huang X, Zhao XM, Wang HT, Liu M, Lu YL, Yang SF. Surface plasmon enhancement of polymer solar cells by penetrating Au/SiO2 core/shell nanoparticles into all organic layers. Nano Energy 2013, 2, 906-915.
151. Lian ZC, Wang WC, Xiao SN, Li X, Cui YY, Zhang DQ, Li GS, Li HX. Plasmonic silver quantum dots coupled with hierarchical TiO2 nanotube arrays photoelectrodes for efficient visible-light photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 10461.
152. Wu L, Li F, Xu YY, Zhang JW, Zhang DQ, Li GS, Li HX. Plasmoninduced photoelectrocatalytic activity of Au nanoparticles enhanced TiO2 nanotube arrays electrodes for environmental remediation. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2015, 164, 217-224.
153. Yoo J, Lee K, Schmuki P. Dewetted Au films form a highly active photocatalytic system on TiO2 nanotube-stumps. Electrochem. Commun. 2013, 34, 351-355.
154. Sun L, Li J, Wang CJ, Li SF, Lai YK, Chen HB, Lin CJ. Ultrasound aided photochemical synthesis of Ag loaded TiO2 nanotube arrays to enhance photocatalytic activity. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 171, 1045-1050.
155. Hou Y, Li XY, Zhao QD, Chen GH, Raston CL. Role of hydroxyl radicals and mechanism of Escherichia coli inactivation on Ag/AgBr/TiO2 nanotube array electrode under visible light irradiation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 4042-4050.
156. Tang YX, Subramaniam VP, Lau TH, Lai YK, Gong DG, Kanhere PD, Cheng YH, Chen Z, Dong ZL. In situ formation of large-scale Ag/AgCl nanoparticles on layered titanate honeycomb by gas phase reaction for visible light degradation of phenol solution. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2011, 106, 577-585.
157. Wang QY, Qiao JL, Jin RC, Xu XH, Gao SM. Fabrication of plasmonic AgBr/Ag nanoparticles-sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays and their enhanced photo-conversion and photoelectrocatalytic properties. J. Power Sources 2015, 277, 480-485.
158. Yu JG, Dai GP, Huang BB. Fabrication and characterization of visible-light-driven plasmonic photocatalyst Ag/AgCl/TiO2 nanotube arrays. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 16394-16401.
159. Feng H, Tran TT, Chen L, Yuan LJ, Cai QY. Visible light-induced efficiently oxidative decomposition of p-Nitrophenol by CdTe/TiO2 nanotube arrays. Chem. Eng. J. 2013, 215, 591-599.
160. Yang HH, Fan WG, Vaneski A, Susha AS, Teoh WY, Rogach AL. Heterojunction engineering of CdTe and CdSe quantum dots on TiO2 nanotube arrays: intricate effects of size-dependency and interfacial contact on photoconversion efficiencies. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22, 2821-2829.
161. Cai FG, Yang F, Zhang Y, Ke C, Cheng CH, Zhao Y, Yan G. PbS sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays with different sizes and filling degrees for enhancing photoelectrochemical properties. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 23967-23974.
162. Ge MZ, Cao CY, Li SH, Zhang SN, Deng S, Huang JY, Li QS, Zhang KQ, Al-Deyab SS, Lai YK. Enhanced photocatalytic performances of n-TiO2 nanotubes by uniform creation of p-n heterojunctions with p-Bi2O3 quantum dots. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 11552-11560.
163. Lai YK, Lin ZQ, Chen Z, Huang JY, Lin CJ. Fabrication of patterned CdS/TiO2 heterojunction by wettability template-assisted electrodeposition. Mater. Lett. 2010, 64, 1309-1312.
164. Lin ZQ, Lai YK, Hu RG, Li J, Du RG, Lin CJ. A highly efficient ZnS/CdS@TiO2 photoelectrode for photogenerated cathodic protection of metals. Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55, 8717-8723.
165. Yu X, Zhang J, Zhao ZH, Guo WB, Qiu JH, Mou XN, Li AX, Claverie JP, Liu H. NiO-TiO2 p-n heterostructured nanocables bridged by zero-bandgap rGO for highly efficient photocatalytic water splitting. Nano Energy 2015, 16, 207-217.
166. Zhang JF, Wang Y, Yu CP, Shu X, Jiang L, Cui JW, Chen Z, Xie T, Wu YC. Enhanced visible-light photoelectrochemical behaviour of heterojunction composite with Cu2O nanoparticlesdecorated TiO2 nanotube arrays. New J. Chem. 2014, 38, 4975-4984.
167. Liu LJ, Lv J, Xu GQ, Wang Y, Xie K, Chen Z, Wu YC. Uniformly dispersed CdS nanoparticles sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity and stability. J. Solid State Chem. 2013, 208, 27-34.
168. Bessekhouad Y, Robert D, Weber J. Bi2S3/TiO2 and CdS/TiO2 heterojunctions as an available configuration for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutant. J. Photoch. Photobiolo. A 2004, 163, 569-580.
169. Jing DW, Guo LJ. A novel method for the preparation of a highly stable and active CdS photocatalyst with a special surface nanostructure. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 11139-11145.
170. Korake PV, Achary SN, Gupta NM. Role of aliovalent cation doping in the activity of nanocrystalline CdS for visible-lightdriven H2 production from water. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2015, 40, 8695-8705.
171. Bai J, Li JH, Liu YB, Zhou BX, Cai WM. A new glass substrate photoelectrocatalytic electrode for efficient visible-light hydrogen production: CdS sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2010, 95, 408-413.
172. Liu YB, Zhou HB, Zhou BX, Li JH, Chen HC, Wang JJ, Bai J, Shangguan WF, Cai WM. Highly stable CdS-modified short TiO2 nanotube array electrode for efficient visible-light hydrogen generation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2011, 36, 167-174.
173. Yin YX, Jin ZG, Hou F. Enhanced solar water-splitting efficiency using core/sheath heterostructure CdS/TiO2 nanotube arrays. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 495608.
174. Hsu MC, Leu IC, Sun YM, Hon MH. Fabrication of CdS@TiO2 coaxial composite nanocables arrays by liquid-phase deposition. J. Cryst. Growth 2005, 285, 642-648.
175. Xie Y, Ali G, Yoo SH, Cho SO. Sonication-assisted synthesis of CdS quantum-dot-sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays with enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic activity. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2010, 2, 2910-2914.
176. Gao HZ, Wang HG, Jin YL, Lv J, Xu GQ, Wang DM, Zhang XY, Chen Z, Zheng ZX, Wu YC. Controllable fabrication of immobilized ternary CdS/Pt-TiO2 heteronanostructures toward highperformance visible-light driven photocatalysis. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 17755-17761.
177. Li H, Xia ZB, Chen JQ, Lei L, Xing JH. Constructing ternary CdS/reduced graphene oxide/TiO2 nanotube arrays hybrids for enhanced visible-light-driven photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic activity. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2015, 168, 105-113.
178. Lv J, Wang HG, Gao HZ, Xu GQ, Wang DM, Chen Z, Zhang XY, Zheng ZX, Wu YC. A research on the visible light photocatalytic activity and kinetics of CdS/CdSe co-modified TiO2 nanotube arrays. Surf. Coat. Tech. 2015, 261, 356-363.
179. Zhang Z, Shao CL, Li XH, Wang CH, Zhang MY, Liu YC. Electrospun nanofibers of p-type NiO/n-type ZnO heterojunctions with enhanced photocatalytic activity. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2010, 2, 2915-2923.
180. He HC, Xiao P, Zhou M, Zhang YH, Lou Q, Dong XZ. Boosting catalytic activity with a p-n junction: Ni/TiO2 nanotube arrays composite catalyst for methanol oxidation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2012, 37, 4967-4973.
181. Chen C, Cai WM, Long MC, Zhou BX, Wu YH, Wu DY, Feng YJ. Synthesis of visible-light responsive graphene oxide/TiO2 composites with p/n heterojunction. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 6425-6432.
182. Mor GK, Varghese OK, Wilke RHT, Sharma S, Shankar K, Latempa TJ, Choi KS, Grimes CA. p-type Cu-Ti-O nanotube arrays and their use in self-biased heterojunction photoelectrochemical diodes for hydrogen generation. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 1906-1911.
183. Tang YB, Chen ZH, Song HS, Lee CS, Cong HT, Cheng HM, Zhang WJ, Bello I, Lee ST. Vertically aligned p-type singlecrystalline GaN nanorod arrays on n-type Si for heterojunction photovoltaic cells. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 4191-4195.
184. Yang LX, Luo SL, Li Y, Xiao Y, Kang Q, Cai QY. High efficient photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol on a unique Cu2O/TiO2 p-n heterojunction network catalyst. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 7641-7646.
185. Liu JQ, Ruan LL, Adeloju SB, Wu YC. BiOI/TiO2 nanotube arrays, a unique flake-tube structured p-n junction with remarkable visible-light photoelectrocatalytic performance and stability. Dalton Trans. 2014, 43, 1706-1715.
186. Sinatra L, LaGrow AP, Peng W, Kirmani AR, Amassian A, Idriss H, Bakr OM. A Au/Cu2O-TiO2 system for photo-catalytic hydrogen production. A pn-junction effect or a simple case of in situ reduction J. Catal. 2015, 322, 109-117.
187. Li L, Li WS, Ji A, Wang Z, Zhu CY, Zhang LJ, Yang JF, Mao LF. Anisotropic relaxation of a CuO/TiO2 surface under an electric field and its impact on visible light absorption: ab initio calculations, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 17880-17886.
188. Liu YB, Zhou HB, Li JH, Chen HC, Li D, Zhou BX, Cai WM. Enhanced photoelectrochemical properties of Cu2O-loaded short TiO2 nanotube array electrode prepared by sonoelectrochemical deposition. Nano-Micro Lett 2010, 2, 277-284.
189. Lin L, Yang YC, Men L, Wang X, He DN, Chai YC, Zhao B, Ghoshroy S, Tang QW. A highly efficient TiO2@ZnO n-p-n heterojunction nanorod photocatalyst. Nanoscale 2013, 5, 588-593.
190. Hossain MA, Park J, Ahn JY, Park C, Kim Y, Kim SH, Lee D. Investigation of TiO2 nanotubes/nanoparticles stacking sequences to improve power conversion efficiency of dyesensitized solar cells. Electrochim. Acta 2015, 173, 665-671.
191. Cui XY, Gu HM, Guan Y, Ren GP, Ma Z, Yin YY, Liu JL, Cui XG, Yao LY, Yin YK, Wang D, Jin G, Rong SZ, Tong L, Hou JF, Li MJ. Fabrication of AgInS2 nanoparticles sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays and their photoelectrochemical properties. Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. C. 2015, 137, 101-106.
192. Maheswari D, Venkatachalam P. Performance enhancement in dye-sensitized solar cells with composite mixtures of TiO2 nanoparticles and TiO2 nanotubes. Acta Metall. Sin. Eng. 2015, 28, 354-361.
193. Ye MD, Xin XK, Lin CJ, Lin ZQ. High efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells based on hierarchically structured nanotubes. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 3214-3220.
194. Li TT, Li XY, Zhao QD, Shi Y. Teng W. Fabrication of n-type CuInS2 modified TiO2 nanotube arrays heterostructure photoelectrode with enhanced photoelectrocatalytic properties. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2014, 156, 362-370.
195. Xiao FX. Construction of highly ordered ZnO-TiO2 nanotube arrays (ZnO/TNTs) heterostructure for photocatalytic application. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4, 7054-7062.
196. Yang Y, Wang XH, Sun CK, Li LT. Photoluminescence of ZnO nanorod-TiO2 nanotube hybrid arrays produced by electrodeposition. J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 105, 094304.
197. Li JH, Lv SB, Liu YB, Bai J, Zhou BX, Hu XF. Photoeletrocatalytic activity of an n-ZnO/p-Cu2O/n-TNA ternary heterojunction electrode for tetracycline degradation. J. Hazard. Mater. 2013, 262, 482-488.
198. Bera A, Wu K, Sheikh A, Alarousu E, Mohammed OF, Wu T. Perovskite oxide SrTiO3 as an efficient electron transporter for hybrid perovskite solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 28494-28501.
199. Jayabal P, Sasirekha V, Mayandi J, Jeganathan K, Ramakrishnan V. A facile hydrothermal synthesis of SrTiO3 for dye sensitized solar cell application. J. Alloys Compd. 2014, 586, 456-461.
200. Liu RC, Liang FL, Zhou W, Yang YS, Zhu ZH. Calcium-doped lanthanum nickelate layered perovskite and nickel oxide nano-hybrid for highly efficient water oxidation. Nano Energy 2015, 12, 115-122.
201. Xu JS, Pan CS, Takata T, Domen K. Photocatalytic overall water splitting on the perovskite-type transition metal oxynitride CaTaO2N under visible light irradiation. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 7191-7194.
202. Wang W, Tade MO, Shao ZP. Research progress of perovskite materials in photocatalysis-and photovoltaics-related energy conversion and environmental treatment. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 5371-5408.
203. Kato H, Kudo A. Visible-light-response and photocatalytic activities of TiO2 and SrTiO3 photocatalysts codoped with antimony and chromium. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 5029-5034.
204. Qin P, Paulose M, Dar MI, Moehl T, Arora N, Gao P, Varghese OK, Gatzel M, Nazeeruddin MK. Stable and efficient perovskite solar cells based on titania nanotube arrays. Small 2015, 11, 5533-5539.
205. Zhang XM, Gao B, Hu LS, Li LM, Jin WH, Huo KF, Chu PK. Hydrothermal synthesis of perovskite-type MTiO3 (M Zn, Co, Ni)/TiO2 nanotube arrays from an amorphous TiO2 template. Crystengcomm 2014, 16, 10280-10285.
206. Zhang XM, Huo KF, Hu LS, Wu ZG, Chu PK. Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of highly ordered TiO2 and SrTiO3/TiO2 nanotube arrays on Ti substrates. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2010, 93, 2771-2778.
207. Wu Z, Su YF, Yu JD, Xiao W, Sun L, Lin CJ. Enhanced photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen production activity of SrTiO3-TiO2 hetero-nanoparticle modified TiO2 nanotube arrays. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2015, 40, 9704-9712.
208. Cai YY, Ye YX, Tian ZF, Liu, Liu YS, Liang CH. In situ growth of lamellar ZnTiO3 nanosheets on TiO2 tubular array with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 20203-20209.
209. Li QY, Li R, Zong LL, He JH, Wang XD, Yang JJ. Photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic properties of Ag-loaded BaTiO3/TiO2 heterostructure nanotube arrays. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2013, 38, 12977-12983.
210. Li R, Li QY, Zong LL, Wang XD, Yang JJ. BaTiO3/TiO2 heterostructure nanotube arrays for improved photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic activity. Electrochim. Acta 2013, 91, 30-35.
211. Mohamed AER, Rohani S. Modified TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs): progressive strategies towards visible light responsive photoanode, a review. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 1065-1086.
212. Lai YK, Sun L, Chen YC, Zhuang HF, Lin CJ, Chin JW. Effects of the structure of TiO2 nanotube array on Ti substrate on its photocatalytic activity. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2006, 153, D123-127.
213. Gong JJ, Lai YK, Lin CJ. Electrochemically multi-anodized TiO2 nanotube arrays for enhancing hydrogen generation by photoelectrocatalytic water splitting. Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55, 4776-4782.
214. Liu DW, Xiao P, Zhang YH, Garcia BB, Zhang QF, Guo Q, Champion R, Cao GZ. TiO2 nanotube arrays annealed in N2 for efficient lithium-ion intercalation. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 11175-11180.
215. Liu CB, Cao CH, Luo XB, Luo SL. Ag-bridged Ag2O nanowire network/TiO2 nanotube array p-n heterojunction as a highly efficient and stable visible light photocatalyst. J. Hazard. Mater. 2015, 285, 319-324.
216. Zhu YX, Wang YF, Chen Z, Qin LS, Yang LB, Zhu L, Tang P, Gao T, Huang YX, Sha ZL, Tang G. Visible light induced photocatalysis on CdS quantum dots decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays. Appl. Catal. A-Gen. 2015, 498, 159-166.
217. Su LL, Lv J, Wang HG, Liu LJ, Xu GQ, Wang DM, Zheng ZX, Wu YC. Improved visible light photocatalytic activity of CdSe modified TiO2 nanotube arrays with different intertube spaces. Catal. Lett. 2014, 144, 553-560.
218. Zhong JS, Wang QY, Zhu X, Chen DQ, Ji ZG. Sovolthermal synthesis of flower-like Cu3BiS3 sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays for enhancing photoelectrochemical performance. J. Alloys Compd. 2015, 641, 144-147.
219. Shin SW, Lee JY, Ahn KS, Kang SH, Kim JH. Visible light absorbing TiO2 nanotube arrays by sulfur treatment for photoelectrochemical water splitting. J. Phys. Chem. C 2015, 119, 13375-13383.
220. Zhuang HF, Lin CJ, Lai YK, Sun L, Li J. Some critical structure factors of titanium oxide manotube array in its photocatalytic activity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 4735-4740.
221. Xiao FX. An efficient layer-by-layer self-assembly of metal-TiO2 nanoring/nanotube heterostructures, M/T-NRNT (M Au, Ag, Pt), for versatile catalytic applications. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 6538-6540.
222. Pan XY, Xu YJ. Defect-mediated growth of noble-metal (Ag, Pt, and Pd) nanoparticles on TiO2 with oxygen vacancies for photocatalytic redox reactions under visible light. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 17996-18005.
223. Liu X, Liu ZQ, Lu JL, Wu XL, Xu B, Chu W. Electrodeposition preparation of Ag nanoparticles loaded TiO2 nanotube arrays with enhanced photocatalytic performance. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2014, 288, 513-517.
224. Sim LC, Leong KH, Ibrahim S, Saravanan P. Graphene oxide and Ag engulfed TiO2 nanotube arrays for enhanced electron mobility and visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 5315-5322.
225. Zhang ZH, Yuan Y, Shi GY, Fang YJ, Liang LH, Ding HC, Jin LT. Photoelectrocatalytic activity of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays electrode for azo dye degradation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 6259-6263.
226. Quan X, Yang SG, Ruan XL, Zhao HM. Preparation of titania nanotubes and their environmental applications as electrode. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 3770-3775.
227. Mohapatra SK, Raja KS, Mahajan VK, Misra M. Efficient photoelectrolysis of water using TiO2 nanotube arrays by minimizing recombination losses with organic additives. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 11007-11012.
228. Zheng XZ, Li DZ, Li XF, Yu LH, Wang P, Zhang XY, Fang JL, Shao Y, Zheng Y. Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B on TiO2 photonic crystals. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 15299-15306.
229. Cheng XW, Liu HL, Yu XJ, Chen QH, Li JJ, Wang P, Umar A, Wang Q. Preparation of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube array photoelectrode for the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of methyl blue: activity and mechanism study. Sci. Adv. Mater. 2013, 5, 1563-1570.
230. Ojani R, Khanmohammadi A, Raoof JB. Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid at the surface of a titanium/titanium dioxide nanotube array electrode using electrochemical monitoring. Mat. Sci. Semicon. Proc. 2015, 31, 651-657.
231. Zhang Q, Zhu JW, Wang Y, Feng JT, Yan W, Xu H. Electrochemical assisted photocatalytic degradation of salicylic acid with highly ordered TiO2 nanotube electrodes. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2014, 308, 161-169.
232. Huang B, Yang WJ, Wen YW, Shan B, Chen R. Co3O4-modified TiO2 nanotube arrays via atomic layer deposition for improved visible-light photoelectrochemical performance. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 422-431.
233. Pan JQ, Li XY, Zhao QD, Li TT, Tade M, Liu SM. Construction of Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 modified TiO2 nanotube array nanocomposite electrodes and their photoelectrocatalytic performance in the degradation of 2,4-DCP. J. Mater. Chem. C 2015, 3, 6025-6034.
234. Zhang M, Yang CZ, Pu WH, Tan YB, Yang K, Zhang JD. Liquid phase deposition of WO3/TiO2 heterojunction films with high photoelectrocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Electrochim. Acta 2014, 148, 180-186.
235. Wang MY, Sun L, Lin ZQ, Cai JH, Xie KP, Lin CJ. p-n Heterojunction photoelectrodes composed of Cu2O-loaded TiO2 nanotube arrays with enhanced photoelectrochemical and photoelectrocatalytic activities. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 1211-1220.
236. Bessegato GG, Cardoso JC, Boldrin Zanoni MV. Enhanced photoelectrocatalytic degradation of an acid dye with boron-doped TiO2 nanotube anodes. Catal. Today 2015, 240, 100-106.
237. Zhai CY, Zhu MS, Lu YT, Ren FF, Wang CQ, Du YK, Yang P. Reduced graphene oxide modified highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays photoelectrode with enhanced photoelectrocatalytic performance under visible-light irradiation. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 14800-14807.
238. Zhai CY, Zhu MS, Bin D, Wang HW, Du YK, Wang CY, Yang P. Visible-light-assisted electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol using reduced graphene oxide modified Pt nanoflowers-TiO2 nanotube arrays. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 17753-17761.
239. Bach U, Lupo D, Comte P, Moser JE, Weissortel F, Salbeck J, Spreitzer H, Gratzel M. Solid-state dye-sensitized mesoporous TiO2 solar cells with high photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies. Nature 1998, 395, 583-585.
240. Liu B, Aydil ES. Growth of oriented single-crystalline rutile TiO2 nanorods on transparent conducting substrates for dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 3985-3990.
241. Wang ZS, Kawauchi H, Kashima T, Arakawa H. Significant influence of TiO2 photoelectrode morphology on the energy conversion efficiency of N719 dye-sensitized solar cell. Coordin. Chem. Rev. 2004, 248, 1381-1389.
242. Ren JB, Que WX, Yin XT, He YC, Javed HMA. Novel fabrication of TiO2/ZnO nanotube array heterojunction for dye-sensitized solar cells. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 7454-7460.
243. Rho WY, Jeon H, Kim HS, Chung WJ, Suh JS, Jun BH. Recent progress in dye-sensitized solar cells for improving efficiency: TiO2 nanotube arrays in active layer. J. Nanomater. 2015, 247-689.
244. Lin J, Liu XL, Zhu S, Chen XF. TiO2 nanotube structures for the enhancement of photon utilization in sensitized solar cells. Nanotechnol. Rev. 2015, 4, 209-238.
245. Zhang YY, Jiang ZL, Huang JY, Lim LY, Li WL, Deng JY, Gong DG, Tang YX, Lai YK, Chen Z. Titanate and titania nanostructured materials for environmental and energy applications: a review. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 79479-79510.
246. Oregan B, Grätzel M. A low-cost, high-efficiency solar-cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 film. Nature 1991, 353, 737-740.
247. He ZL, Que WX, Sun P, Ren JB. Double-layer electrode based on TiO2 nanotubes arrays for enhancing photovoltaic properties in dye-sensitized solar cells, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 12779-12783.
248. Ho SY, Su CC, Kathirvel S, Li CY, Li WR. Fabrication of TiO2 nanotube-nanocube array composite electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Thin Solid Films 2013, 529, 123-127.
249. Ma XT, Shen Y, Wu QS, Shen T, Cao M, Gu F, Wang LJ. Free-Standing TiO2 nanotube arrays for front-side illuminated CdS quantum dots sensitized solar cells. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. 2013, 23, 798-802.
250. Mor GK, Shankar K, Paulose M, Varghese OK, Grimes CA. Use of highly-ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays in dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 215-218.
251. So S, Hwang I, Schmuki P. Hierarchical DSSC structures based on "single walled" TiO2 nanotube arrays reach a back-side illumination solar light conversion efficiency of 8%. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 849-854.
252. Bao ZQ, Xie HX, Rao J, Chen, L, Wei Y, Li HF, Zhou XF. High performance of Pt/TiO2-nanotubes/Ti mesh electrode and its application in flexible dye-sensitized solar cell. Mater. Lett. 2014, 124, 158-160.
253. Zhao YL, Kim HS, Lee SH, Jung S, Suh JS, Hahn YB, Jun BH. Front-illuminated dye-sensitized solar cells with Ag nanoparticle-functionalized freestanding TiO2 nanotube arrays. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2014, 614, 78-81.
254. Kamat PV. Quantum dot solar cells. Semiconductor nanocrystals as light harvesters. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 18737-18753.
255. Lee H, Wang M, Chen P, Gamelin DR, Zakeeruddin SM, Graetzel M, Nazeeruddin MK. Efficient CdSe quantum dotsensitized solar cells prepared by an improved successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction process. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 4221-4227.
256. Gyori Z, Konya Z, Kukovecz A. Visible light activation photocatalytic performance of PbSe quantum dot sensitized TiO2 Nanowires. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2015, 179, 583-588.
257. Jiao S, Shen Q, Mora-Sero I, Wang J, Pan ZX, Zhao K, Kuga Y, Zhong XH, Bisquert J. Band engineering in core/shell ZnTe/CdSe for photovoltage and efficiency enhancement in exciplex quantum dot sensitized solar cells. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 908-915.
258. Mora-Sero I, Bisquert J. Breakthroughs in the development of semiconductor-sensitized solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 3046-3052.
259. Wu MX, Lin X, Wang YD, Ma TL. Counter electrode materials combined with redox couples in dye-and quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 19638-19656.
260. Concina I, Vomiero A. Metal oxide semiconductors for dye-and quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. Small 2015, 11, 1744-1774.
261. Li Z, Yu LB, Liu YB, Sun SQ. Efficient quantum dot-sensitized solar cell based on CdSxSe1-x/Mn-CdS/TiO2 nanotube array electrode. Electrochim. Acta 2015, 153, 200-209.
262. Tao L, Xiong Y, Liu H, Shen WZ. High performance PbS quantum dot sensitized solar cells via electric field assisted in situ chemical deposition on modulated TiO2 nanotube arrays. Nanoscale 2014, 6, 931-938.
263. Fu H, Liu H, Shen WZ. A composite CdS thin film/TiO2 nanotube structure by ultrafast successive electrochemical deposition toward photovoltaic application. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2014, 9, 631.
264. Lai YK, Lin ZQ, Zheng DJ, Chi LF, Du RG, Lin CJ. CdSe/CdS quantum dots co-sensitized TiO2 nanotube array photoelectrode for highly efficient solar cells. Electrochim. Acta 2012, 79, 175-181.
265. Sun WT, Yu Y, Pan HY, Gao XF, Chen Q, Peng LM. CdS quantum dots sensitized TiO2 nanotube-array photoelectrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 1124-1125.
266. Wang HL, Gao QM, Jiang L. Facile approach to prepare nickel cobaltite nanowire materials for supercapacitors. Small 2011, 7, 2454-2459.
267. Zhang X, Lai YK, Ge MZ, Zheng YX, Zhang KQ, Lin ZQ. Fibrous and flexible supercapacitors comprising hierarchical nanostructures with carbon spheres and graphene oxide nanosheets. J. Mtaer. Chem. A 2015, 3, 12761-12768.
268. Ghosh S, Inganas O. Conducting polymer hydrogels as 3D electrodes: applications for supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 1999, 11, 1214-1218.
269. Niu ZQ, Zhang L, Liu L, Zhu BW, Dong HB, Chen XD. All-solidstate flexible ultrathin micro-supercapacitors based on graphene. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 4035-4042.
270. Salari M, AboutalebI SH, Konstantinov K, Liu HK. A highly ordered titania nanotube array as a supercapacitor electrode. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 5038-5041.
271. Kim JH, Zhu K, Yan YF, Perkins CL, Frank AJ. Microstructure and pseudocapacitive properties of electrodes constructed of oriented NiO-TiO2 nanotube arrays. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 4099-4104.
272. Yang Y, Kim D, Yang M, Schmuki P. Vertically aligned mixed V2O5-TiO2 nanotube arrays for supercapacitor applications. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 7746-7748.
273. Di J, Fu XC, Zheng HJ, Jia Y. H-TiO2/C/MnO2 nanocomposite materials for high-performance supercapacitors. J. Nanopart. Res. 2015, 17, 255.
274. Huang H, Gan MY, Ma L, Yu L, Hu HF, Yang FF, Li YJ, Ge CQ. Fabrication of polyaniline/graphene/titania nanotube arrays nanocomposite and their application in supercapacitors. J. Alloys Compd. 2015, 630, 214-221.
275. Shao Z, Li HJ, Li MJ, Li CP, Qu CQ, Yang BH. Fabrication of polyaniline nanowire/TiO2 nanotube array electrode for supercapacitors. Energy 2015, 87, 578-585.