Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change

Geoderma

Volumn 123, Issue 1-2, 2004, Pages 1-22

  Lal, R ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Conservation tillage; Cover cropping; Greenhouse effect; Mulch farming; Soil restoration; The global C cycle

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; CARBON; COMBUSTION; CONSERVATION; CULTIVATION; ECOSYSTEMS; FOSSIL FUELS; INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; LAND USE; WETLANDS;

FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION; SOIL ORGANIC CARBON (SOC);

GLOBAL WARMING;

CARBON SEQUESTRATION; CLIMATE CHANGE; COVER CROP; SOIL CARBON; SOIL MANAGEMENT;

EID: 0842297310     PISSN: 00167061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.032     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Albrecht W.A. Loss of soil organic matter and its restoration. Soils and Men. USDA Yearbook of Agriculture. 1938;347-360 USDA, Washington, DC
2. Battelle Global Energy Technology Strategy: Addressing Climate Change. Initial Findings from an International Public-Private Collaboration. 2000;Battelle, Washington, DC
3. 2 levels. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 21:1990;167-196
4. Berzseny Z., Gyrffy B. Effect of crop rotation and fertilization on maize and wheat yield stability in long-term experiments. Agrok ma s Talajtan. 46:1997;377-398
5. Binder C., Patzel N. Preserving tropical soil organic matter at watershed level. A possible contribution of urban organic wastes. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecology. 61:2001;171-181
6. Bordovsky D.G., Choudhar M., Gerard C.J. Effect of tillage, cropping and residue management on soil properties in the Texas Rolling Plains. Soil Science. 164:1999;331-340
7. Bottner P., Coûteaux M.M., Vallejo V.R. Soil organic matter in Mediterranean-type ecosystems and global climate changes: a case study - the soils of the Mediterranean Basin. Moreno J.M., Oechel W.C. Global Change and Mediterranean Type Ecosystems. 1995;306-325 Springer-Verlag, New York
8. Bouma J., Varallyay G., Batjes N.H. Principal land use changes anticipated in Europe. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 67:1998;103-119
9. Buringh P. Organic carbon in soils of the world. Woodwell G.M. The Role of Terrestrial Vegetation in the Global Carbon Cycle. SCOPE 23. 1984;41-109 Wiley, Chichester
10. Carter M.R. Soil quality for sustainable land management: organic matter and aggregation interactions that maintain soil functions. Agronomy Journal. 94:2002;38-47
11. 2 increased? Landscape Ecology. 16:2001;667-675
12. Compton J.E., Boone R.D. Long-term impacts of agriculture on soil carbon and nitrogen in New England forests. Ecology. 81:2000;2314-2330
13. Conant R.T., Paustian K., Elliott E.T. Grassland management and conversion into grassland: effects on soil carbon. Applied Ecology. 11:2001;343-355
14. Coneth A.J., Blair G.J., Rochester I.J. Soil organic carbon fraction in a Vertisol under irrigated cotton production as affected by burning and incorporating cotton stubble. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 36:1998;655-667
15. Dalias P., Anderson J.M., Bottner P., Coûteaux M.-M. Long-term effects of temperature on carbon mineralization processes. Soil Biology & Biochemistry. 33:2001;1049-1057
16. De Jong E., Kachanoski R.G. The importance of erosion in the carbon balance of prairie soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 68:1988;111-119
17. Dormaar J.F., Carefoot J.M. Effect of straw management and nitrogen fertilizer on selected soil properties as potential soil quality indicators of an irrigated dark brown Chernozemic soil. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 78:1998;511-517
18. 2. Plant, Cell and Environment. 14:1991;853-860
19. Drinkwater L.E., Wagoner P., Sarrantonio M. Legume-based cropping systems have reduced carbon and nitrogen losses. Nature (London). 396:1998;262-265
20. Duckworth J.C., Bunce R.G.H., Malloch A.J.C. Modelling the potential effects of climate change on calcareous grasslands in Atlantic. European Journal of Biogeology. 27:2000;347-358
21. Dumanski J., Desjardins R.L., Tarnocai C., Montreal C., Gregorich E.G., Kirkwood V., Campbell C.A. Possibilities for future carbon sequestration in Canadian agriculture in relation to land use changes. Climatic Change. 40:1998;81-103
22. Eswaran H., Reich F.P., Kimble J.M., Beinroth F.H., Padamnabhan E., Moncharoen P. Global carbon stocks. Lal R., Kimble J.M., Eswaran H., Stewart B.A. Global Climate Change and Pedogenic Carbonates. 2000;CRC/Lewis, Boca Raton, FL
23. 2 over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and fern. Journal of Geophysical Research. 101:1996;4115-4128
24. FAO Land degradation in South Asia: its severity, causes and effects upon the people. World Soil Resources Reports. vol. 78:1994;FAO, Rome, Italy
25. FAO Production Yearbook. 2001;Food &Agric. Organization, Rome, Italy
26. Follett R.F., Kimble J.M., Lal R. The Potential of U.S. Grazing Lands to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect. 2001;CRC/Lewis, Boca Raton, FL. 442 pp.
27. Follett R.F., Pruessner E.G., Samson-Liebig S.E., Kimble J.M., Waltman S.W. Carbon sequestration under the Conservation Reserve Program in the historic grasslands of the United States of America. Lal R. Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication. vol. 57:2001;American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI
28. Franzluebbers A.J., Haney R.L., Honeycutt C.W., Arshad M.A., Schomberg H.H., Hons F.M. Climatic influences on active fractions of soil organic matter. Soil Biology & Biochemistry. 33:2001;1103-1111
29. Franzluebbers A.J., Stuedemann J.A., Wilkinson S.R. Bermuda grass management in the southern piedmont USA. I: Soil and surface residue carbon and sulfur. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 65:2001;834-841
30. Fullen M.A. Effects of grass ley set-aside on runoff, erosion and organic matter levels in sandy soils in east Shropshire, UK. Soil and Tillage Research. 46:1998;41-49
31. Fullen M.A., Auerswald K. Effect of grass ley set-aside on runoff, erosion and organic matter levels in sandy soil in east Shropshire, UK. Soil and Tillage Research. 46:1998;41-49
32. Gilley J.E., Risse L.M. Runoff and soil loss as affected by the application of manure. Transactions of the ASAE. 43:2000;1583-1588
33. Graham M.H., Haynes R.F., Meyer J.H. Soil organic matter content and quality: effects of fertilizer applications, burning and trash retention on a long-term sugarcane experiment in South Africa. Soil Biology & Biochemistry. 34:2002;93-102
34. Gregorich E.G., Anderson D.W. Effects of cultivation and erosion on soils of four toposequences in the Canadian Prairie. Geoderma. 36:1985;343-345
35. Gregorich E.G., Greer K.J., Anderson D.W., Liang B.C. Carbon distribution and losses: erosion and deposition effects. Soil and Tillage Research. 47:1998;291-302
36. Gregorich E.G., Drury C.F., Baldock J.A. Changes in soil carbon under long-term maize in monoculture and legume-based rotation. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 81:2001;21-31
37. Groenendijk F.M., Condron L.M., Rijkse W.C. Effects of afforestation on organic carbon, nitrogen and sulfur concentrations in New Zealand hill country soils. Geoderma. 108:2002;91-100
38. Hao Y., Lal R., Owens L.B., Izaurralde R.C., Post M., Hothem D. Effect of cropland management and slope position on soil organic carbon pools in the North Appalachian Experimental Watersheds. Soil & Till. Res. 68:2002;133-142
39. 2 Enrichment for Plant Research in the Field. 1993;C.K. Smoley, Boca Raton, FL. 308 pp.
40. Hendry G.A.F., Grime J.P. Natural vegetation. Cannell M.G.R., Hooper M.D. The Greenhouse Effect and the Terrestrial Ecosystems in the UK. 1990;27-31 HMSO, London
41. Houghton R.A. Changes in the storage of terrestrial carbon since 1850. Lal R., Kimble J.M., Levine E., Stewart B.A. Soils and Global Change. 1995;45-65 CRC/Lewis, Boca Raton, FL
42. Houghton R.A. The annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use 1850 to 1990. Tellus. 50B:1999;298-313
43. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Climate Change 1995: Impact, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific Technical Analyses. Working Group 1. 1996;Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK
44. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2000. Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry. Special Report. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.
45. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Climate Change: The Scientific Basis. 2001;Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK
46. Jenkinson D.S., Hart P.B.S., Rayner J.H., Parry L.C. Modelling the turnover of organic matter in long-term experiments at Rothamstedt, UK. INTECOL Bulletin. 15:1987;1-8
47. Jenny H. The Soil Resource: Origin and Behavior. 1980;Springer, New York. 377 pp.
48. Johnston, A.E., 1973. The effects of ley and arable cropping systems on the amount of organic matter in the Rothamstead and Woburn Ley-Arable Experiments. Rothamstead Report for 1972, Part 2, 131-159.
49. Johnston M.H., Homann P.S., Engstrom J.K., Grigal D.F. Changes in ecosystem carbon storage over 40 years on an old field/forest landscape in east-central Minnesota. Forest Ecology and Management. 83:1996;17-26
50. Kauppi P., Sedjo R., Apps M., Cerri C., Fujimoro T., Janzen H., Krankina O., Makundi W., Marland G., Masera O., Nabuurs G.-J., Razali W., Ravindranath N.H. Technological and economic potential of options to enhance, maintain and manage biological carbon reservoirs and geo-engineering. Metz B., Davidson O., Swart R., Pan J. Climate Change 2001-Mitigation. 2001;301-343 Cambridge Univ. Press, UK
51. 2 records from sites in S10 air sampling network. Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. 1999;Oakridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, USA
52. Kimble J.M., Heath L.S., Birdsey R.A., Lal R. The Potential of U.S. Forest Soils to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect. 2002;CRC/Lewis, Boca Raton, FL. 429 pp.
53. Kleemola J., Pehu E., Peltonen-Sainio P., Karvonen T. Modeling the impact of climate change on growth of spring barley in Finland. Journal of Biogeography. 22:1995;581-590
54. Lal R. Deforestation and land use effects on soil degradation and rehabilitation in western Nigeria. II: soil chemical properties. Land Degradation and Development. 7:1996;87-98
55. Lal R. Soil management and restoration for C sequestration to mitigate the accelerated greenhouse effect. Progress in Environmental Science. 1:1999;307-326
56. Lal R. World cropland soils as a source or sink for atmospheric carbon. Advances in Agronomy. 71:2000;145-191
57. Lal R. Fate of eroded soil carbon: emission or sequestration. Lal R. Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication vol. 57. Madison, WI. 2001;173-181
58. Lal R. Potential of desertification control to sequester carbon and mitigate the greenhouse effect. Climate Change. 15:2001;35-72
59. Lal R. The potential of soil carbon sequestration in forest ecosystem to mitigate the greenhouse effect. Lal R. Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication vol. 57, Madison, WI. 2001
60. Lal R. Potential of soil carbon sequestration in forest ecosystem. Lal R. Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication vol. 57, Madison, WI. 2001;137-154
61. Lal R. The potential of soils of the tropics to sequester carbon and mitigate the greenhouse effect. Advances in Agronomy. 74:2002;155-192
62. Lal R., Akinremi O.O. Physical properties of earthworm casts and surface soil as influenced by management. Soil Science. 135:1983;116-122
63. Lal R., Bruce J.P. The potential of world cropland soils to sequester C and mitigate the greenhouse effect. Environmental Science and Policy. 2:1999;177-185
64. Lal R., Kimble J.M., Follett R.F., Cole C.V. The Potential of U.S. Cropland to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect. 1998;Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Chelsea, MI. 128 pp.
65. Lal R., Kimble J.M., Stewart B.A. Global Climate Change and Cold Regions Ecosystems. 2000;CRC/Lewis, Boca Raton, FL. 265 pp.
66. Lavelle P. Faunal activities and soil processes: adaptive strategies that determine ecosystem function. Advances in Ecology Research. 27:1997;93-132
67. Lavelle P. Ecological challenges for soil science. Soil Science. 165:2000;73-86
68. Lavelle P., Pashanasi B. Soil macrofauna and land management in Peruvian Amazonia. Pedobiologia. 33:1989;283-291
69. 2 on crop photosynthesis and productivity: a review of field studies. Plant, Cell and Environment. 14:1991;807-818
70. Lee K.E. The diversity of soil organisms. Hawksworth D.L. The Biodiversity of Microorganisms and Invertebrates: Its Role in Sustainable Agriculture. 1991;73-87 CAB International, Wallingford, UK
71. 2 and Plants: The Response of Plants to Rising Levels of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. 1983;Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 280 pp.
72. Lulu B., Insam H. Effects of cropping systems and manuring on soil microbial and C status of a Vertisol in Ethiopia. Bodenkultur. 51:2000;107-114
73. Mackenzie A.F., Fan M.X., Cardin F. Nitrous oxide emission in three years as affected by tillage, corn-soybeans-alfalfa rotations, and nitrogen fertilization. Journal of Environmental Quality. 27:1998;698-703
74. 2 emission estimates from fossil fuel burning, cement production and gas flaring, 1751-1996. Report NDP-030. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oakridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, USA.
75. Matson P.A., Naylor R., Ortiz-Monasterio I. Integration of environmental, agronomic and economic aspects of fertilizer management. Science. 280:2000;112-115
76. 2 sequestration. Lal R., Kimble J.M., Eswaran H., Stewart B.A. Global Climate Change and Pedogenic Carbonates. 2000;273-289 CRC/Lewis, Boca Raton, FL
77. Nabuurs G.J., Päivinen R., Sikkema R., Mohren G.M.J. The role of European forests in the global carbon cycle - a review. Biomass Bioenergy. 13:1997;345-358
78. Neufeldt H., Resck D.V.S., Ayarza M.A. Texture and land use effects on soil organic matter in Cerrado Oxisols, central Brazil. Geoderma. 107:2002;151-164
79. Nilsson L.G. Data of yield and soil analysis in the long-term soil fertility experiments. Journal Royal Swedish Academy Agriculture and Forest Supply. 18:1986;32-70
80. Nordt L.C., Wilding L.P., Drees L.R. Pedogenic carbonate transformations in leaching soil systems; implications for the global carbon cycle. Lal R., et al. Global Climate Change and Pedogenic Carbonates. 2000;43-64 CRC/Lewis, Boca Raton, FL
81. Oldeman L.R. The global extent of soil degradation. Greenland D.J., Szabolcs I. Soil Resilience and Sustainable Land Use. 1994;99-118 CAB International, Wallingford, UK
82. Ozenda P., Borel J.-L. The possible responses of vegetation to a global climate change. Scenario for Western Europe with special reference to the Alps. Boer M., de Groot R.S. Landscape-Ecological Impact of Climate Change. Proc. European Conf., Lunteren, The Netherlands. 1990;221-249 IOS Press, Washington, Amsterdam
83. 2 emissions. Soil Use and Management. 13:1997;230-244
84. 2 concentration. Vegetatio. 104/105:1993;77-97
85. Post W.M., Kwon K.C. Soil carbon sequestration and land-use change: processes and potential. Global Change Biology. 6:2000;317-327
86. Pouyat R., Groffman P., Yesilonis I., Hernandez L. Soil carbon pools and fluxes in urban ecosystems. Environmental Pollution. 116:2002;S107-S118
87. Prentice I.C. The carbon cycle and the atmospheric carbon dioxide. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001;183-237 Cambridge Univ. Press, UK
88. Pulleman M.M., Bouma J., van Essen E.A., Meijles E.W. Soil organic matter content as a function of different land use history. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 64:2000;689-693
89. Rasmussen P.E., Goulding K.W.T., Brown J.R., Grace P.R., Janzen H.H., Körschens M. Long-term agroecosystems experiments: assessing agricultural sustainability and global change. Science. 282:1998;893-896
90. 2 loss. Kimble J.M., Lal R., Follett R.F. Agricultural Practices and Policies for Carbon Sequestration in Soil. 2002;87-97 CRC/Lewis, Boca Raton, FL
91. Reicosky D.C., Reeves D.W., Prior S.A., Runion G.B., Rogers H.H., Raper R.L. Effects of residue management and controlled traffic on carbon dioxide and water loss. Soil and Tillage Research. 52:1999;153-165
92. Robertson G.P., Paul E.A., Harwood R.R. Greenhouse gases in intensive agriculture: contributions of individual gases to radiative forcing of the atmosphere. Science. 289:2000;1922-1925
93. Rosenzweig C., Hillel D. Climate Change and the Global Harvest: Potential Impacts of the Greenhouse Effect on Agriculture. 1998;Oxford Univ. Press, New York. 324 pp.
94. Sa J.C.D., Cerri C.C., Dick W.A., Lal R., Venske S.P., Piccolo M.C., Feigl B.E. Organic matter dynamics and carbon sequestration rates for a tillage chronosequence in a Brazilian Oxisol. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 65:2001;1486-1499
95. Sainju U.M., Singh B.P., Yaffa S. Soil organic matter and tomato yield following tillage, cover cropping and nitrogen fertilization. Agriculture Journal. 94:2002;594-602
96. 2 emissions and C sequestration by agriculture - perspectives and limitations. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 60:2001;253-266
97. Schimel D.S. Terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle. Global Change Biology. 1:1995;77-91
98. Schimel D.S., House J.I., Hibbard K.A., Bousquest P., et al. Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. Nature. 414:2001;169-172
99. Schlesinger W.H. Carbon sequestration in soils. Science. 286:1999;2095
100. Schlesinger W.H. Soil respiration and the global carbon cycle. Biogeochemistry. 48:2000;7-20
101. Schlesinger W.H. Carbon sequestration in soil: some cautions amidst optimism. Agricultural Ecosystems and Environment. 82:2000;121-127
102. Schlesinger W.H., Andrews J.A. Soil respiration and the global carbon cycle. Biogeochemistry. 48:2000;7-20
103. Shaver T.M., Peterson G.A., Ahuja L.R., Westfall D.G., Sherrod L.A., Dunn G. Surface soil physical properties after twelve years of dryland no till management. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 66:2002;1296-1303
104. Singh B.R., Borresen T., Uhlen G., Ekeberg E. Long-term effects of crop rotation, cultivation practices and fertilizers on carbon sequestration in soils in Norway. Lal R., Kimble J.M., Follett R.F., Stewart B.A. Management of Carbon Sequestration in Soil. 1998;195-208 CRC Press, Boca Raton
105. Skjemstad J.O., Dalal R.C., Janik L.J., McGowan J.A. Changes in chemical nature of soil organic carbon in Vertisols under wheat in southeastern Queensland. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 39:2001;343-359
106. Skjemstad J.O., Reicosky D.C., Wilts A.R., McGowan J.A. Charcoal carbon in U.S. agricultural soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 66:2002;1255-1949
107. Smaling E.M.A. Soil nutrient depletion in sub-Saharan Africa. Van Reuler H., Prins W.H. The Role of Plant Nutrients for Sustainable Food Crop Production in Sub-Saharan Africa. 1993;53-67 Vereniging Van Kunstmest-Producenten, Leidschendam, The Netherlands
108. Smith P., Powlson D.S. Considering manure and carbon sequestration. Science. 287:2000;428-429
109. Smith P., Powlson D.S., Glendining M.J., Smith J.U. Potential for carbon sequestration in European soils: preliminary estimates for five scenarios using results from long-term experiments. Global Change Biology. 3:1997;67-79
110. Smith P., Powlson D.S., Glendining M.J., Smith J.U. Preliminary estimates of the potential for carbon mitigation in European soils through no-till farming. Global Change Biology. 4:1998;679-685
111. Smith P., Powlson D.S., Smith J.U., Falloon P., Coleman K. Meeting the U.K.'s climate change commitments: options for carbon mitigation on agricultural land. Soil Use and Management. 16:2000;1-11
112. Smith P., Powlson D.S., Smith J.U., Falloon P., Coleman K. Meeting Europe's climate change commitments: quantitative estimates of the potential for carbon mitigation by agriculture. Global Change Biology. 6:2000;525-539
113. Smith S.V., Renwick W.H., Buddemeier R.W., Crossland C.J. Budgets of soil erosion and deposition for sediments and sedimentary organic carbon across the conterminous United States. Global Biogeochemistry Cycles. 15:2001;697-707
114. Sohlenius B., Boström S. Effects of climate change on soil factors and metazoan microfauna (nematodes, tardigrades and rotifers) in a Swedish tundra soil - a soil transplantation experiment. Applied Soil Ecology. 12:1999;113-128
115. Sommerfeldt T.G., Chang C., Entz T. Long-term annual manure applications increase soil organic matter and nitrogen and decrease carbon to nitrogen ratio. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 52:1988;1668-1672
116. Squires V., Glenn E.P., Ayoub A.T. Combating global climate change by combating land degradation. Proceeding of Workshop in Nairobi, 4-8 Sept. 1995. 1995;UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. 348 pp.
117. Stallard R.F. Terrestrial sedimentation and the carbon cycle: coupling weathering and erosion to carbon burial. Global Biogeochemistry Cycles. 12:1998;231-257
118. Swift R.S. Sequestration of carbon by soil. Soil Science. 166:2001;858-871
119. Tiessen H., Sampaio E.V.S.B., Salcedo I.H. Organic matter turnover and management in low input agriculture of NE Brazil. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 61:2001;99-103
120. 2 driven by temperature change. Science. 272:1996;393-396
121. Uhlen G., Tveitnes S. Effects of long-term crop rotation, fertilizers, farm manure and straw on soil productivity. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Science. 9:1995;143-161
122. UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. 1992;UNCBD, Bonn, Germany
123. Van Dijk H. Survey of Dutch soil organic research with regard to humification and degradation rates in arable land. Boels D.D., Davis B., Johnston A.E. Land Use Seminar on Land Degradation. 1982;133-143 Balkema, Rotterdam
124. 2 concentrations: isotopic evidence after 4 years. Global Change Biology. 6:2000;435-444
125. Wallace A. Soil organic matter must be restored to near original levels. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 25:1994;29-35
126. Wander M.M., Bidar M.G., Aref S. Tillage impacts on depth distribution of total and particulate organic matter in three Illinois soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 62:1998;1704-1711
127. West T.O., Marland G. Net carbon flux from agriculture: methodology for full carbon cycle analyses. Environmental Pollution. 116:2002;439-444
128. White A., Cannell M.G.R., Friend A.D. Climate change impacts on ecosystems and the terrestrial carbon sink: a new assessment. Global Environmental Change. 9:1999;S21-S30
129. Zech W., Guggenberger G. Organic matter dynamics in forest soils of temperate and tropical ecosystems. Piccolo A. Humic Substances in Terrestrial Ecosystems. 1996;Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands