Drought Stress in Grain Legumes during Reproduction and Grain Filling

Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science

Volumn 203, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 81-102

  Farooq, M ^a,b,c   Gogoi, N ^d   Barthakur, S ^e   Baroowa, B ^d   Bharadwaj, N ^d   Alghamdi, S S ^c   Siddique, K H M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE   (Pakistan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^c KING SAUD UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

^d TEZPUR UNIVERSITY   (India)

^e NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE ON PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY   (India)

Author keywords

marker assisted selection; osmotic adjustment; photosynthesis; terminal drought

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT; CARBON FIXATION; CROP IMPROVEMENT; CROP PLANT; CROP PRODUCTION; CROP YIELD; DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE; DROUGHT STRESS; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENOMICS; LEGUME; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SEMIARID REGION;

EID: 84958225278     PISSN: 09312250     EISSN: 1439037X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jac.12169     Document Type: Review

References (247)

1. Abdel-Haleem, H., G. J. Lee, and R. H. Boerma, 2011: Identification of QTL for increased fibrous roots in soybean. Theor. Appl. Genet. 122, 935–946.
2. Ahmed, F. E., and A. S. H. Suliman, 2010: Effect of water stress applied at different stages of growth on seed yield and water-use efficiency of cowpea. Agric. Biol. J. North Amer. 1, 534–540.
3. Akyeampong, E., 1986: Some responses of cowpea to drought stress. In: Potentials of Forage Legumes in Farming Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 16-19 September 1985, p. 141. ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD).
4. Al-Ghzawi, A. A., S. Zaitoun, H. Z. Gosheh, and A. M. Alqudah, 2009: The impacts of drought stress on bee attractively and flower pollination of Trigonella moabitica (fabaceae). Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 55, 683–692.
5. Aliasgharzad, N., M. R. Neyshabouri, and G. Salimi, 2006: Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Bradyrhizobium japonicum on drought stress of soybean. Biologia 61, S324–S328.
6. Alkaraki, G. N., R. B. Clark, and C. Y. Sullivan, 1996: Phosphorus nutrition and water stress effects on proline accumulation in sorghum and bean. J. Plant Physiol. 148, 745–751.
7. Allahmoradi, P., C. Mansourifar, M. Saiedi, and S. Jalali Honarmand, 2013: Effect of different water deficiency levels on some antioxidants at different growth stages of lentil (lens culinaris L.). Adv. Environ. Biol. 7, 535–543.
8. Allen, D. J., and D. R. Ort, 2001: Impact of chilling temperatures on photosynthesis in warm climate plants. Trends Plant Sci. 6, 36–42.
9. Amede, T., and S. Schubert, 2003: Mechanisms of drought resistance in grain legumes. I. Osmotic adjustment. Ethiop. J. Sci. 26, 37–46.
10. Amede, T., E. von Kittlitz, and S. Schubert, 1999: Differential drought responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) inbred lines. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 183, 35–45.
11. Anbazhagan, K., P. Bhatnagar-Mathur, V. Valdez, S. R. Dumbala, P. B. Kishor, and K. K. Sharma, 2014: DREB1A overexpression in transgenic chickpea alters key traits influencing plant water budget across water regimes. Plant Cell Rep. 34, 199–210.
12. Andersen, M. N., F. Asch, Y. Wu, C. R. Jensen, H. Næsted, V. O. Mogensen, and K. E. Koch, 2002: Soluble invertase expression is an early target of drought stress during the critical, abortion–sensitive phase of young ovary development in maize. Plant Physiol. 130, 591–604.
13. Aroca, R., R. Porcel, and J. M. Ruiz-Lozano, 2007: How does arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis regulate root hydraulic properties and plasma membrane aquaporins in Phaseolus vulgaris under drought, cold or salinity stresses? New Phytol. 173, 808–816.
14. Ashraf, M., and M. R. Foolad, 2007: Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress tolerance. Environ. Exp. Bot. 59, 206–216.
15. Atimanav, G., and A. Adholeya, 2002: AM inoculations of five tropical fodder crops and inoculum production in marginal soil amended with organic matter. Biol. Fert. Soils 35, 214–218.
16. Augé, R. M., 2001: Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza 11, 3–42.
17. Augé, R. M., 2004: Arbuscular mycorrhizae and soil/plant water relations. Can. J. Soil Sci. 84, 373–381.
18. Augé, R. M., J. G. Foster, W. H. Loescher, and A. J. W. Stodola, 1992: Symplastic sugar and free amino acid molality of Rosa roots with regard to mycorrhizal colonization and drought. Symbiosis 12, 1–17.
19. Awasthi, R., N. Kaushal, V. Vadez, N. C. Turner, J. Berger, K. H. M. Siddique, and H. Nayyar, 2014: Individual and combined effects of transient drought and heat stress on carbon assimilation and seed filling in chickpea. Func. Plant Biol. 41, 1148–1167.
20. Baldochi, D. D., S. B. Verma, and N. J. Rosenberg, 1985: Water use efficiency in a soybean field: influence of plant water stress. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 34, 53–65.
21. Barka, E. A., J. Nowak, and C. Clement, 2006: Enhancement of chilling resistance of inoculated grapevine plantlets with a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, Burkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 7246–7252.
22. Baroowa, B., and N. Gogoi, 2013: Biochemical changes in two Vigna spp. during drought and subsequent recovery. Indian J. Plant Physiol. 18, 319–325.
23. Baroowa, B., and N. Gogoi, 2014: Biochemical changes in black gram and green gram genotypes after imposition of drought stress. J. Food Legumes 27, 350–353.
24. Barrera-Figueroa, B. E., J. M. Peña-Castro, J. A. Acosta-Gallegos, R. Ruiz-Medrano, and B. Xoconostle-Cázares, 2007: Isolation of dehydration-responsive genes in a drought tolerant common bean cultivar and expression of a group 3 late embryogenesis abundant mRNA in tolerant and susceptible bean cultivars. Funct. Plant Biol. 34, 368–381.
25. Bashan, Y., L. Alcaraz-Menéndez, and G. Toledo, 1992: Responses of soybean and cowpea root membranes to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. Symbiosis 13, 217–228.
26. Basu, P. S., J. D. Berger, N. C. Turner, S. K. Chaturvedi, M. Ali, and K. H. M. Siddique, 2007: Osmotic adjustment of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is not associated with changes in carbohydrate composition or leaf gas exchange under drought. Ann. Appl. Biol. 150, 217–225.
27. Beebe, S. E., I. M. Rao, I. Cajiao, and M. Grajales, 2008: Selection for drought resistance in common bean also improves yield in phosphorus limited and favorable environments. Crop Sci. 48, 582–592.
28. Beebe, S. E., I. M. Rao, M. W. Blair, and J. A. Acosta-Gallegos, 2013: Phenotyping common beans for adaptation to drought. Front. Physiol. 4, 1–20.
29. Behboudian, M. H., Q. Ma, N. C. Turner, and J. A. Palta, 2001: Reactions of chickpea to water stress: yield and seed composition. J. Sci. Food Agric. 81, 1288–1291.
30. Belimov, A. A., I. C. Dodd Hontzeas, N. J. C. Theobald, V. I. Safronova, and W. J. Davies, 2009: Rhizosphere bacteria containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase increase yield of plants grown in drying soil via both local and systemic hormone signalling. New Phytol. 181, 413–423.
31. Bellaloui, N., A. Mengistu, and M. A. Kassem, 2013: Effects of genetics and environment on fatty acid stability in soybean seed. Food Nutri. Sci. 4, 165–175.
32. Bhardwaj, J., and S. K. Yadav, 2012: Comparative study on biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzymes in a drought tolerant and a sensitive variety of horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) under drought stress. Am. J. Plant Physiol. 7, 17–29.
33. Bhatnagar-Mathur, P., J. M. Devi, M. Lavanya, D. S. Reddy, V. Vadez, R. Serraj, K. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, and K. K. Sharma, 2007: Stress-inducible expression of At DREB1A in transgenic peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) increases transpiration efficiency under water limiting conditions. Plant Cell Rep. 26, 2071–2082.
34. Blair, M. W., G. Iriarte, and S. Beebe, 2006: QTL analysis of yield traits in an advanced backcross population derived from a cultivated Andean x wild common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cross. Theor. Appl. Genet. 112, 1149–1163.
35. Blum, A., 2014: Genomics for drought resistance – getting down to earth. Func. Plant Biol. 41, 1191–1198.
36. Bushby, H. V. A., and R. J. Lawn, 1992: Accumulation and partitioning of nitrogen and dry-matter by contrasting genotypes of mungbean (Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek). Aust. J. Agric. Res. 43, 1609–1628.
37. Busse, M. D., and P. J. Bottomley, 1989: Growth and nodulation responses of Rhizobium meliloti to water stress induced by permeating and nonpermeating solutes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55, 2431–2436.
38. Calvache, A. M., K. Reichardt, O. O. S. Bacchi, and D. Dourado-Neto, 1997: Deficit irrigation at different growth stages of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Imbabello). Sci. Agric. 54, 1–16.
39. Cattelan, A. J., P. G. Hartel, and J. J. Fuhrmann, 1999: Screening for plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to promote early soybean growth. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 63, 1670–1680.
40. Chanway, C. P., R. K. Hynes, and L. M. Nelson, 1989: Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: effects on growth and nitrogen fixation of lentil (Lens esculenta Moench) and pea (Pisum sativum L.). Soil Biol. Biochem. 21, 511–517.
41. Chapman, S. C., 2008: Use of crop models to understand genotype by environment interactions for drought in real-world and simulated plant breeding trials. Euphytica 161, 195–208.
42. Chauhan, Y. S., D. H. Wallace, C. Johansen, and L. Singh, 1998: Genotype-by-environment interaction effect on yield and its physiological bases in short-duration pigeonpea. Field Crops Res. 59, 141–150.
43. Chaves, M. M., 1991: Effects of water deficits on carbon assimilation. J. Exp. Bot. 42, 1–16.
44. Chaves, M. M., J. S. Pereira, J. Maroco, M. L. Rodrigues, C. P. P. Ricardo, M. L. Osório, I. Carvalho, T. Faria, and C. Pinheiro, 2002: How plants cope with water stress in the field? Photosynthesis and growth. Ann. Bot. 89, 907–916.
45. Chen, T. H., and N. Murata, 2002: Enhancement of tolerance of abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other compatible solutes. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5, 250–257.
46. Chowdhury, R. K., and J. B. Chowdhury, 1977: Interspecific hybridization between Vigna mungo and Phaseolus calcaratus. Indian J. Agri. Sci. 47, 117–121.
47. Close, T. J., 1996: Dehydrins: emergence of a biochemical role of a family of plant dehydration proteins. Physiol. Plant. 97, 795–803.
48. Cortés, A. J., D. This, C. Chavarro, S. Madriñán, and M. W. Blair, 2012: Nucleotide diversity patterns at the drought-related DREB2 encoding genes in wild and cultivated common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 125, 1069–1085.
49. Croser, J., F. Ahmad, H. Clarke, and K. H. M. Siddique, 2003: Utilisation of wild Cicer in chickpea improvement – progress, constraints and prospects. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 54, 429–444.
50. Crowe, J. H., F. A. Hoekstra, and L. M. Crowe, 1992: Anhydrobiosis. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 54, 570–599.
51. Cui, X. H., F. S. Hao, H. Chen, J. Chen, and X. C. Wang, 2008: Expression of the Vicia faba VfPIP1 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana plants improves their drought resistance. J. Plant. Res. 121, 207–214.
52. D'Arcy-Lameta, A., R. Ferrari-Iliou, D. Contour-Ansel, A. T. Pham-Thi, and Y. Zuily-Fodil, 2006: Isolation and characterization of four ascorbate peroxidase cDNAs responsive to water deficit in cowpea leaves. Ann. Bot. 97, 133–140.
53. Davies, S. L., N. C. Turner, K. H. M. Siddique, J. A. Plummer, and L. Leport, 1999: Seed growth of desi and kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in a short-season Mediterranean-type environment. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 39, 181–188.
54. Davies, S. L., N. C. Turner, J. A. Palta, K. H. M. Siddique, and J. A. Plummer, 2000: Remobilisation of carbon and nitrogen supports seed filling in chickpea subjected to water deficits. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 51, 855–866.
55. Davis, L. C., and J. Imsande, 1988: Direct test for altered gas exchange rates in water-stressed soybean nodules. Ann. Bot. 61, 169–177.
56. De Souza, P. I., D. B. Egli, and W. P. Bruening, 1997: Water stress during seed filling and leaf senescence in soybean. Agron. J. 89, 807–812.
57. Delmer, D. P., 2005: Agriculture in the developing world: connecting innovations in plant research to downstream applications. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 15739–15746.
58. Demirtas, C., S. Yazagan, B. N. Candon, M. Sincik, H. Buyukcangaz, and T. Goksoy, 2010: Quality and yield response of soybean (Glycine max L.) to drought stress in sub–humid environment. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 9, 6873–6881.
59. Deokar, A. A., V. Kondawar, P. K. Jain, S. M. Karuppayil, and N. L. Raju, 2011: Comparative analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) between drought-tolerant and susceptible genotypes of chickpea under terminal drought stress. BMC Plant Biol. 11, 70.
60. Dimkpa, C., T. Weinand, and F. Asch, 2009: Plant–rhizobacteria interactions alleviate abiotic stress conditions. Plant, Cell Environ. 32, 1682–1694.
61. Diop, N. N., M. Kidrič, A. Repellin, M. Gareil, A. D'Arcy-Lameta, A. T. P. Thi, and Y. Zuily-Fodil, 2004: A multicystanin is induced by drought-stress in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] leaves. FEBS Lett. 577, 545–555.
62. Dodd, I. C., 2009: Rhizosphere manipulations to maximize ‘crop per drop’ during deficit irrigation. J. Exp. Bot. 60, 2454–2459.
63. Dornbos Jr, D. L., and R. E. Mullen, 1992: Soybean seed protein and oil contents and fatty-acid composition adjustments by drought and temperature. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 69, 228–231.
64. Duc, G., H. Agrama, S. Bao, J. Berger, V. Bourion, A. M. De Ron, C. L. L. Gowda, A. Mikic, D. Millot, K. B. Singh, A. Tullu, A. Vandenberg, M. C. Vaz Patto, T. D. Warkentin, and X. Zong, 2015: Breeding annual grain legumes for sustainable agriculture: new methods to approach complex traits and target new cultivar ideotypes. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 34, 381–411.
65. Eathington, S. R., T. M. Crosbie, M. D. Edwards, R. S. Reiter, and J. K. Bull, 2007: Molecular markers in a commercial breeding program. Crop Sci. 47, 154–163.
66. El-Maarouf, H., A. D'Arcy-Lameta, M. Gareil, Y. Zuily-Fodil, and A. Pham-Thi, 1999: Enzymatic activity and gene expression under water stress of phospholipase D in two cultivars of Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. differing in drought tolerance. Plant Mol. Biol. 39, 1257–1265.
67. El-Maarouf, H., A. D'Arcy-Lameta, M. Gareil, Y. Zuily-Fodil, and A. Pham-Thi, 2001: Cloning and expression under drought of cDNAs coding for two PI-PLCs in cowpea leaves. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 39, 167–172.
68. Fang, X., N. C. Turner, G. Yan, F. Li, and K. H. M. Siddique, 2010: Flower numbers, pod production, pollen viability, and pistil function are reduced and flower and pod abortion increased in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under terminal drought. J. Exp. Bot. 61, 335–345.
69. Farooq, M., A. Wahid, N. Kobayashi, D. Fujita, and S. M. A. Basra, 2009: Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 29, 185–212.
70. Farooq, M., M. Hussain, and K. H. Siddique, 2014: Drought stress in wheat during flowering and grain-filling periods. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 33, 331–349.
71. Farooq, M., M. Hussain, A. Wakeel, and K. H. M. Siddique, 2015: Salt stress in maize: effects, resistance mechanisms and management. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 35, 461–481.
72. Figueiredo, M. V. B., H. A. Burity, C. R. Martınez, and C. P. Chanway, 2008: Alleviation of drought stress in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by co-inoculation with Paenibacillus polymyxa and Rhizobium tropici. Appl. Soil Ecol. 40, 182–188.
73. Foyer, H. C., 2005: Redox homeostasis and antioxidant signaling: a metabolic interface between stress perception and physiological responses. Plant Cell 17, 1866–1875.
74. Frahm, M. A., J. C. Rosas, N. Mayek-Pérez, E. Lõpez-Salinas, J. A. Acosta-Gallegos, and J. D. Kelly, 2004: Breeding beans for resistance to terminal drought in the lowland tropics. Euphytica 136, 223–232.
75. French, R. J., and N. C. Turner, 1991: Water deficit change dry matter partitioning and seed yield in narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.). Aust. J. Agric. Res. 42, 471–484.
76. Gebbing, T., and H. Schnyder, 1999: Pre-anthesis reserve utilization for protein and carbohydrate synthesis in grains of wheat. Plant Physiol. 121, 871–878.
77. German, M. A., S. Burdman, Y. Okon, and J. Kigel, 2000: Effects of Azospirillum brasilense on root morphology of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under different water regimes. Biol. Fert. Soils 32, 259–264.
78. Ghanbari, A. A., M. R. Shakiba, M. Toorchi, and R. Choukan, 2013a: Nitrogen changes in the leaves and accumulation of some minerals in the seeds of red, white and chitti beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) under water deficit conditions. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 7, 706–712.
79. Ghanbari, A. A., S. H. Mousavi, A. Mousapour Gorgi, and I. M. Rao, 2013b: Effects of water stress on leaves and seeds of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Turk. J. Field Crops 18, 73–77.
80. Ghassemi-Golezani, K., and A. Hosseinzadeh-Mahootchy, 2009: Changes in seed vigour of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars during development and maturity. Seed Sci. Technol. 37, 713–720.
81. Ghassemi-Golezani, K., and R. A. Mardfar, 2008: Effects of limited irrigation on growth and grain yield of common bean. J. Plant Sci. 3, 230–235.
82. Ghassemi-Golezani, K., S. Ghassemi, and A. Bandehhagh, 2013: Effects of water supply on field performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars. Int. J. Agron. Plant Prod. 4, 94–97.
83. Glick, B. R., Z. Cheng, J. Czarny, Z. Cheng, and J. Duan, 2007: Promotion of plant growth by ACC deaminase-producing soil bacteria. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 119, 329–339.
84. Graham, P. H., and C. P. Vance, 2003: Legumes: importance and constrains to greater use. Plant Physiol. 131, 872–877.
85. Grams, T. E. E., C. Koziolek, S. Lautner, R. Matyssek, and J. Fromm, 2007: Distinct roles of electric and hydraulic signals on the reaction of leaf gas exchange upon re-irrigation in Zea mays L. Plant, Cell Environ. 30, 79–84.
86. Greacen, E. L., and J. S. Oh, 1972: Physics of root growth. Nature 235, 24–25.
87. Guenther, J. F., N. Chanmanivone, M. P. Galetovic, I. S. Wallace, J. A. Cobb, and D. M. Roberts, 2003: Phosphorylation of soybean nodulin 26 on serine 262 enhances water permeability and is regulated developmentally and by osmotic signals. Plant Cell 15, 981–991.
88. 2 reduction) by broad bean (Vicia faba L.) nodules and bacteroids under water restricted conditions. Plant Physiol. 92, 595–601.
89. Gupta, P. K., J. Kumar, R. R. Mir, and A. Kumar, 2010: Marker assisted selection as a component of conventional plant breeding. Plant Breed. Rev. 33, 145–217.
90. Gusmao, M., K. H. M. Siddique, K. Flower, H. Nesbitt, and E. J. Veneklaas, 2012: Water deficit during the reproductive period of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) reduced grain yield but maintained seed size. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 198, 430–441.
91. Gwathmey, C. O., and A. E. Hall, 1992: Adaptation to midseason drought of cowpea genotypes with contrasting senescence traits. Crop Sci. 32, 773–778.
92. Habibzadeh, Y., 2015: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in alleviation of drought stress on grain yield and yield components of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) plants. Int. J. Sci. 4, 34–40.
93. Haghighi, K. R., and P. D. Ascher, 1988: Fertile intermediate hybrids between Phaseolus vulgaris and P. acutifolius from congruity backcrossing. Sex. Plant Reprod. 1, 51–58.
94. Hall, A. E., 2012: Phenotyping cowpeas for adaptation to drought. Front. Physiol. 3, 155.
95. Hamwieh, A., M. Imtiaz, and R. S. Malhotra, 2013: Multi-environment QTL analyses for drought-related traits in a recombinant inbred population of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 126, 1025–1038.
96. Hamza, M. A., and W. K. Anderson, 2003: Responses of soil properties and grain yields to deep ripping and gypsum application in a compacted loamy sand soil contrasted with a sandy clay loam soil in Western Australia. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 54, 273–282.
97. Hartung, W., A. Sauter, and E. Hose, 2002: Abscisic acid in the xylem: where does it come from, where does it go to? J. Exp. Bot. 53, 27–32.
98. Hati, K. M., K. G. Mandal, A. K. Misra, P. K. Ghosh, and K. K. Bandyopadhyay, 2006: Effect of inorganic fertilizer and farmyard manure on soil physical properties, root distribution and water-use efficiency of soybean in Vertisols of central India. Bioresour. Technol. 97, 2182–2188.
99. Hattori, T., S. Inanaga, H. Araki, P. An, S. Mortia, M. Luxova, and A. Lux, 2005: Application of silicon enhanced drought tolerance in sorghum bicolor. Physiol. Plant. 123, 459–466.
100. Hayat, R., S. Ali, U. Amara, R. Khalid, and I. Ahmed, 2010: Soil beneficial bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion: a review. Ann. Microbiol. 60, 579–598.
101. Hiremath, P. J., A. Farmer, S. B. Cannon, J. Woodward, H. Kudapa, R. Tuteja, A. Kumar, A. Bhanuprakash, B. Mulaosmanovic, N. Gujaria, L. Krishnamurthy, P. M. Gaur, P. B. KaviKishor, T. Shah, R. Srinivasan, M. Lohse, Y. Xiao, C. D. Town, D. R. Cook, G. D. May, and R. K. Varshney, 2011: Large-scale transcriptome analysis in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an orphan legume crop of the semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa. Plant Biotechnol. J. 9, 922–931.
102. Homrich, M. S., B. Wiebke-Strohm, R. L. M. Weber, and M. H. Bodanese-Zanettini, 2012: Soybean genetic transformation: a valuable tool for the functional study of genes and the production of agronomically improved plants. Genet. Mol. Biol. 35, 998–1010.
103. Ismail, A. M., A. E. Hall, and J. D. Ehlers, 2000: Delayed leaf senescence and heat tolerance traits mainly are independently expressed in cowpea. Crop Sci. 40, 1049–1055.
104. Iuchi, S., K. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, T. Urao, T. Terao, and K. Shinozaki, 1996: Novel drought-inducible genes in the highly drought-tolerant cowpea: cloning of cDNAs and analysis of the expression of the corresponding genes. Plant Cell Physiol. 37, 1073–1082.
105. Iuchi, S., M. Kobayashi, K. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, and K. Shinozaki, 2000: A stress-inducible gene for 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase involved in abscisic acid biosynthesis under water stress in drought-tolerant cowpea. Plant Physiol. 123, 553–562.
106. Jayashree, B., H. K. Buhariwalla, S. Shinde, and J. H. Crouch, 2005: A legume genomics resource: the chickpea root expressed sequence tag database. Electron. J. Biotechnol. 8, 128–133.
107. Jiménez, A., J. A. Hernández, G. Pastori, L. A. Del Río, and F. Sevilla, 1998: Role of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle of mitochondria and peroxisomes in the senescence of pea leaves. Plant Physiol. 118, 1327–1335.
108. Joshi, T., Z. Yan, M. Libault, D. H. Jeong, S. Park, and P. J. Green, 2011: Prediction of novel miRNAs and associated target genes in Glycine max. BMC Bioinformatics 11 (Suppl 1), S14.
109. Karamanos, A. S., 1980: Water stress and leaf growth of field beans (Vicia faba) in the field: leaf number and total area. Ann. Bot. 42, 1393–1402.
110. Karamanos, A. J., and A. Y. Papatheohari, 1999: Assessment of drought resistance of crop genotypes by means of the water potential index. Crop Sci. 39, 1792–1797.
111. Kashiwagi, J., L. Krishnamurthy, H. D. Upadhyaya, H. Krishna, S. Chandra, V. Vadez, and R. Serraj, 2005: Genetic variability of drought-avoidance root traits in the mini-core germplasm collection of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Euphytica 146, 213–222.
112. Kashiwagi, J., L. Krishnamurthy, J. H. Crouch, and R. Serraj, 2006: Variability of root characteristics and their contribution to seed yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under terminal drought stress. Field. Crop. Res. 95, 171–181.
113. Kavikishore, P. B., Z. Hong, G. H. Miao, C. A. A. Hu, and D. P. S. Verma, 1995: Overexpression of D1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase increases proline production and confers osmotolerance in transgenic plants. Plant Physiol. 108, 1387–1394.
114. Khan, H. R., J. G. Paull, K. H. M. Siddique, and F. L. Stoddard, 2010: Faba bean breeding for drought-affected environments: a physiological and agronomic perspective. Field Crops Res. 115, 279–286.
115. Kobraee, S., K. Shamsi, and B. Rasekhi, 2011: Soybean production under water deficit conditions. Ann. Biol. Res. 2, 423–434.
116. Kodama, H., T. Hamada, G. Horiguchi, M. Nishimura, and K. Iba, 1994: Genetic enhancement of cold tolerance by expression of a gene for chloroplast v-3 fatty acid desaturase in transgenic tobacco. Plant Physiol. 105, 601–605.
117. Kokubun, M., and I. Honda, 2000: Intra-raceme variation in pod-set probability is associated with cytokinin content in soybeans. Plant Prod. Sci. 3, 354–359.
118. Krishnamurthy, L., J. Kashiwagi, S. Tobita, O. Ito, H. D. Upadhyaya, C. L. L. Gowda, P. M. Gaur, M. Sheshshayee, S. Singh, V. Vadez, and R. K. Varshney, 2013: Variation in carbon isotope discrimination and its relationship with harvest index in the reference collection of chickpea germplasm. Funct. Plant Biol. 40, 1350–1361.
119. Kumar, N. P., L. Kulwal, H. S. Balyan, and P. K. Gupta, 2006: QTL mapping for yield contributing traits in two mapping populations of bread wheat. Mol. Breed. 19, 163–177.
120. Kumar, A., J. Bernier, S. Verulkar, H. R. Lafitte, and G. N. Atlin, 2008: Breeding for drought tolerance: direct selection for yield, response to selection and use of drought-tolerant donors in upland and lowland-adapted populations. Field Crops Res. 107, 221–231.
121. Kumar, J., P. S. Basu, E. Srivastava, S. K. Chaturvedi, N. Nadarajan, and S. Kumar, 2012: Phenotyping of traits imparting drought tolerance in lentil. Crop Pasture Sci. 63, 547–554.
122. Kumudini, S., 2002: Trials and tribulations: a review of the role of assimilate supply in soybean genetic yield improvement. Field Crops Res. 75, 211–222.
123. Kurdali, F., M. Al-Chammaa, and A. Mouasess, 2013: Growth and nitrogen fixation in silicon and/or potassium fed chickpeas grown under drought and well watered conditions. J. Stress Physiol. Biochem. 9, 385–406.
124. Labanauskas, C. K., P. Shouse, L. H. Stolzy, and M. F. Handy, 1981: Protein and free amino acids in field-grown cowpea seeds as affected by water stress at various growth stages. Plant Soil 63, 355–368.
125. Leport, L., N. C. Turner, R. J. French, D. Tennant, B. D. Thomson, and K. H. M. Siddique, 1998: Water relations, gas-exchange, and growth of cool-season grain legumes in a Mediterranean-type environment. Eur. J. Agron. 9, 295–303.
126. Leport, L., N. C. Turner, S. L. Davies, and K. H. M. Siddique, 2006: Variation in pod production and abortion among chickpea cultivars under terminal drought. Eur. J. Agron. 24, 236–246.
127. Levitt, J., 1972: Responses of Plants to Environmental Stresses. Academic Press, New York, NY.
128. Li, D. M., and M. Alexander, 1988: Co-inoculation with antibiotic producing bacteria to increase colonization and nodulation by rhizobia. Plant Soil 108, 211–219.
129. Li, Y., J. Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Hao, J. Hua, L. Duan, M. Zhang, and Z. Li, 2013: Expression of an Arabidopsis molybdenum cofactor sulphurase gene in soybean enhances drought tolerance and increases yield under field conditions. Plant Biotechnol. J. 11, 747–758.
130. Libault, M., A. Farmer, T. Joshi, K. Takahashi, R. J. Langley, and L. D. Franklin, 2010: An integrated transcriptome atlas of the crop model Glycine max, and its use in comparative analyses in plants. Plant J. 63, 86–99.
131. Liu, F., M. N. Andersen, and C. R. Jensen, 2003: Loss of pod set caused by drought stress is associated with water status and ABA content of reproductive structures in soybean. Func. Plant Biol. 30, 271–280.
132. Liu, F., C. R. Jensen, and M. N. Andersen, 2004: Pod set related to photosynthetic rate and endogenous ABA in soybeans subjected to different water regimes and exogenous ABA and BA at early reproductive stages. Ann. Bot. 94, 405–411.
133. Liu, F., C. R. Jensen, and M. N. Andersen, 2005: A review of drought adaptation in crop plants: changes in vegetative and reproductive physiology induced by ABA-based chemical signals. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 56, 1245–1252.
134. Long, H. H., D. D. Schmidt, and I. T. Baldwin, 2008: Native bacterial endophytes promote host growth in a species-specific manner; phytohormone manipulations do not result in common growth responses. PLoS ONE 3, e2702.
135. Lopez, F. B., T. L. Setter, and C. R. McDavid, 1987: Carbon dioxide and light response of photosynthesis in cowpea and pigeonpea during water deficit and recovery. Plant Physiol. 85, 990–995.
136. Lopez, F. B., Y. S. Chauhan, and C. Johansen, 1997: Effects of timing of drought stress on leaf area development and canopy light interception of short-duration pigeonpea. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 178, 1–7.
137. Mae, T., H. Thomas, A. P. Gay, A. Makino, and J. Hidema, 1993: Leaf development in Lolium temulentum: photosynthesis and photosynthetic proteins in leaves senescing under different irradiances. Plant Cell Physiol. 34, 391–399.
138. Mafakheri, A., A. Siosemardeh, B. Bahramnejad, P. C. Struik, and Y. Sohrabi, 2010: Effect of drought stress on yield, proline and chlorophyll contents in three chickpea cultivars. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 4, 580–585.
139. Maleki, A., A. Naderi, R. Naseri, A. Fathi, S. Bahamin, and R. Maleki, 2013: Physiological performance of soybean cultivars under drought stress. Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci. 2, 38–44.
140. Mali, M., and N. C. Aery, 2008: Silicon effects on nodule growth, dry matter production and mineral nutrition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 171, 835–840.
141. Manavalan, L. P., 2009: Physiological and molecular approaches to improve drought resistance in soybean. Plant Cell Physiol. 50, 1260–1276.
142. Marschner, H., 1986: Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, pp 269–369. Academic Press Inc., San Diego, CA.
143. Martínez, J. P., H. F. L. J. Silva, J. F. Ledent, and M. Pinto, 2007: Effect of drought stress on the osmotic adjustment, cell wall elasticity and cell volume of six cultivars of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Eur. J. Agron. 26, 30–38.
144. Mathur, P. B., V. Vadez, M. Jyotsna Devi, M. Lavanya, G. Vani, and K. K. Sharma, 2009: Genetic engineering of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) with the P5CSF129A gene for osmoregulation with implications on drought tolerance. Mol. Breed. 23, 591–606.
145. Matos, A. R., A. D'Arcy-Lameta, M. França, S. Pêtres, L. Edelman, J. Kader, Y. Zuily-Fodil, and A. Pham-Thi, 2001: A novel patatin-like gene stimulated by drought stress encodes a galactolipid acyl hydrolase. FEBS Lett. 491, 188–192.
146. Mayak, S., T. Tirosh, and B. R. Glick, 1999: Effect of wild type and mutant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on the rooting of mung bean cuttings. J. Plant Growth Regul. 18, 49–53.
147. McCord, J. M., 2000: The evolution of free radicals and oxidative stress. Am. J. Med. 108, 652–659.
148. Melchior, F., and L. Gerace, 1998: Two-way trafficking with Ran. Trends Cell Biol. 8, 175–179.
149. Mian, M. A. R., M. A. Mailey, D. A. Ashley, R. Wells, T. E. Carter, and W. A. Parrot, 1996: Molecular markers associated with water use efficiency and leaf ash in soybean. Crop Sci. 36, 1252–1257.
150. Micheletto, S., L. Rodriguez-Uribe, R. Hernandez, R. D. Richins, V. Curry, and M. A. O'Connell, 2007: Comparative transcript profiling in roots of Phaseolus acutifolius and P. vulgaris under water deficit stress. Plant Sci. 173, 510–520.
151. Miklas, P. N., J. D. Kelly, S. E. Beebe, and M. W. Blair, 2006: Common bean breeding for resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses: from classical to MAS breeding. Euphytica 147, 105–131.
152. Mir, R. R., M. Zaman-Allah, N. Sreenivasulu, R. Trethowan, and R. K. Varshney, 2012: Integrated genomics, physiology and breeding approaches for improving drought tolerance in crops. Theor. Appl. Genet. 125, 625–645.
153. Mitchell, D. C., F. R. Lawrence, T. J. Hartman, and J. M. Curran, 2009: Consumption of dry beans, peas, and lentils could improve diet quality in the US population. J. Amer. Diet. Assoc. 109, 909–913.
154. Mittler, R., and B. A. Zilinskas, 1994: Regulation of pea cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase and other antioxidant enzymes during the progression of drought stress and following recovery from drought. Plant J. 5, 397–405.
155. Miyashita, K., S. Tanakamaru, T. Maitani, and K. Kimura, 2005: Recovery responses of photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance in kidney bean following drought stress. Environ. Exp. Bot. 53, 205–214.
156. Mohammadi, A., D. Habibi, M. Rohami, and S. Mafakheri, 2011: Effect of drought stress on antioxidant enzymes activity of some chickpea cultivars. Am-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 11, 782–785.
157. Mondal, M. M. A., M. S. A. Fakir, A. S. Juraimi, M. A. Hakim, M. M. Islamand, and A. T. M. Shamsuddoha, 2011: Effects of flowering behavior and pod maturity synchrony on yield of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 5, 945–953.
158. Montalvo-Hernández, L., E. Piedra-Ibarra, L. Gómez-Silva, R. Lira-Carmona, J. A. Acosta-Gallegos, J. Vazquez-Medrano, B. Xoconostle-Cázares, and R. Ruíz-Medrano, 2008: Differential accumulation of mRNAs in drought-tolerant and susceptible common bean cultivars in response to water deficit. New Phytol. 177, 102–113.
159. Montes, J. M., A. E. Melchinger, and J. C. Reif, 2007: Novel throughput phenotyping platforms in plant genetic studies. Trends Plant Sci. 12, 433–436.
160. Morgan, J. M., 1984: Osmoregulation and water stress in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35, 299–319.
161. Muchero, W., J. D. Ehlers, T. J. Close, and P. A. Roberts, 2009: Mapping QTL for drought stress-induced premature senescence and maturity in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]. Theor. Appl. Genet. 118, 849–863.
162. Muchero, W., D. E. Jeffrey, and A. R. Philip, 2010: Restriction site polymorphism-based candidate gene mapping for seedling drought tolerance in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.)Walp.]. Theor. Appl. Genet. 3, 509–518.
163. Muchero, W., P. A. Roberts, N. N. Diop, I. Drabo, N. Cisse, T. J. Close, S. Muranaka, O. Baukar, and J. D. Ehlers, 2013: Genetic architecture of delayed senescence, biomass, and grain yield under drought stress in cowpea. PLoS ONE 8, e70041.
164. Muchow, R. C., 1985: Canopy development in grain legumes grown under different soil water regimes in a semi-arid tropical environment. Field Crops Res. 11, 99–109.
165. Munné-Bosch, S., and L. Alegre, 2004: Die and let live: leaf senescence contributes to plant survival under drought stress. Funct. Plant Biol. 31, 203–216.
166. Nadeem, S. M., Z. A. Zahir, M. Naveed, and M. Ashraf, 2010: Microbial ACC-deaminase: prospects and applications for inducing salt tolerance in plants. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 29, 360–393.
167. Nadeem, S. M., M. Ahmad, Z. A. Zahir, A. Javaid, and M. Ashraf, 2014: The role of mycorrhizae and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in improving crop productivity under stressful environments. Biotechnol. Adv. 32, 429–448.
168. Nam, N. H., Y. S. Chauhan, and C. Johansen, 1993: Comparison of extra-short-duration pigeonpea with short-season legumes under rainfed conditions of alfisols. Exp. Agric. 29, 307–316.
169. Nam, N. H., Y. S. Chauhan, and C. Johansen, 2001: Effect of timing of drought stress on growth and grain yield of extra-short-duration pigeonpea lines. J. Agric. Sci. 136, 179–189.
170. Nayak, S., J. Balayi, H. Upadhyaya, C. Hash, P. Kishor, D. Chattopadhyay, L. Rodrigez, M. Blair, M. Baum, K. McNally, D. This, D. Hoisington, and R. Varshney, 2009: Isolation and sequence analysis of DREB2A homologues in three cereal and two legume species. Plant Sci. 177, 460–467.
171. Nayyar, H., S. Kaur, S. Singh, and H. D. Upadhyaya, 2006: Differential sensitivity of Desi (small-seeded) and Kabuli (large-seeded) chickpea genotypes to water stress during seed filling: effects on accumulation of seed reserves and yield. J. Sci. Food Agri. 86, 2076–2082.
172. Noctor, G., S. Veljovic-Jovanovic, and C. H. Foyer, 2000: Peroxide processing in photosynthesis: antioxidant coupling and redox signalling. Proc. Royal Soc. Lond. B. 355, 1465–1475.
173. O'Connell, M. G., G. J. O'Leary, D. M. Whitfield, and D. J. Connor, 2004: Interception of photosynthetically active radiation and radiation-use efficiency of wheat, field pea and mustard in a semi-arid environment. Field Crops Res. 85, 111–124.
174. Palta, J. A., A. S. Nandwal, S. Kumari, and N. C. Turner, 2005: Foliar nitrogen applications increase the seed yield and protein content in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) subject to terminal drought. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 56, 105–112.
175. Pandey, A., S. Chakraborty, A. Datta, and N. Chakraborty, 2008: Proteomics approach to identify dehydration responsive nuclear proteins from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L). Mol. Cell Proteomics 7, 88–107.
176. Parsons, L. R., and T. K. Howe, 1984: Effects of water stress on the water relations of Phaseolus vulgaris and the drought resistant Phaseolus acutifolius. Physiol. Plant. 60, 197–202.
177. Pinheiro, C., J. A. Passarinho, and C. P. Ricardo, 2004: Effect of drought and rewatering on the metabolism of Lupinus albus organs. J. Plant Physiol. 161, 1203–1210.
178. Porcel, R., and J. M. Ruiz-Lozano, 2004: Arbuscular mycorrhizal influence on leaf water potential, solute accumulation, and oxidative stress in soybean plants subjected to drought stress. J. Exp. Bot. 55, 1743–1750.
179. Porcel, R., J. M. Barea, and J. M. Ruiz-Lozano, 2003: Antioxidant activities in mycorrhizal soybean plants under drought stress and their possible relationship to the process of nodule senescence. New Phytol. 157, 135–143.
180. Purcell, L. C., and C. A. King, 1996: Drought and nitrogen source effects on nitrogen nutrition, seed growth, and yield in soybean. J. Plant Nutr. 19, 969–993.
181. Pushpavalli, R., M. Zaman-Allah, N. C. Turner, R. Baddam, M. V. Rao, and V. Vadez, 2014: Higher flower and seed number leads to higher yield under water stress conditions imposed during reproduction in chickpea. Func. Plant Biol. 42, 162–174.
182. Radhika, P., S. J. M. Gowda, N. Y. Kadoo, L. B. Mhase, B. M. Jamadagni, M. N. Sainani, S. Chandra, and V. S. Gupta, 2007: Development of an integrated intraspecific map of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) using two recombinant inbred line populations. Theor. Appl. Genet. 115, 209–216.
183. Ramanjulu, S., and D. Bartels, 2002: Drought- and desiccation-induced modulation of gene expression in plants. Plant, Cell Environ. 25, 141–151.
184. Rao, I., S. Beebe, J. Polania, J. Ricaurte, C. Cajiao, R. Garcia, and M. Rivera, 2013: Can tepary bean be a model for improvement of drought resistance in common bean? Afr. Crop Sci. J. 21, 265–281.
185. Rharrabti, Y., D. Villegas, L. F. Garcia Del Moral, N. Aparicio, S. Elhani, and C. Royo, 2001: Environmental and genetic determination of protein content and grain yield in durum wheat under Mediterranean conditions. Plant Breed. 120, 381–388.
186. Ronghua, L., G. Pei-guo, M. Baum, S. Grando, and S. Ceccarelli, 2006: Evaluation of chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters as indicators of drought tolerance in barley. Agric. Sci. China 5, 751–757.
187. Rontein, D., G. Basset, and A. D. Hanson, 2002: Metabolic engineering of osmoprotectant accumulation in plants. Metab. Eng. 4, 49–56.
188. Rosales-Serna, R., J. Kohashi-Shibata, J. A. Acosta-Gallegos, C. Trejo-López, J. Ortiz-Cereceres, and J. D. Kelly, 2004: Biomass distribution, maturity acceleration and yield in drought-stressed common bean cultivars. Field Crops Res. 85, 203–211.
189. Rosenzweig, C., and J. Colls, 2005: Global warming and agriculture. In: R. Sylvester-Bradley, and J. Wiseman, eds. Yield of Farmed Species: Constraints and Opportunities, pp. 143–165. University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
190. Rubiales, D., and A. Mikić, 2015: Introduction: legumes in sustainable agriculture. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 34, 2–3.
191. Sacala, E., 2009: Role of silicon in plant resistance to water stress. J. Elementol. 14, 619–630.
192. Saglam, A., N. Saruhan, R. Terzi, and A. Kadioglu, 2011: The relations between antioxidant enzymes and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in common bean cultivars differing in sensitivity to drought stress. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 58, 60–68.
193. Samarah, N. H., N. Haddad, and A. M. Alqudah, 2009: Yield potential evaluation in chickpea genotypes under late terminal drought in relation to the length of reproductive stage. Ital. J. Agron. 4, 111–117.
194. Sangakkara, U. R., M. Frehner, and J. Nosberger, 2000: Effect of soil moisture and potassium fertilizer on shoot water potential, photosynthesis and partitioning of carbon in mungbean and cowpea. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 185, 201–207.
195. Saxena, N. P., 1987: Screening for adaptation to drought: case studies with chickpea and pigeonpea. In: Adaptation of Chickpea and Pigeonpea to Abiotic Stresses: Proceedings of Consultants' Workshop, pp. 63–76. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India.
196. Saxena, N. P., L. Krishnamurthy, and C. Johansen, 1993: Registration of a drought-resistant chickpea germplasm. Crop Sci. 33, 1424.
197. Saxena, K. B., G. Singh, H. S. Gupta, V. Mahajan, R. V. Kumar, B. Singh, M. I. Vales, and R. Sultana, 2011: Enhancing the livelihoods of Uttarakhand farmers by introducing pigeonpea cultivation in hilly areas. J. Food Legumes 24, 128–132.
198. Serraj, R., F. R. Bidinger, Y. S. Chauhan, N. Seetharama, S. N. Nigam, and N. P. Saxena, 2003: Management of drought in ICRISAT cereal and legume mandate crops. In: Water Productivity in Agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvement, pp. 127–144. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK.
199. Shaban, M., M. Lak, and Y. Hamidvand, 2012: Response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars to integrated application of zinc nutrient with water stress. Int. J. Agric. Crop Sci. 4, 1074–1082.
200. Shamsi, K., S. Kobraee, and R. Haghparast, 2010: Drought stress mitigation using supplemental irrigation in rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties in Kermanshah. Iran. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 9, 4197–4203.
201. Shen, B., R. G. Jensen, and H. J. Bohnert, 1997: Mannitol protects against oxidation by hydroxyl radicals. Plant Physiol. 115, 527–532.
202. Shrestha, R., N. C. Turner, K. H. M. Siddique, D. W. Turner, and J. Speijers, 2006: A water deficit during pod development in lentils reduces flower and pod numbers but not seed size. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 57, 427–438.
203. Siddique, K. H. M., G. H. Walton, and M. Seymour, 1993: A comparison of seed yields of winter grain legumes in Western Australia. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 33, 915–922.
204. Siddique, K. H. M., S. P. Loss, K. L. Regan, and R. Jettner, 1999: Adaptation of cool season grain legumes in Mediterranean-type environments of south-western Australia. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 50, 375–387.
205. Siddique, K. H. M., K. L. Regan, G. Tennant, and B. D. Thomson, 2001: Water use and water use efficiency of cool season grain legumes in low rainfall Mediterranean-type environments. Eur. J. Agron. 15, 267–280.
206. Siddique, K. H. M., C. Johansen, N. C. Turner, J. Marie-Hélène, A. Hashem, D. Sakar, Y. Gan, and S. S. Alghamdi, 2012: Innovations in agronomy for food legumes. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 32, 45–64.
207. Silva, E. N., A. S. Vieira, R. V. Ribeiro, F. L. A. Ponte, S. L. Ferreira-Silva, and J. A. G. Silveira, 2012: Contrasting physiological responses of Jatropha curcas plants to single and combined stresses of salinity and heat. J. Plant Growth Regul. 32, 159–169.
208. Singh, S. P., 2007: Drought resistance in the race Durango dry bean landraces and cultivars. Agron. J. 99, 1219–1225.
209. Singh, K. B., G. Bejiga, M. C. Saxena, and M. Singh, 1995: Transferability of chickpea selection indices from normal to drought-prone growing conditions in a Mediterranean environment. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 175, 57–63.
210. Smirnoff, N., 1993: The role of active oxygen in the response of plants to water deficit and desiccation. New Phytol. 125, 27–58.
211. Smith, S. E., F. Facelli, S. Pope, and F. A. Smith, 2010: Plant performance in stressful environments: interpreting new and established knowledge of the roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas. Plant Soil 326, 3–20.
212. Sohrabi, Y., G. Heidari, W. Weisany, K. Ghasemi Golezani, and K. Mohammadi, 2012: Some physiological responses of chickpea cultivars to arbuscular mycorrhiza under drought stress. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 59, 708–716.
213. Song, Q. X., Y. F. Liu, X. Y. Hu, W. K. Zhang, B. Ma, S. Y. Chen, and J. S. Zhang, 2011: Identification of miRNAs and their target genes in developing soybean seeds by deep sequencing. BMC Plant Biol. 11, 5.
214. Srinivasan, M., D. J. Petersen, and F. B. Holl, 1996: Influence of indoleacetic-acid-producing Bacillus isolates on the nodulation of Phaseolus vulgaris by Rhizobium etli under gnotobiotic conditions. Can. J. Microbiol. 42, 1006–1014.
215. Stoop, J. M. H., J. D. Williamson, and D. M. Pharr, 1996: Mannitol metabolism in plants: a method for coping with stress. Trends Plant Sci. 1, 139–144.
216. Strozycki, P. M., A. Szczurek, B. Lotocka, M. Figlerowicz, and A. B. Legocki, 2007: Ferritins and nodulation in Lupinus luteus: iron management in indeterminate type nodules. J. Exp. Bot. 58, 3145–3153.
217. Subbarao, G. V., C. Johansen, A. E. Slinkard, R. C. Nageswara Rao, N. P. Saxena, and Y. S. Chauhan, 1995: Strategies for improving drought resistance in grain legumes. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 14, 469–523.
218. Szabados, L., and A. Savouré, 2009: Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. Trends Plant Sci. 15, 89–97.
219. Sziderics, A. H., F. Rasche, F. Trognitz, A. Sessitsch, and E. Wilhelm, 2007: Bacterial endophytes contribute to abiotic stress adaptation in pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.). Can. J. Microbiol. 53, 1195–1202.
220. Tamas, I. A., D. H. Wallace, P. M. Ludford, and J. L. Ozbun, 1979: Effect of older fruits on abortion and abscisic acid concentration of younger fruits in Phaseolus vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 64, 620–622.
221. Tea, I., T. Genter, N. Naulet, V. Boyer, M. Lummerzheim, and D. Kleiber, 2004: Effect of foliar sulfur and nitrogen fertilization on wheat storage protein composition and dough mixing properties. Cereal Chem. 81, 759–766.
222. Thalooth, A. T., M. M. Tawfik, and M. H. Magda, 2006: Comparative study on the effect of foliar application of zinc, potassium and magnesium on growth, yield and some chemical constituents of mungbean plants grown under water stress conditions. World J. Agric. Sci. 2, 37–46.
223. Thomson, B. D., K. H. M. Siddique, M. D. Barr, and J. M. Wilson, 1997: Grain legume species in low rainfall Mediterranean type environments. I. Phenology and seed yield. Field Crops Res. 54, 173–187.
224. Torres, A. M., C. M. Avila, N. Gutierrez, C. Palomino, M. T. Moreno, and J. I. Cubero, 2010: Marker-assisted selection in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Field Crops Res. 115, 243–252.
225. Turner, N. C., 2004: Agronomic options for improving rainfall-use efficiency of crops in dryland farming systems. J. Exp. Bot. 55, 2413–2425.
226. Turner, N. C., S. L. Davies, J. A. Plummer, and K. H. M. Siddique, 2005: Seed filling in grain legumes (pulses) under water deficits with emphasis on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Adv. Agron. 87, 211–250.
227. Ulemale, C. S., S. N. Mate, and D. V. Deshmukh, 2013: Physiological indices for drought tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). World J. Agric. Sci. 9, 123.d–131.d.
228. Vadez, V., J. D. Berger, T. Warkentin, S. Asseng, P. Ratnakumar, K. P. C. Rao, P. M. Gaur, N. Munier-Jolain, A. Larmure, A. S. Voisin, H. C. Sharma, S. Pande, M. Sharma, L. Krishnamurthy, and M. A. Zaman, 2012: Adaptation of grain legumes to climate change: a review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 32, 31–44.
229. Varshney, R. K., and A. Dubey, 2009: Novel genomic tools and modern genetic and breeding approaches for crop improvement. J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol. 18, 127–138.
230. Varshney, R. K., P. J. Hiremath, P. Lekha, J. Kashiwagi, J. Balaji, A. A. Deokar, V. Vadez, Y. Xiao, R. Srinivasan, P. M. Gaur, K. H. M. Siddique, C. D. Town, and D. A. Hoisington, 2009: A comprehensive resource of drought – and salinity – responsive ESTs for gene discovery and marker development in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L). BMC Genom. 10, 523.
231. Vyas, S. P., 2014: Impact and strategies for yield improvement of arid legumes under drought. Int. J. App. Life Sci. Engg. 1, 12–19.
232. Waraich, E. A., R. Ahmad, and M. Y. Ashraf, 2011: Role of mineral nutrition in alleviation of drought stress in plants. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 5, 764–777.
233. Westgate, M. E., J. R. Schussler, D. C. Reicosky, and M. L. Brenner, 1989: Effects of water deficits on seed development in soybeans. IL conservation of seed growth rate. Plant Physiol. 91, 980–985.
234. Weyers, J. D. B., and N. W. Paterson, 2001: Plant hormones and the control of physiological processes. New Phytol. 152, 375–408.
235. White, J. W., and J. A. Castillo, 1988: Studies at CIAT on mechanisms of drought tolerance in bean. In: J. W. White, J. W. D. Hoogenboom, F. Ibarra, and S. P. Singh, eds. Research on Drought Tolerance in Common Bean. Working Document No. 41, pp. 146–164. CIAT, Cali, Colombia.
236. Wilkinson, S., and W. J. Davies, 2002: ABA-based chemical signalling: the co-ordination of responses to stress in plants. Plant, Cell Environ. 25, 195–210.
237. Witcombe, J. R., P. A. Hollington, and K. A. Steele, 2008: Breeding for abiotic stresses for sustainable agriculture. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 363, 703–716.
238. Yadavi, A., R. S. Aboueshaghi, M. M. Dehnavi, and H. Balouchi, 2014: Effect of micronutrients foliar application on grain qualitative characteristics and some physiological traits of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under drought stress. Ind. J. Fund. Appl. Life Sci. 4, 124–131.
239. Yagoob, H., A. Reza Eivazi, and M. Abedi, 2013: Alleviation drought stress of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) plants by using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Am-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 13, 1609–1614.
240. Yamagishi, M., and Y. Yamamoto, 1994: Effects of boron on nodule development and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybean plants. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 40, 265–274.
241. Yamaguchi, M., B. Valliyodan, J. Zhang, M. E. Lenoble, O. Yu, E. E. Rogers, H. T. Nguyen, and R. E. Sharp, 2010: Regulation of growth response to water stress in the soybean primary root. I. Proteomic analysis reveals region-specific regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism and control of free iron in the elongation zone. Plant, Cell Environ. 33, 223–243.
242. Yamamoto, E., H. C. Karakaya, and H. T. Knap, 2000: Molecular characterization of two soybean homologs of Arabidopsis thaliana CLAVATA1 from the wild type and fasciation mutant. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA). Gene Struc. Expression 1491, 333–340.
243. Yang, S., W. Pang, G. Ash, J. Harper, J. Carling, P. Wenzl, E. Huttner, X. Zong, and A. Kilian, 2006: Low level of genetic diversity in cultivated pigeonpea compared to its wild relatives is revealed by diversity arrays technology. Theor. Appl. Genet. 113, 585–595.
244. Yoo, J. H., C. Y. Park, J. C. Kim, W. D. Heo, M. S. Cheong, H. C. Park, M. C. Kim, B. C. Moon, M. S. Choi, and Y. H. Kang, 2005: Direct interaction of a divergent CaM isoform and the transcription factor, MYB2, enhances salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 3697–3706.
245. Zaman-Allah, M., D. M. Jenkinson, and V. Vadez, 2011a: A conservative pattern of water use, rather than deep or profuse rooting, is critical for the terminal drought tolerance of chickpea. J. Exp. Bot. 62, 4239–4252.
246. Zaman-Allah, M., D. M. Jenkinson, and V. Vadez, 2011b: Chickpea genotypes contrasting for seed yield under terminal drought stress in the field differ for traits related to the control of water use. Func. Plant Biol. 38, 270–281.
247. Zlatev, Z., and F. C. Lidon, 2012: An overview on drought induced changes in plant growth, water relations and photosynthesis. Emir. J. Food Agric. 24, 57–72.