How are soil carbon and tropical biodiversity related?

Environmental Conservation

Volumn 43, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 231-241

  Sheil, Douglas ^a   Ladd, Brenton ^b,c   Silva, Lucas C R ^d   Laffan, Shawn W ^b   Van Heist, Miriam ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSIDAD CIENTÍFICA DEL SUR   (Peru)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

carbon stocks; conservation; detritus; organic matter; peat; REDD; tropical forests; wetlands

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; BIRDS; CONSERVATION; ECOSYSTEMS; FISH; MAMMALS; PEAT; PLANTS (BOTANY); SOILS; TROPICS; WETLANDS;

ATMOSPHERIC CARBON; BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION; CARBON STOCKS; DETRITUS; REDD; SOIL CARBON STOCK; THREATENED SPECIES; TROPICAL FOREST;

SOIL CONSERVATION;

AMPHIBIAN; BIODIVERSITY; BIRD; CARBON EMISSION; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; CRUSTACEAN; DETRITUS; ENDANGERED SPECIES; ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT; MAMMAL; PEAT; PLANT; REPTILE; SOIL CARBON; SOIL ORGANIC MATTER; TROPICAL FOREST; WETLAND;

BRAZIL; DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC CONGO; FEDERAL DISTRICT [BRAZIL]; NORD KIVU; VIRUNGA NATIONAL PARK;

AMPHIBIA; ANIMALIA; AVES; CRUSTACEA; MAMMALIA; REPTILIA;

EID: 84957955045     PISSN: 03768929     EISSN: 14694387     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0376892916000011     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Agrawal, A., Nepstad, D. & Chhatre, A. (2011) Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 36: 373-396.
2. Angelsen, A., Brockhaus, M., Sunderlin, W. D. & Verchot, L. V. (2012) Analysing REDD+: challenges and choices. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR.
3. Armenteras, D., Rodríguez, N. & Retana, J. (2015) National and regional relationships of carbon storage and tropical biodiversity. Biological Conservation 192: 378-386.
4. Asner, G. P., Knapp, D. E., Martin, R. E., Tupayachi, R., Anderson, C. B., Mascaro, J., Sinca, F., Chadwick, K. D., Higgins, M., Farfan, W. & Llactayo, W. (2014) Targeted carbon conservation at national scales with high-resolution monitoring. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111(47): E5016-E5022.
5. Balesdent, J., Basile-Doelsch, I., Chadoeuf, J., Cornu, S., Derrien, D., Fekiacova, Z. & Hatté, C. (2014) Dynamics of carbon in deep soils inferred from carbon stable isotopes signatures: a worldwide meta-analysis. In: EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, p. 9052. [www document]. URL http://adsabs. harvard. edu/abs/2014EGUGA.. 16. 9052B
6. Batjes, N. H. (2011) Soil organic carbon stocks under native vegetation-revised estimates for use with the simple assessment option of the Carbon Benefits Project system. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 142(3): 365-373.
7. Beaudrot, L., Kroetz, K., Alvarez-Loayza, P., Amaral, I., Breuer, T., Fletcher, C. D., Jansen, P. A., Kenfack, D., Lima, M. G. M., Marshall, A. R., Martin, E. H., Ndoundou-Hockemba, M., O'Brien, T. G., Razafimahaimodison, J. C., Romero-Saltos, H., Rovero, F., Roy, C. H., Sheil, D., Silva, C. E., Spironello, W. R., Valencia, R., Zvoleff, A., Ahumada, J. & Andelman, S. Limited carbon and biodiversity co-benefits for tropical forest mammals and birds. Ecological Applications. http://dx. doi. org/10. 1890/15-0935. 1.
8. Berenguer, E., Ferreira, J., Gardner, T. A., Aragão, L. E. O. C., De Camargo, P. B., Cerri, C. E., Durigan, M., Oliveira, R. C. D., Vieira, I. C. G. & Barlow, J. (2014) A large-scale field assessment of carbon stocks in human-modified tropical forests. GlobalChange Biology 20(12): 3713-3726.
9. Boddey, R. M., Jantalia, C. P., Conceicao, P. C., Zanatta, J. A., Bayer, C., Mielniczuk, J., Dieckow, J., Dos Santos, H. P., Denardin, J. E., Aita, C. & Giacomini, S. J. (2010) Carbon accumulation at depth in Ferralsols under zero-till subtropical agriculture. Global Change Biology 16(2): 784-795.
10. Busch, J. (2013) Supplementing REDD+ with biodiversity payments: the paradox of paying for multiple ecosystem services. Land Economics 89(4): 655-675.
11. Cardinale, B. J., Hillebrand, H., Harpole, W., Gross, K. & Ptacnik, R. (2009) Separating the influence of resource 'availability'from resource 'imbalance'on productivity-diversity relationships. Ecology Letters 12(6): 475-487.
12. Castelle, A. J., Johnson, A. W. & Conolly, C. (1994) Wetland and stream buffer size requirements-a review. Journal of Environmental Quality 23(5): 878-882.
13. CCBA (2015) The Climate, Community & Biodiversity Alliance. [www document]. URL http://www. climate-standards. org/
14. Chen, X., Hutley, L. & Eamus, D. (2003) Carbon balance of a tropical savanna of northern Australia. Oecologia 137(3): 405-416.
15. Clark, D. B. & Kellner, J. R. (2012) Tropical forest biomass estimation and the fallacy of misplaced concreteness. Journal of Vegetation Science 23(6): 1191-1196.
16. Doetterl, S., Van Oost, K. & Six, J. (2012) Towards constraining the magnitude of global agricultural sediment and soil organic carbon fluxes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 37(6): 642-655.
17. Don, A., Schumacher, J. & Freibauer, A. (2011) Impact of tropical land-use change on soil organic carbon stocks-a meta-analysis. Global Change Biology 17(4): 1658-1670.
18. Dudgeon, D., Arthington, A. H., Gessner, M. O., Kawabata, Z.-I., Knowler, D. J., Lévêque, C., Naiman, R. J., Prieur-Richard, A.-H., Soto, D., Stiassny, M. L. J. & Sullivan, C. A. (2006) Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges. Biological Reviews 81(2): 163-182.
19. Eggleston, H., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T. & Tanabe, K. (2006) IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Hayama, Japan: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.
20. FAO (2001) Lecture notes on the major soils of the World. Rome, Italy: FAO.
21. Fearnside, P. M. (2013) What is at stake for Brazilian Amazonia in the climate negotiations. Climatic Change 118(3): 509-519.
22. Felfili, J. M., Mendonça, R. C. & Walter, B. S. J. M. C. (2001) Flora fanerogâmica das Matas de Galeria e Ciliares do Brasil. In: Cerrado: Caracterização e Recuperação deMatas de Galeria. Planaltina, eds. J. F. Ribeiro, C. E. L. Fonseca & J. C. Sousa-Silva, pp. 195-263. Brazil: EMBRAPA/Cerrados.
23. Fontaine, S., Barot, S., Barré, P., Bdioui, N., Mary, B. & Rumpel, C. (2007) Stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply. Nature 450(7167): 277-280.
24. Franco, A., Rossatto, D., de Carvalho Ramos Silva, L. & da Silva Ferreira, C. (2014) Cerrado vegetation and global change: the role of functional types, resource availability and disturbance in regulating plant community responses to rising CO2 levels and climate warming. Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology 26(1): 19-38.
25. Fujisaki, K., Perrin, A. S., Desjardins, T., Bernoux, M., Balbino, L. C. & Brossard, M. (2015) From forest to cropland and pasture systems: a critical review of soil organic carbon stocks changes in Amazonia. Global Change Biology. 21(7): 2773-2786.
26. Gardner, T. A., Burgess, N. D., Aguilar-Amuchastegui, N., Barlow, J., Berenguer, E., Clements, T., Danielsen, F., Ferreira, J., Foden, W. & Kapos, V. (2012) A framework for integrating biodiversity concerns into national REDD+ programmes. Biological Conservation 154: 61-71.
27. GCP (2014) The Global Carbon Project [www document]. URL http://www. globalcarbonproject. org/
28. Ghazoul, J. &Sheil, D. (2010) Tropical Rain Forests Ecology, Diversity and Conservation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
29. Giam, X., Koh, L. P., Tan, H. H., Miettinen, J., Tan, H. T. W. & Ng, P. K. L. (2012) Global extinctions of freshwater fishes follow peatland conversion in Sundaland. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10(9): 465-470.
30. Gleixner, G. (2013) Soil organic matter dynamics: a biological perspective derived from the use of compound-specific isotopes studies. Ecological Research 28(5): 683-695.
31. Gumbricht, T. (2012) Mapping global tropical wetlands from earth observing satellite imagery. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR.
32. Hairston, N. G. Jr & Hairston, N. G. Sr (1993) Cause-effect relationships in energy flow, trophic structure, and interspecific interactions. American Naturalist 142(3): 379-411.
33. Harper, R. & Tibbett, M. (2013) The hidden organic carbon in deep mineral soils. Plant and Soil 368(1): 641-648.
34. Hawkins, B. A., Field, R., Cornell, H. V., Currie, D. J., Guégan, J.-F., Kaufman, D. M., Kerr, J. T., Mittelbach, G. G., Oberdorff, T., O'Brien, E. M. & Porter, E. E. (2003) Energy, water, and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness. Ecology 84(12): 3105-3117.
35. Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G. & Jarvis, A. (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25(15): 1965-1978.
36. Hooijer, A., Page, S., Jauhiainen, J., Lee, W., Lu, X., Idris, A. & Anshari, G. (2012) Subsidence and carbon loss in drained tropical peatlands. Biogeosciences 9(3): 1053-1071.
37. Houghton, R. A. (2007) Balancing the global carbon budget. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 35: 313-347.
38. IPCC (2013) Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands (Wetlands Supplement), eds. T. Hiraishi, T. Krug, K. Tanabe, N. Srivastava, J. Baasansuren, M. Fukuda & T. G. Troxler. Switzerland: IPCC IUCN (2013; updated 2015) The IUCN Red List of threatened species. [www document]. URL http://www. iucnredlist. org
39. Jobbágy, E. G. & Jackson, R. B. (2000) The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecological Applications 10(2): 423-436.
40. Junk, W. J., Brown, M., Campbell, I. C., Finlayson, M., Gopal, B., Ramberg, L. &Warner, B. G. (2006) The comparative biodiversity of seven globally important wetlands: a synthesis. Aquatic Sciences 68(3): 400-414.
41. Ladd, B., Laffan, S. W., Amelung, W., Peri, P. L., Silva, L. C. R., Gervassi, P., Bonser, S. P., Navall, M. & Sheil, D. (2013) Estimates of soil carbon concentration in tropical and temperate forest and woodland from available GIS data on three continents. Global Ecology and Biogeography 22(4): 461-469.
42. Lal, R. (2004) Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. Geoderma 123(1): 1-22.
43. Loftus, P. J., Cohen, A. M., Long, J. &Jenkins, J. D. (2015)Acritical review of global decarbonization scenarios: what do they tell us about feasibility? Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 6(1): 93-112.
44. Lowe, W. H., Likens, G. E. & Power, M. E. (2006) Linking scales in stream ecology. BioScience 56(7): 591-597.
45. MacNally, R., Bennett, A. F., Thomson, J. R., Radford, J. Q., Unmack, G., Horrocks, G. & Vesk, P. A. (2009) Collapse of an avifauna: climate change appears to exacerbate habitat loss and degradation. Diversity and Distributions 15(4): 720-730.
46. McCarthy, D. P., Donald, P. F., Scharlemann, J. P., Buchanan, G. M., Balmford, A., Green, J. M., Bennun, L. A., Burgess, N. D., Fishpool, L. D. & Garnett, S. T. (2012) Financial costs of meeting global biodiversity conservation targets: current spending and unmet needs. Science 338(6109): 946-949.
47. Meijaard, E. & Sheil, D. (2013) Oil palm plantations in the context of biodiversity conservation. In: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (2nd Edition), ed. S. A. Levin, pp. 600-612. The Nethelands; Elsevier.
48. Mitchard, E. T., Saatchi, S. S., Baccini, A., Asner, G. P., Goetz, S. J., Harris, N. L. & Brown, S. (2013) Uncertainty in the spatial distribution of tropical forest biomass: a comparison of pantropical maps. Carbon Balance and Management 8(10): 1-13.
49. Mitsch, W. J., Bernal, B., Nahlik, A. M., Mander, Ü., Zhang, L., Anderson, C. J., Jørgensen, S. E. & Brix, H. (2013) Wetlands, carbon, and climate change. Landscape Ecology 28(4): 583-597.
50. Moore, J. C., Berlow, E. L., Coleman, D. C., Ruiter, P. C., Dong, Q., Hastings, A., Johnson, N. C., McCann, K. S., Melville, K., Morin, P. J. & Nadelhoffer, K. (2004) Detritus, trophic dynamics and biodiversity. Ecology Letters 7(7): 584-600.
51. Murdiyarso, D., Donato, D., Kauffman, J. B., Kurnianto, S., Stidham, M. & Kanninen, M. (2009) Carbon storage in mangrove and peatland ecosystems: a preliminary account from plots in Indonesia. Working Paper 48. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR.
52. Murdiyarso, D., Purbopuspito, J., Kauffman, J. B., Warren, M. W., Sasmito, S. D., Donato, D. C., Manuri, S., Krisnawati, H., Taberima, S. & Kurnianto, S. (2015) The potential of Indonesian mangrove forests for global climate change mitigation. Nature Climate Change 5(12): 1089-1092.
53. Murray, J. P., Grenyer, R., Wunder, S., Raes, N. &Jones, J. P. (2015) Spatial patterns of carbon, biodiversity, deforestation threat, and REDD+projects in Indonesia. Conservation Biology. 29(5): 1434-1445.
54. Nachtergaele, F., Van Velthuizen, H., Verelst, L., Batjes, N., Dijkshoorn, K., Van Engelen, V., Fischer, G., Jones, A., Montanarella, L., Petri, M. &Prieler, S. (2008) Harmonized world soil database. Rome, Italy: FAO.
55. Naiman, R. J., Decamps, H. & Pollock, M. (1993) The role of riparian corridors in maintaining regional biodiversity. Ecological Applications 3(2): 209-212.
56. Newbold, T., Hudson, L. N., Hill, S. L., Contu, S., Lysenko, I., Senior, R. A., Börger, L., Bennett, D. J., Choimes, A., Collen, B., Day, J., De Palma, A., Diaz, S., Echeverria-Londono, S., Edgar, M. J., Feldman, A., Garon, M., Harrison, M. L. K., Alhusseini, T., Ingram, D. J., Itescu, Y., Kattge, J., Kemp, V., Kirkpatrick, L., Kleyer, M., Correia, D. L. P., Martin, C. D., Meiri, S., Novosolov, M., Pan, Y., Phillips, H. R. P., Purves, D. W., Robinson, A., Simpson, J., Tuck, S. L., Weiher, E., White, H. J., Ewers, R. M., Mace, G. M., Scharlemann, J. P. W. & Purvis, A. (2015) Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity. Nature 520(7545): 45-50.
57. Paiva, A. O., Silva, L. C. R. & Haridasan, M. (2015) Productivityefficiency tradeoffs in tropical forest-savanna transitions: linking plant and soil processes through litter input and composition. Plant Ecology 216, 775-787.
58. Phelps, J., Webb, E. L. & Adams, W. M. (2012) Biodiversity cobenefits of policies to reduce forest-carbon emissions. Nature Climate Change 2(7): 497-503.
59. Plumptre, A. J., Kujirakwinja, D., Treves, A., Owiunji, I. & Rainer, H. (2007) Transboundary conservation in the greater Virunga landscape: its importance for landscape species. Biological Conservation 134(2): 279-287.
60. REDD+ SES (2015) REDD+ Social & Environmental Standards [www document]. URL http://www. redd-standards. org/
61. Regnier, P., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Mackenzie, F. T., Gruber, N., Janssens, I. A., Laruelle, G. G., Lauerwald, R., Luyssaert, S., Andersson, A. J., Arndt, S., Arnosti, C., Borges, A. V., Dale, A. W., Gallego-Sala, A., Godderis, Y., Goossens, N., Hartmann, J., Heinze, C., Ilyina, T., Joos, F., LaRowe, D. E., Leifeld, J., Meysman, F. J. R., Munhoven, G., Raymond, P. A., Spahni, R., Suntharalingam, P. & Thullner, M. (2013) Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean. Nature Geoscience 6(8): 597-607.
62. Rieley, J., Page, S. & Shepherd, P. (1997) Tropical bog forests of South East Asia. In: Conserving Peatlands, eds. L. Parkyn, R. Stoneman & H. Ingram, pp. 35-41. Wallingford, UK: CABI.
63. Roberts, L. (1998) World Resources 1998-99. Washington D. C., USA: World Resources Institute; United Nations Environment Programme; United Nations Development Programme; World Bank.
64. Romdal, T. S., Araújo, M. B. & Rahbek, C. (2013) Life on a tropical planet: niche conservatism and the global diversity gradient. Global Ecology and Biogeography 22(3): 344-350.
65. Scharlemann, J. P., Tanner, E. V., Hiederer, R. & Kapos, V. (2014) Global soil carbon: understanding and managing the largest terrestrial carbon pool. Carbon Management 5(1): 81-91.
66. Sheil, D., Meijaard, E., Angelsen, A., Sayer, J. & Vanclay, J. K. (2013) Sharing future conservation costs. Science 339(6117): 270-271.
67. Shi, S., Zhang, W., Zhang, P., Yu, Y. & Ding, F. (2013) A synthesis of change in deep soil organic carbon stores with afforestation of agricultural soils. Forest Ecology and Management 296: 53-63.
68. Silva, L. C. R. (2014) The importance of climate-driven forestsavanna biome shifts in anthropological and ecological research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111(37) E3831-E3832.
69. Silva, L. C. R., Doane, T. A., Corrêa, R. S., Valverde, V., Pereira, E. I. P. & Horwath, W. R. (2015) Iron-mediated stabilization of soil carbon amplifies the benefits of ecological restoration in degraded lands. Ecological Applications 25(5): 1226-1234.
70. Silva, L. C. R., Sternberg, L. S. L., Haridasan, M., Hoffmann, W. A., Miralles-Wilhelm, F. & Franco, A. C. (2008) Expansion of gallery forests into central Brazilian savannas. Global Change Biology 14(9): 2108-2118.
71. Silva, L., Hoffmann, W. A., Rossatto, D. R., Haridasan, M., Franco, A. C. & Horwath, W. R. (2013 a) Can savannas become forests? A coupled analysis of nutrient stocks and fire thresholds in central Brazil. Plant and Soil 373(1): 829-842.
72. Silva, L., Corrêa, R., Doane, T. A., Pereira, E. & Horwath, W. R. (2013 b) Unprecedented carbon accumulation in mined soils: the synergistic effect of resource input and plant species invasion. Ecological Applications 23:1345-1356.
73. Slik, J., Raes, N., Aiba, S. I., Brearley, F. Q., Cannon, C. H., Meijaard, E., Nagamasu, H., Nilus, R., Paoli, G., Poulsen, A. D., Sheil, D., Suzuki, E., Van Valkenburg, J. L. C. H., Webb, C. O., Wilkie, P. & Wulffraat, S. (2009) Environmental correlates for tropical tree diversity and distribution patterns in Borneo. Diversity and Distributions 15(3): 523-532.
74. Smith, P., Davies, C. A., Ogle, S., Zanchi, G., Bellarby, J., Bird, N., Boddey, R. M., McNamara, N. P., Powlson, D., Cowie, A., van Noordwijk, M., Davis, S. C., Richter, D. D. E. B., Kryzanowski, L., van Wijk, M. T., Stuart, J., Kirton, A., Eggar, D., Newton-Cross, G., Adhya, T. K. & Braimoh, A. K. (2012) Towards an integrated global framework to assess the impacts of land use and management change on soil carbon: current capability and future vision. Global Change Biology 18(7): 2089-2101.
75. Stockmann, U., Adams, M. A., Crawford, J. W., Field, D. J., Henakaarchchi, N., Jenkins, M., Minasny, B., McBratney, A. B., de Courcelles, V. d. R., Singh, K. & Wheeler, I. (2013) The knowns, known unknowns and unknowns of sequestration of soil organic carbon. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 164: 80-99.
76. Streck, C. & Parker, C. (2012) Financing REDD+. In: Analysing REDD+: Challenges and Choices, eds. A. Angelsen, M. Brockhaus, W. Sunderlin & L. Verchot, pp. 111-127. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR.
77. Thomas, S. C. & Martin, A. R. (2012) Carbon content of tree tissues: a synthesis. Forests 3(2): 332-352.
78. Tiessen, H., Cuevas, E. & Chacon, P. (1994) The role of soil organicmatter in sustaining soil fertility. Nature 371(6500): 783-785.
79. Tilman, D., Reich, P. B. & Isbell, F. (2012) Biodiversity impacts ecosystem productivity as much as resources, disturbance, or herbivory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109(26): 10394-10397.
80. Twongyirwe, R., Sheil, D., Majaliwa, J. G. M., Ebanyat, P., Tenywa, M. M., van Heist, M. & Kumar, L. (2013) Variability of soil organic carbon stocks under different land uses: a study in an afro-montane landscape in southwestern Uganda. Geoderma 193: 282-289.
81. van Noordwijk, M., Agus, F., Dewi, S. & Purnomo, H. (2014) Reducing emissions from land use in Indonesia: motivation, policy instruments and expected funding streams. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 19(6): 677-692.
82. vanNoordwijk, M., Woomer, P., Cerri, C., Bernoux, M. &Nugroho, K. (1997) Soil carbon in the humid tropical forest zone. Geoderma 79: 187-225.
83. Venter, O., Laurance, W. F., Iwamura, T., Wilson, K. A., Fuller, R. A. & Possingham, H. P. (2009 a) Harnessing carbon payments to protect biodiversity. Science 326(5958): 1368.
84. Venter, O., Meijaard, E., Possingham, H., Dennis, R., Sheil, D., Wich, S., Hovani, L. & Wilson, K. (2009 b) Carbon payments as a safeguard for threatened tropical mammals. Conservation Letters 2(3): 123-129.
85. Waldron, A., Mooers, A. O., Miller, D. C., Nibbelink, N., Redding, D., Kuhn, T. S., Roberts, J. T. & Gittleman, J. L. (2013) Targeting global conservation funding to limit immediate biodiversity declines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110(29): 12144-12148.
86. Webster, K., Creed, I., Beall, F. & Bourbonnière, R. (2011) A topographic template for estimating soil carbon pools in forested catchments. Geoderma 160(3): 457-467.
87. Willig, M. R. (2011) Biodiversity and productivity. Science 333(6050): 1709-1710.
88. Xiang, S.-R., Doyle, A., Holden, P. A. & Schimel, J. P. (2008) Drying and rewetting effects on C and N mineralization and microbial activity in surface and subsurface California grassland soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40(9): 2281-2289.
89. Young, A. (1997) Agroforestry for Soil Management. Wallingford, UK: CABI.