Carbon content of tree tissues: A synthesis

Forests

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 332-352

  Thomas, Sean C ^a   Martin, Adam R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Boreal Forest; Carbon; Carbon Accounting; Forest; Subtropical Forest; Temperate Forest; Tree; Tropical Forest; Volatile Carbon; Wood Chemistry

Indexed keywords

BOREAL FORESTS; CARBON ACCOUNTING; FOREST; SUBTROPICAL FORESTS; TEMPERATE FORESTS; TREE; TROPICAL FOREST; WOOD CHEMISTRY;

CARBON; HISTOLOGY; PLANTS (BOTANY); TISSUE; WOOD;

FORESTRY;

ANGIOSPERM; BIOMASS; BIOME; BOREAL FOREST; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; CONIFEROUS TREE; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; METHODOLOGY; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

ACCOUNTING; CARBON; FORESTRY; HISTOLOGY; PLANTS; TISSUE; TREES; WOOD;

CONIFEROPHYTA; MAGNOLIOPHYTA;

EID: 84869240898     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19994907     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/f3020332     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Lamlom, S.H.; Savidge, R.A. A reassessment of carbon content in wood: Variation within and between 41 North American species. Biomass Bioenergy 2003, 25, 381-388.
2. Martin, A.R.; Thomas, S.C. A reassessment of carbon content in tropical trees. PLoS One 2011, 6, e23533:1-e23533:9.
3. Thomas, S.C.; Malczewski, G. Wood carbon content of tree species in eastern China: Interspecific variability and the importance of the volatile fraction. J. Environ. Manag. 2007, 85, 659-662.
4. Elias, M.; Potvin, C. Assessing inter- and intra-specific variation in trunk carbon concentration for 32 neotropical tree species. Can. J. For. Res. 2003, 33, 1039-1045.
5. Qureshi, A.; Pariva, R.B.; Hussain, S.A. A review of protocols used for assessment of carbon stock in forested landscapes. Environ. Sci. Policy 2012, 16, 81-89.
6. Brown, S. Measuring carbon in forests: Current status and future challenges. Environ. Pollut. 2002, 116, 363-372.
7. Gibbs, H.K.; Brown, S.; Niles, J.O.; Foley, J.A. Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks: Making REDD a reality. Environ. Res. Lett. 2007, 2, 1-13.
8. Feldpausch, T.R.; Rondon, M.A.; Fernandes, E.C.M.; Riha, S.J.; Wandelli, E. Carbon and nutrient accumulation in secondary forests regenerating on pastures in central Amazonia. Ecol. Appl. 2004, 14, 164-176.
9. Hughes, R.F.; Kauffman, J.B.; Jaramillo, V.J. Ecosystem-scale impacts of deforestation and land use in a humid tropical region of Mexico. Ecol. Appl. 2000, 10, 515-527.
10. Ruiz-Jaen, M.C.; Potvin, C. Can we predict carbon stocks in tropical ecosystems from tree diversity? Comparing species and functional diversity in a plantation and a natural forest. New Phytol. 2011, 189, 978-987.
11. Bradford, J.B.; Fraver, S.; Milo, A.M.; D'Amato, A.W.; Palik, B.; Shinneman, D.J. Effects of multiple interacting disturbances and salvage logging on forest carbon stocks. For. Ecol. Manag. 2012, 267, 209-214.
12. Chave, J.; Condit, R.; Muller-Landau, H.C.; Thomas, S.C.; Ashton, P.S.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Co, L.L.; Dattaraja, H.S.; Davies, S.J.; Esufali, S.; et al. Assessing evidence for a pervasive alteration in tropical tree communities. PLoS Biol. 2008, 6, 455-462.
13. Lewis, S.L.; Lopez-Gonzalez, G.; Sonke, B.; Affum-Baffoe, K.; Baker, T.R.; Ojo, L.O.; Phillips, O.L.; Reitsma, J.M.; White, L.; Comiskey, J.A.; et al. Increasing carbon storage in intact African tropical forests. Nature 2009, 457, 1003-1006.
14. Pyle, E.H.; Santoni, G.W.; Nascimento, H.E.M.; Hutyra, L.R.; Vieira, S.; Curran, D.J.; van Haren, J.; Saleska, S.R.; Chow, V.Y.; Carmago, P.B.; et al. Dynamics of carbon, biomass, and structure in two Amazonian forests. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113, G00B08:1-G00B08:20.
15. Saatchi, S.S.; Harris, N.L.; Brown, S.; Lefsky, M.; Mitchard, E.T.A.; Salas, W.; Zutta, B.R.; Buermann, W.; Lewis, S.L.; Hagen, S.; et al. Benchmark map of forest carbon stocks in tropical regions across three continents. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, 9899-9904.
16. Fang, J.Y.; Chen, A.P.; Peng, C.H.; Zhao, S.Q.; Ci, L. Changes in forest biomass carbon storage in China between 1949 and 1998. Science 2001, 292, 2320-2322.
17. Kurz, W.A.; Dymond, C.C.; White, T.M.; Stinson, G.; Shaw, C.H.; Rampley, G.J.; Smyth, C.; Simpson, B.N.; Neilson, E.T.; Trofymow, J.A.; et al. CBM-CFS3: A model of carbon-dynamics in forestry and land-use change implementing IPCC standards. Ecol. Model. 2009, 220, 480-504.
18. Kauppi, P.E.; Tomppo, E.; Ferm, A. C and N storage in living trees within Finland since 1950s. Plant Soil 1995, 168, 633-638.
19. Fang, J.Y.; Oikawa, T.; Kato, T.; Mo, W.H.; Wang, Z.H. Biomass carbon accumulation by Japan's forests from 1947 to 1995. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2005, 19, GB2004:1-GB2004:10.
20. Blanc, L.; Echard, M.; Herault, B.; Bonal, D.; Marcon, E.; Chave, J.; Baraloto, C. Dynamics of aboveground carbon stocks in a selectively logged tropical forest. Ecol. Appl. 2009, 19, 1397-1404.
21. Soto-Pinto, L.; Anzueto, M.; Mendoza, J.; Ferrer, G.J.; de Jong, B. Carbon sequestration through agroforestry in indigenous communities of Chiapas, Mexico. Agrofor. Syst. 2010, 78, 39-51.
22. Beets, P.N.; Brandon, A.M.; Goulding, C.J.; Kimberley, M.O.; Paul, T.S.H.; Searles, N. The inventory of carbon stock in New Zealand's post-1989 planted forest for reporting under the Kyoto protocol. For. Ecol. Manag. 2011, 262, 1119-1130.
23. Redondo-Brenes, A.; Montagnini, F. Growth, productivity, aboveground biomass, and carbon sequestration of pure and mixed native tree plantations in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica. For. Ecol. Manag. 2006, 232, 168-178.
24. Redondo-Brenes, A. Growth, carbon sequestration, and management of native tree plantations in humid regions of Costa Rica. New For. 2007, 34, 253-268.
25. Fahey, T.J.; Siccama, T.G.; Driscoll, C.T.; Likens, G.E.; Campbell, J.; Johnson, C.E.; Battles, J.J.; Aber, J.D.; Cole, J.J.; Fisk, M.C.; et al. The biogeochemistry of carbon at Hubbard Brook. Biogeochemistry 2005, 75, 109-176.
26. Saner, P.; Loh, Y.Y.; Ong, R.C.; Hector, A. Carbon stocks and fluxes in tropical lowland Dipterocarp rainforests in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e29642:1-e29642:11.
27. Melson, S.L.; Harmon, M.E.; Fried, J.S.; Domingo, J.B. Estimates of live-tree carbon stores in the Pacific Northwest are sensitive to model selection. Carbon Balance Manag. 2011, 6, 1-16.
28. Zhang, Q.Z.; Wang, C.K.; Wang, X.C.; Quan, X.K. Carbon concentration variability of 10 Chinese temperate tree species. For. Ecol. Manag. 2009, 258, 722-727.
29. Jones, D.A.; O'Hara, K.L. Carbon density in managed coast redwood stands: implications for forest carbon estimation. Forestry 2012, 85, 99-110.
30. IPCC. Forest lands. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories; Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES): Hayama, Japan, 2006; Volume 4, p. 83.
31. Mascaro, J.; Asner, G.P.; Muller-Landau, H.C.; van Breugel, M.; Hall, J.; Dahlin, K. Controls over aboveground forest carbon density on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Biogeosciences 2011, 8, 1615-1629.
32. Pan, Y.D.; Birdsey, R.A.; Fang, J.Y.; Houghton, R.; Kauppi, P.E.; Kurz, W.A.; Phillips, O.L.; Shvidenko, A.; Lewis, S.L.; Canadell, J.G.; et al. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests. Science 2011, 333, 988-993.
33. Clark, D.A.; Brown, S.; Kicklighter, D.W.; Chambers, J.Q.; Thomlinson, J.R.; Ni, J. Measuring net primary production in forests: Concepts and field methods. Ecol. Appl. 2001, 11, 356-370.
34. Martin, A.R.; Thomas, S.C.; Zhao, Y. Size-dependent changes in wood chemical traits: A comparison of neotropical saplings and large trees. Oikos 2012, in review.
35. Becker, G.S.; Braun, D.; Gliniars, R.; Dalitz, H. Relations between wood variables and how they relate to tree size variables of tropical African tree species. Trees Struct. Funct. 2012, in press. doi: 10.1007/s00468-00012-00687-00466.
36. Kraenzel, M.; Castillo, A.; Moore, T.; Potvin, C. Carbon storage of harvest-age teak (Tectona grandis) plantations, Panama. For. Ecol. Manag. 2003, 173, 213-225.
37. Lamlom, S.H.; Savidge, R.A. Carbon content variation in boles of mature sugar maple and giant sequoia. Tree Physiol. 2006, 26, 459-468.
38. Bert, D.; Danjon, F. Carbon concentration variations in the roots, stem and crown of mature Pinus pinaster (Ait.). For. Ecol. Manag. 2006, 222, 279-295.
39. Telmo, C.; Lousada, J.; Moreira, N. Proximate analysis, backwards stepwise regression between gross calorific value, ultimate and chemical analysis of wood. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101, 3808-3815.
40. Laiho, R.; Laine, J. Tree stand biomass and carbon content in an age sequence of drained pine mires in southern Finland. For. Ecol. Manag. 1997, 93, 161-169.
41. Fox, J.; Weisberg, S. An R Companion to Applied Regression, 2nd ed.; SAGE: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2011.
42. Searle, S.R.; Speed, F.M.; Milliken, G.A. Population marginal means in the linear-model-An alternative to least-squares means. Am. Stat. 1980, 34, 216-221.
43. Nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models, version 3.3.1; Software for mixed-effects models; José Pinheiro and Douglas Bates: Murray Hill, NJ, USA, 2012.
44. Thomas, S.C.; Martin, A.R. Dryad wood carbon content database. Dryad 2012, doi: 10.5061/dryad.69sg2. Available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.69sg2 (accessed on 18 June 2012).
45. Arias, D.; Calvo-Alvarado, J.; Richter, D.D.; Dohrenbusch, A. Productivity, aboveground biomass, nutrient uptake and carbon content in fast-growing tree plantations of native and introduced species in the southern region of Costa Rica. Biomass Bioenergy 2011, 35, 1779-1788.
46. Castaño-Santamaría, J.; Bravo, F. Variation in carbon concentration and basic density along stems of sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) and Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) in the Cantabrian Range (NW Spain). Ann. For. Sci. 2012, in press. doi:10.1007/s13595-012-0183-6.
47. Correia, A.C.; Tome, M.; Pacheco, C.A.; Faias, S.; Dias, A.C.; Freire, J.; Carvalho, P.O.; Pereira, J.S. Biomass allometry and carbon factors for a Mediterranean pine (Pinus pinea L.) in Portugal. For. Syst. 2010, 19, 418-433.
48. Fang, S.; Xue, J.; Tang, L. Biomass production and carbon sequestration potential in poplar plantations with different management patterns. J. Environ. Manag. 2007, 85, 672-679.
49. Fukatsu, E.; Fukuda, Y.; Takahashi, M.; Nakada, R. Clonal variation of carbon content in wood of Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch). J. Wood Sci. 2008, 54, 247-251.
50. De Aza, C.H.; Turrion, M.B.; Pando, V.; Bravo, F. Carbon in heartwood, sapwood and bark along the stem profile in three Mediterranean Pinus species. Ann. For. Sci. 2011, 68, 1067-1076.
51. Huet, S.; Forgeard, F.; Nys, C. Above- and belowground distribution of dry matter and carbon biomass of Atlantic beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in a time sequence. Ann. For. Sci. 2004, 61, 683-694.
52. Jacobs, D.F.; Selig, M.F.; Severeid, L.R. Aboveground carbon biomass of plantation-grown American chestnut (Castanea dentata) in absence of blight. For. Ecol. Manag. 2009, 258, 288-294.
53. Janssens, I.A.; Sampson, D.A.; Cermak, J.; Meiresonne, L.; Riguzzi, F.; Overloop, S.; Ceulemans, R. Above- and belowground phytomass and carbon storage in a Belgian Scots pine stand. Ann. For. Sci. 1999, 56, 81-90.
54. Joosten, R.; Schulte, A. Possible effects of altered growth behaviour of Norway spruce (Picea abies) on carbon accounting. Clim. Change 2002, 55, 115-129.
55. Joosten, R.; Schumacher, J.; Wirth, C.; Schulte, A. Evaluating tree carbon predictions for beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in western Germany. For. Ecol. Manag. 2004, 189, 87-96.
56. Kort, J.; Turnock, R. Carbon reservoir and biomass in Canadian prairie shelterbelts. Agrofor. Syst. 1998, 44, 175-186.
57. Li, X.; Yi, M.J.; Son, Y.; Park, P.S.; Lee, K.H.; Son, Y.M.; Kim, R.H.; Jeong, M.J. Biomass and carbon storage in an age sequence of Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) plantation forests in central Korea. J. Plant Biol. 2011, 54, 33-42.
58. Peri, P.L.; Gargaglione, V.; Pastur, G.M.; Lencinas, M.V. Carbon accumulation along a stand development sequence of Nothofagus antarctica forests across a gradient in site quality in Southern Patagonia. For. Ecol. Manag. 2010, 260, 229-237.
59. Rana, R.; Langenfeld-Heyser, R.; Finkeldey, R.; Polle, A. FTIR spectroscopy, chemical and histochemical characterisation of wood and lignin of five tropical timber wood species of the family of Dipterocarpaceae. Wood Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 225-242.
60. Tolunay, D. Carbon concentrations of tree components, forest floor and understorey in young Pinus sylvestris stands in north-western Turkey. Scand. J. For. Res. 2009, 24, 394-402.
61. Van Geffen, K.G.; Poorter, L.; Sass-Klaasssen, U.; van Logtestijn, R.S.P.; Cornelissen, H.C. The trait contribution to wood decomposition rates of 15 neotropical tree species. Ecology 2010, 91, 3686-3697.
62. Zabek, L.M.; Prescott, C.E. Biomass equations and carbon content of aboveground leafless biomass of hybrid poplar in coastal British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manag. 2006, 223, 291-302.
63. Zheng, H.; Ouyang, Z.Y.; Xu, W.H.; Wang, X.K.; Miao, H.; Li, X.Q.; Tian, Y.X. Variation of carbon storage by different reforestation types in the hilly red soil region of southern China. For. Ecol. Manag. 2008, 255, 1113-1121.
64. Minami, E.; Saka, S. Comparison of the decomposition behaviors of hardwood and softwood in supercritical methanol. J. Wood Sci. 2003, 49, 73-78.
65. Campbell, M.M.; Sederoff, R.R. Variation in lignin content and composition-Mechanism of control and implications for the genetic improvement of plants. Plant Physiol. 1996, 110, 3-13.
66. Hoch, G.; Richter, A.; Korner, C. Non-structural carbon compounds in temperate forest trees. Plant Cell Environ. 2003, 26, 1067-1081.
67. Daube, W. Chemische analysen des kernund splintholzes wichtiger waldbäume. Forstli. Blätter 1883, 20, 177-192.
68. Lachenbruch, B.; Moore, J.R.; Evans, R. Radial variation in wood structure and function in woody plants, and hypotheses for its occurrence. In Size- and Age-Related Changes in Tree Structure and Function; Meinzer, F.C., Dawson, T., Lachenbruch, B.J., Eds.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 2011; pp. 121-164.
69. Du, S.; Yamamoto, F. An overview of the biology of reaction wood formation. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 2007, 49, 131-143.
70. Potvin, C.; Mancilla, L.; Buchmann, N.; Monteza, J.; Moore, T.; Murphy, M.; Oelmann, Y.; Scherer-Lorenzen, M.; Turner, B.L.; Wilcke, W.; et al. An ecosystem approach to biodiversity effects: Carbon pools in a tropical tree plantation. For. Ecol. Manag. 2011, 261, 1614-1624.
71. Valencia, R.; Condit, R.; Foster, R.B.; Romoleroux, K.; Villa-Munoz, G.; Svenning, J.C.; Magard, E.; Bass, M.; Losos, E.C.; Balslev, H. Yasuni forest dynamics plot, Ecuador. In Tropical Forest Diversity and Dynamism: Findings from a Large-Scale Plot Network; Losos, E.C., Leigh, E.G., Eds.; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 2004; pp. 609-620.
72. Lee, H.S.; Tan, S.; Davies, S.J.; La-Frankie, J.V.; Ashton, P.S.; Yakamura, T.; Itoh, A.; Ohkubo, T.; Harrison, R. Lambir forest dynamics plot, Sarawak, Malaysia. In Tropical Forest Diversity and Dynamism: Findings from a Large-Scale Plot Network; Losos, E.C., Leigh, E.G., Eds.; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 2004; pp. 527-539.
73. Asner, G.P. Tropical forest carbon assessment: Integrating satellite and airborne mapping approaches. Environ. Res. Lett. 2009, 4, 034009:1-034009:11.
74. Patenaude, G.; Hill, R.A.; Milne, R.; Gaveau, D.L.A.; Briggs, B.B.J.; Dawson, T.P. Quantifying forest above ground carbon content using LiDAR remote sensing. Remote Sens. Environ. 2004, 93, 368-380.
75. Brandtberg, T. Classifying individual tree species under leaf-off and leaf-on conditions using airborne lidar. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 2007, 61, 325-340.
76. Asner, G.P.; Martin, R.E. Airborne spectranomics: Mapping canopy chemical and taxonomic diversity in tropical forests. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2009, 7, 269-276.
77. Bond-Lamberty, B.; Wang, C.; Gower, S.T. Aboveground and belowground biomass and sapwood area allometric equations for six boreal tree species of northern Manitoba. Can. J. Forest Res. 2002, 32, 1441-1450.
78. Chave, J.; Andalo, C.; Brown, S.; Cairns, M.A.; Chambers, J.Q.; Eamus, D.; Folster, H.; Fromard, F.; Higuchi, N.; Kira, T.; et al. Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests. Oecologia 2005, 145, 87-99.
79. Wang, C.K. Biomass allometric equations for 10 co-occurring tree species in Chinese temperate forests. For. Ecol. Manag. 2006, 222, 9-16.
80. Jenkins, J.C.; Chojnacky, D.C.; Heath, L.S.; Birdsey, R.A. National-scale biomass estimators for United States tree species. For. Sci. 2003, 49, 12-35.
81. Zanne, A.E.; Lopez-Gonzalez, G.; Coomes, D.A.; Ilic, J.; Jansen, S.; Lewis, S.L.; Miller, R.B.; Swenson, N.G.; Wiemann, M.C.; Chave, J. Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum. Dryad Digital Repository 2009, doi:10.5061/dryad.234/1. Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/10255/dryad.235 (accessed on 11 June 2012).
82. Flores, O.; Coomes, D.A. Estimating the wood density of species for carbon stock assessments. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2011, 2, 214-220.
83. Schnitzer, S.A.; Bongers, F. Increasing liana abundance and biomass in tropical forests: Emerging patterns and putative mechanisms. Ecol. Lett. 2011, 14, 397-406.