Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing cardiac or thoracic surgery

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2015, Issue 6, 2015, Pages

  Di Nisio, Marcello ^a,b   Peinemann, Frank ^c   Porreca, Ettore ^a   Rutjes, Anne Ws ^a,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHIETI   (Italy)

^b ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ANTIVITAMIN K; HEPARIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; PLACEBO;

BLEEDING; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; HEART SURGERY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; META ANALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THORAX SURGERY; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; ADVERSE EFFECTS; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; COMPRESSION STOCKING; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PROCEDURES; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ANTICOAGULANTS; CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; HEMORRHAGE; HEPARIN; HUMANS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; STOCKINGS, COMPRESSION; THORACIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 84957793131     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009658.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Azorin JF, Regnard JF, Dahan M, Pansart M. Efficacy and safety of Fraxiparine (R) in the prevention of thromboembolic events in lung cancer surgery [Efficacite et tolerance de Fraxiparine rho dans la prevention des accidents thrombo-embolique en chirurgie thoracique oncologique]. Annales de Cardiologie et D'Angeiologie 1997;46:341-7.
2. Beghi C, Fragnito C, Antonelli A, Reverberi C, Ferrari P, Saccani S, et al. Prevention of deep venous thrombosis by a new low molecular weight heparin (Fluxum) in cardiac surgery. International Angiology 1993;12:383-6.
3. Dahan M, Boneu B, Renella J, Berjaud J, Bogaty J, Durand J, et al. Prevention of deep venous thromboses in cancer thoracic surgery with a low-molecular-weight heparin: Fraxiparine. A comparative randomized trial. In: Bounameaux H, Samama M, ten Cate JW editor(s). Fraxiparine Second International Symposium Recent Pharmacological and Clinical Data. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons Inc, 1990:27-31.
4. Gallus AS, Hirsh J, Tuttle RJ, Trebilcock R, O'Brien SE, Carroll JJ, et al. Small subcutaneous doses of heparin in prevention of venous thrombosis. New England Journal of Medicine 1973;288:545-51.
5. Goldhaber SZ, Hirsch DR, MacDougall RC, Polak JF, Creager MA, Cohn LH. Prevention of venous thrombosis after coronary artery bypass surgery (a randomized trial comparing two mechanical prophylaxis strategies). American Journal of Cardiology 1995;76:993-6.
6. Le Brigand H, Morille P, Garnier B, Bogaty YJ, Samama M, Spriet A. Prevention of postoperative thrombo-embolic accidents following thoracic surgery by low-dose calcium heparinate: a comparative study. Semaine des Hopitaux 1981;57:972-7.
7. Marchetti V, Beati C, Pogliani EM, Vincre G. Low doses of calcium heparin in thoracic surgery: Bleeding, modifications of coagulation and of fibrinolysis. Minerva Medica 1983;74:1745-8.
8. Mirhosseini SJ, Forouzannia SK, Mostafavi Pour Manshadi SMY, li-Hassan-Sayegh S, Naderi N, Sanatkar M. Comparison of aspirin plus heparin with heparin alone on asymptomatic perioperative deep vein thrombosis in candidates for elective off-pump coronary artery bypass graft: A randomized clinical trial. Cardiology Journal 2013;20:139-43.
9. Pfisterer M, Burkart F, Jockers G, Meyer B, Regenass S, Burckhardt D, et al. Trial of low-dose aspirin plus dipyridamole versus anticoagulants for prevention of aortocoronary vein graft occlusion. Lancet 1989;2:1-7.
10. Ramos R, Salem BI, De-Pawlikowski MP, Coordes C, Eisenberg S, Leidenfrost R. The efficacy of pneumatic compression stockings in the prevention of pulmonary embolism after cardiac surgery. Chest 1996;109:82-5.
11. Riess FC, Poetzsch B, Madlener K, Cramer E, Doll KN, Doll S, et al. Recombinant hirudin for cardiopulmonary bypass anticoagulation: a randomized, prospective, and heparin-controlled pilot study. Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon 2007;55:233-8.
12. Rizzi A, Radaelli F, Pisano M, Orro S, Nazzari M, Ratti G, et al. Prevention of deep venous thrombosis with defibrotide in chest surgery. Controlled multicenter study versus heparin. Minerva Medica 1987;78:745-50.
13. van Geloven F, Wittebol P, Sixma JJ. Comparison of postoperative coumarin, dextran 40 and subcutaneous heparin in the prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1977;202:367-72.
14. Acar J, Iung B, Boissel JP, Samama MM, Michel PL, Teppe JP, et al. AREVA: multicenter randomized comparison of low-dose versus standard-dose anticoagulation in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves. Circulation 1996;94:2107-12.
15. Ageno W, Turpie AG, Steidl L, Ambrosini F, Cattaneo R, Codari RL, et al. Comparison of a daily fixed 2.5-mg warfarin dose with a 5-mg, international normalized ratio adjusted, warfarin dose initially following heart valve replacement. American Journal of Cardiology 2001;88:40-4.
16. Altman R, Rouvier J, Gurfinkel E, D'Ortencio O, Manzanel R, de-La FL, et al. Comparison of two levels of anticoagulant therapy in patients with substitute heart valves. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1991;101:427-31.
17. Altman R, Rouvier J, Gurfinkel E, Scazziota A, Turpie AG. Comparison of high-dose with low-dose aspirin in patients with mechanical heart valve replacement treated with oral anticoagulant. Circulation 1996;94:2113-6.
18. Aramendi JI, Mestres CA, Mestres CA, Martinez LJ, Campos V, Muñoz G, et al. Triflusal versus oral anticoagulation for primary prevention of thromboembolism after bioprosthetic valve replacement (trac): prospective, randomized, co-operative trial. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2005;27:854-60.
19. Attaran S, Somov P, Awad WI. Randomised high- and low-dose heparin prophylaxis in patients undergoing thoracotomy for benign and malignant disease: effect on thrombo-elastography. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2010;37:1384-90.
20. Blair KL, Hatton AC, White WD, Smith LR, Lowe JE, Wolfe WG, et al. Comparison of anticoagulation regimens after Carpentier-Edwards aortic or mitral valve replacement. Circulation 1994;90:II214-9.
21. Buchanan LB, Levetan BN, Lombard CJ, Commerford PJ. Fixed-dose versus adjusted-dose warfarin in patients with prosthetic heart valves in a peri-urban impoverished population. Journal of Heart Valve Disease 2002;11:583-92.
22. Cade JF, Clegg EA, Westlake GW. Prophylaxis of venous thrombosis after major thoracic surgery. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery 1983;53:301-4.
23. Cade JF, Wood M, Magnani HN, Westlake GW. Early clinical experience of a new heparinoid, Org 10172, in prevention of deep venous thrombosis. Thrombosis Research 1987;45:497-503.
24. Chesebro JH, Fuster V, Elveback LR, McGoon DC, Pluth JR, Puga FJ, et al. Trial of combined warfarin plus dipyridamole or aspirin therapy in prosthetic heart valve replacement: danger of aspirin compared with dipyridamole. American Journal of Cardiology 1983;51:1537-41.
25. Colli A, Mestres CA, Castella M, Gherli T. Comparing warfarin to aspirin (WoA) after aortic valve replacement with the St. Jude Medical Epic heart valve bioprosthesis: results of the WoA Epic pilot trial. Journal of Heart Valve Disease 2007;16:667-71.
26. Dale J, Myhre E. Prevention of arterial embolism by acetylsalicylic acid and anticoagulants in patients with heart valve prosthesis. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Lageforening 1976;28:1483-5.
27. Dale J, Myhre E, Storstein O, Stormorken H, Efskind L. Prevention of arterial thromboembolism with acetylsalicylic acid. American Heart Journal 1977;94:101-11.
28. Dauphin C, Legault B, Jaffeux P, Motreff P, Azarnoush K, Joly H, et al. Comparison of INR stability between self-monitoring and standard laboratory method: preliminary results of a prospective study in 67 mechanical heart valve patients. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases 2008;101:753-61.
29. Di Carlo V, Agnelli G, Prandoni P, Coccheri S, Gensini GF, Gianese F, et al. Dermatan sulphate for the prevention of postoperative venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1999;82:30-4.
30. DiSerio FJ, Sasahara AA. United States trial of dihydroergotamine and heparin prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis. American Journal of Surgery 1985;150:25-32.
31. The Multicenter Trial Committee. Dihydroergotamine-heparin prophylaxis of postoperative deep vein thrombosis. A multicenter trial. JAMA 1984;251:2960-6.
32. Dixon B, Campbell DJ, Santamaria JD. Elevated pulmonary dead space and coagulation abnormalities suggest lung microvascular thrombosis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Medicine 2008;34:1216-23.
33. Dong MF, Ma ZS, Ma SJ, Chai SD, Tang PZ, Yao DK. Anticoagulation therapy with combined low dose aspirin and warfarin following mechanical heart valve replacement. Thrombosis Research 2011;128:e91-4.
34. Dyke CM, Smedira NG, Koster A, Aronson S, McCarthy HL, Kirshner R, et al. A comparison of bivalirudin to heparin with protamine reversal in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: the EVOLUTION-ON study. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2006;131:533-9.
35. Eitz T, Schenk S, Fritzsche D, Bairaktaris A, Wagner O, Koertke H, et al. International normalized ratio self-management lowers the risk of thromboembolic events after prosthetic heart valve replacement. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2008;85:949-54.
36. Francis JL, Palmer GJ, Moroose R, Drexler A. Comparison of bovine and porcine heparin in heparin antibody formation after cardiac surgery. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2003;75:17-22.
37. Gallus A, Cade J, Ockelford P, Hepburn S, Maas M, Magnani H, et al. Orgaran (Org 10172) or heparin for preventing venous thrombosis after elective surgery for malignant disease? A double-blind, randomised, multicentre comparison. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1993;70:562-7.
38. Ghaffari S, Sohrabi B, Aslanabadi N, Mogadam AR, Sepehrvand N, Pourafkari L, et al. Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy: with or without heparin? A randomised double blind study. Kardiologia Polska 2011;69:445-50.
39. Gherli T, Colli A, Fragnito C, Nicolini F, Borrello B, Saccani S, et al. Comparing warfarin with aspirin after biological aortic valve replacement: a prospective study. Circulation 2004;110:496-500.
40. Gohlke H, Gohlke-Barwolf C, Stürzenhofecker P, Görnandt L, Ritter B, Reichelt M, et al. Improved graft patency with anticoagulant therapy after aortocoronary bypass surgery: a prospective, randomized study. Circulation 1981;64:II22-7.
41. Haas S, Hohmann V, Bramlage P. Prevention of venous thromboembolism using enoxaparin in day surgery: results of the SMART noninterventional study. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/hemostasis 2012;18:265-71.
42. Hartshorn JW, Teale SN, Faiz M. Dextran 75 and postoperative phlebitis. Evaluation of dextran 75 in the prophylaxis of postoperative thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, and myocardial infarction. Archives of Surgery 1969;98:694-7.
43. Hassouna A, Allam H, Awad A, Hassaballah F. Standard versus low-level anticoagulation combined to low-dose dipyridamole after mitral valve replacement. Cardiovascular Surgery (London, England) 2000;8:491-8.
44. Hayashi J, Nakazawa S, Oguma F, Miyamura H, Eguchi S. Combined warfarin and antiplatelet therapy after St. Jude Medical valve replacement for mitral valve disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1994;23:672-7.
45. Hering D, Piper C, Bergemann R, Hillenbach C, Dahm M, Huth C, et al. Thromboembolic and bleeding complications following St. Jude Medical valve replacement: results of the German experience with low-intensity anticoagulation study. Chest 2005;127:53-9.
46. Horstkotte D, Bergemann R, Althaus U, Babin EJ, Chares M, Dahm M, et al. German experience with low intensity anticoagulation (GELIA): protocol of a multi-center randomized, prospective study with the St. Jude Medical valve. Journal of Heart Valve Disease 1993;2:411-9.
47. Huth C, Friedl A, Rost A. Intensity of oral anticoagulation after implantation of St. Jude Medical aortic prosthesis: Analysis of the GELIA database (GELIA 4). European Heart Journal Supplements 2001;3:Q33-8.
48. Iliuta L, Candea V, Vasilescu A, Moldovan H, Gherghiceanu DP, Macarie C. Fraxiparine versus unfractionated heparin for the perioperative anticoagulant therapy in patients undergoing mechanical prosthetic heart valve replacement. Archives de L'Union Medicale Balkanique 2003;38:141-8.
49. Jackaman FR, Perry BJ, Siddons H. Deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy. Thorax 1978;33:761-3.
50. Jensen E, Andréasson S, Bengtsson A, Berggren H, Ekroth R, Larsson LE, et al. Changes in hemostasis during pediatric heart surgery: impact of a biocompatible heparin-coated perfusion system. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2004;77:962-7.
51. Kaiser D, Hau H, Strey M. Prevention of venous thromboembolism during and after surgery for lung cancer. Praxis und Klinik der Pneumologie 1981;35:918-21.
52. Kawazoe K, Fujita T, Manabe H. Dipyridamole combined with anticoagulant in prevention of early postoperative thromboembolism after cardiac valve replacement. Thrombosis Research. Supplement 1990;57:27-33.
53. Keidan I, Mardor Y, Preisman S, Mishaly D. Venous embolization during sternotomy in children undergoing corrective heart surgery. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2004;128:636-8.
54. Koertke H, Minami K, Bairaktaris A, Wagner O, Koerfer R. INR self-management following mechanical heart valve replacement. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 2000;9 Suppl 1:S41-5.
55. Koertke H, Minami K, Boethig D, Breymann T, Seifert D, Wagner O, et al. INR self-management permits lower anticoagulation levels after mechanical heart valve replacement. Circulation 2003;108 Suppl 1:II75-8.
56. Koertke H, Zittermann A, Tenderich G, Wagner O, El AM, Krian A, et al. Low-dose oral anticoagulation in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses: final report from the early self-management anticoagulation trial II. European Heart Journal 2007;28:2479-84.
57. Koertke, H, Zittermann A, Minami K, Tenderich G, Wagner O, El-Arousy M, et al. Low-dose international normalized ratio self-management: a promising tool to achieve low complication rates after mechanical heart valve replacement. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2005;79:1909-14.
58. Koertke H, Zittermann A, Wagner O, Koerfer R. Self-management of oral anticoagulation therapy improves long-term survival in patients with mechanical heart valve replacement. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2007;83:24-9.
59. Körtke H, Körfer R. International normalized ratio self-management after mechanical heart valve replacement: is an early start advantageous?. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2001;72:44-8.
60. Koertke H, Zittermann A, Wagner O, Ennker J, Saggau W, Sack FU, et al. Efficacy and safety of very low-dose self-management of oral anticoagulation in patients with mechanical heart valve replacement. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2010;90:1487-93.
61. Konkle BA, Bauer TL, Arepally G, Cines DB, Poncz M, McNulty S, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: bovine versus porcine heparin in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2001;71:1920-4.
62. Körtke H, Minami K, Breymann T, Seifert D, Baraktaris A, Wagner O, et al. INR self-management after mechanical heart valve replacement: ESCAT (Early Self-Controlled Anticoagulation Trial). Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 2001;90 Suppl 6:118-24.
63. Kuitunen AH, Heikkila LJ, Salmenpera MT. Cardiopulmonary bypass with heparin-coated circuits and reduced systemic anticoagulation. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 1997;63:438-44.
64. Laffort P, Roudaut R, Roques X, Lafitte S, Deville C, Bonnet J, et al. Early and long-term (one-year) effects of the association of aspirin and oral anticoagulant on thrombi and morbidity after replacement of the mitral valve with the St. Jude medical prosthesis: a clinical and transesophageal echocardiographic study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2000;35:739-46.
65. Liezorovicz A, Picolet H, Peyrieux JC, Boissel JP. Prevention of perioperative deep vein thrombosis in general surgery: a multicentre double blind study comparing two doses of Logiparin and standard heparin. British Journal of Surgery 1991;78:412-6.
66. Ljungstrom KG. Deep-vein thrombosis after major non-cardiovascular thoracic surgery. Scandinavian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1985;19:161-4.
67. Mehta SR, Granger CB, Eikelboom JW, Bassand JP, Wallentin L, Faxon DP, et al. Efficacy and safety of fondaparinux versus enoxaparin in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results from the OASIS-5 trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2007;50:1742-51.
68. Meschengieser SS, Fondevila CG, Frontroth J, Santarelli MT, Lazzari MA. Low-intensity oral anticoagulation plus low-dose aspirin versus high-intensity oral anticoagulation alone: a randomized trial in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1997;113:910-6.
69. Mirow N, Brinkmann T, Minami K, Tenderich G, Kleesiek K, Körfer R. Heparin-coated extracorporeal circulation with full and low dose heparinization: comparison of thrombin related coagulatory effects. Artificial Organs 2001;25:480-5.
70. Mirow N, Minami K, Reiss N, Knobl H, Kind K, Korfer R. Heparin coated extracorporeal circulation and low dose heparinization: technical considerations and specific risks. Cardiovascular Engineering (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 2000;5:11-5.
71. Mok CK, Boey J, Wang R, Chan TK, Cheung KL, Lee PK, et al. Warfarin versus dipyridamole-aspirin and pentoxifylline-aspirin for the prevention of prosthetic heart valve thromboembolism: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Circulation 1985;72:1059-63.
72. Monagle P, Cochrane A, Roberts R, Manlhiot C, Weintraub R, Szechtman B, et al. A multicenter, randomized trial comparing heparin/warfarin and acetylsalicylic acid as primary thromboprophylaxis for 2 years after the Fontan procedure in children. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2011;58:645-51.
73. Montalescot G, Polle V, Collet JP, Leprince P, Bellanger A, Gandjbakhch I, et al. Low molecular weight heparin after mechanical heart valve replacement. Circulation 2000;101:1083-6.
74. Ovrum E, Brosstad F, Am HE, Tangen G, Abdelnoor M, Oystese R. Complete heparin-coated (CBAS) cardiopulmonary bypass and reduced systemic heparin dose; effects on coagulation and fibrinolysis. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 1996;10(6):449-55.
75. Pappalardo F, Franco A, Crescenzi G, De SF, Torracca L, Zangrillo A. Anticoagulation management in patients undergoing open heart surgery by activated clotting time and whole blood heparin concentration. Perfusion 2006;21:285-90.
76. Pengo V, Barbero F, Banzato A, Garelli E, Noventa F, Biasiolo A, et al. A comparison of a moderate with moderate-high intensity oral anticoagulant treatment in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1997;77:839-44.
77. Pengo V, Palareti G, Cucchini U, Molinatti M, Del BR, Baudo F, et al. Low-intensity oral anticoagulant plus low-dose aspirin during the first six months versus standard-intensity oral anticoagulant therapy after mechanical heart valve replacement: a pilot study of low-intensity warfarin and aspirin in cardiac prostheses (LIWACAP). Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/hemostasis 2007;13:241-8.
78. Pessotti C. A comparative study of oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet prophylaxis of thrombosis and thromboembolic events in the Fontan operation using extracardiac conduit. http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-4z9wdg/.
79. Pogliani EM, Vigo A, Cofrancesco E, Colombi M, Cristoforetti G, Marchetti G, et al. Low-dose heparin in thoracic surgery: effect on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis system. Thrombosis Research 1982;27:211-9.
80. Pogliani EM, Salvatore M, Baragetti I, Settembrini PG, Pezzuoli G, Polli EE. Effect of a low-molecular-weight heparin, calcium nadroparine (CY216), on fibrinolysis in patients undergoing surgery. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental 1993;53:180-7.
81. Pruefer D, Dahm M, Dohmen G, Horstkotte D, Bergemann R, Oelert H. Intensity of oral anticoagulation after implantation of St. Jude Medical mitral or multiple valve replacement: lessons learned from GELIA (GELIA 5). European Heart Journal Supplements 2001;3:Q39-43.
82. Rafiq S, Steinbruchel DA, Moeller CH, Lund J, Thiis JJ, Koeber L, et al. Early anticoagulation therapy after bioprosthetic aortic valve implantation: comparing warfarin versus aspirin. Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery 2013;17:S125-6.
83. Renda G, Di PR, D'Alleva A, Sciartilli A, Zimarino M, De CE, et al. Surgical bleeding after pre-operative unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin for coronary bypass surgery. Haematologica 2007;92:366-73.
84. Samama M, Bernard P, Bonnardot JP, Combe TS, Lanson Y, Tissot E. Low molecular weight heparin compared with unfractionated heparin in prevention of postoperative thrombosis. British Journal of Surgery 1988;75:128-31.
85. Samama M, Combe S. Prevention of thromboembolic disease in general surgery with enoxaparin (Clexane). Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica Supplementum 1990;556:91-5.
86. Saour JN, Sieck JO, Mamo LA, Gallus AS. Trial of different intensities of anticoagulation in patients with prosthetic heart valves. New England Journal of Medicine 1990;322:428-32.
87. Schlitt A, von-Bardeleben RS, Ehrlich A, Eimermacher A, Peetz D, Dahm M, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin in the prevention of thromboembolic complications after mechanical aortic valve replacement (CAPTA). Thrombosis Research 2003;109:131-5.
88. Segesser LK, Weiss BM, Garcia E, Felten A, Turina MI. Reduction and elimination of systemic heparinization during cardiopulmonary bypass. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1992;103:790-8.
89. Starkman C, Estampes B, Vernant P, Acar J. Prevention of systemic thromboembolic accidents in patients with artificial valve prostheses. Prospective study of an antivitamins K-dipyridamole combination. Archives des Maladies du Coeur et des Vaisseaux 1982;75:85-8.
90. Swiniarska J, Zekanowska E, Dancewicz M, Bella M, Szczesny TJ, Kowalewski J. Pneumonectomy due to lung cancer results in a more pronounced activation of coagulation system than lobectomy. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2009;36:1064-8.
91. Torella M, Torella D, Chiodini P, Franciulli M, Romano G, De SL, et al. LOWERing the INtensity of oral anticoaGulant Therapy in patients with bileaflet mechanical aortic valve replacement: results from the LOWERING-IT Trial. American Heart Journal 2010;160:171-8.
92. Turpie AG, Gunstensen J, Hirsh J, Nelson H, Gent M. Randomised comparison of two intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy after tissue heart valve replacement. Lancet 1988;1:1242-5.
93. Turpie AG, Gent M, Laupacis A, Latour Y, Gunstensen J, Basile F, et al. A comparison of aspirin with placebo in patients treated with warfarin after heart-valve replacement. New England Journal of Medicine 1993;329:524-9.
94. van-der MJ, Brutel-de-la RA, van-Gilst WH, Hillege HL, Pfisterer M, Kootstra GJ, et al. Effects of low dose aspirin (50 mg/day), low dose aspirin plus dipyridamole, and oral anticoagulant agents after internal mammary artery bypass grafting: patency and clinical outcome at 1 year. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1994;24:1181-8.
95. Voith L, Pfliegler G, Hegedús I, Medgyesi F, Bódi A, Csapó K, et al. Coumarin combined with low-dose acetylsalicylic acid in the prevention of thromboembolic complications in patients with mitral and aortic valve prostheses. Orvosi Hetilap 1997;138:925-9.
96. Walenga JM, Hoppensteadt D, Pifarré R, Fox NL, Forman S, Hunninghake DB, et al. The hemostatic effects of warfarin titration in post CABG patients in comparison to placebo treatment. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 2001;11:143-9.
97. Warkentin TE, Sheppard JI, Sun JC, Jung H, Eikelboom JW. Anti-PF4/heparin antibodies and venous graft occlusion in postcoronary artery bypass surgery patients randomized to postoperative unfractionated heparin or fondaparinux thromboprophylaxis. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis: JTH 2013;11:253-60.
98. Xia X-YT, Shan Z. Enoxaparin for the prevention of post-surgical pulmonary embolism. Zhongguo wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue [Chinese Critical Care Medicine] 2011;23:661-4.
99. Avidan MS, Smith JR, Skrupky LP, Hill L, Jacobsohn E, Burnside B, et al. The occurrence of antibodies to heparin-platelet factor 4 in cardiac and thoracic surgical patients receiving desirudin or heparin for postoperative venous thrombosis prophylaxis. Thrombosis Research 2011;128:524-9.
100. NCT00329433 The use of desirudin versus heparin for thrombosis prophylaxis in cardiothoracic surgery patients. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00329433?term.
101. Ciavarella N, Antoncecchi S, D'Elia N. Dipyridamole and warfarin in patients with prosthetic heart valves: a controlled double blind study. Cardiologia 1985;30:301-7.
102. Rajah SM, Salter MCP, Donaldson DR, Crow MJ, Rao RS, Watson DA. A clinical trial comprising 2500 IU heparin and 0.5 mg dihydroergotamine (DHE) with 5000 IU heparin in the prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis following thoracic surgery. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1983;50:9 [abstract no:0002].
103. Ranucci M, Baryshnikova E, Crapelli GB, Woodward MK, Paez A, Pelissero G. Preoperative antithrombin supplementation in cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2013;145:1393-9.
104. Dixon B. Use of heparin to prevent lung microvascular thrombosis in patients administered aprotinin undergoing cardiac surgery for ischemic heart disease for ischemic heart disease. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=1327. [: ACTRN12606000328572]
105. Meyer G, Besse B, Friard S, Girard P, Corbi P, Azarian R, et al. Effect of tinzaparin on survival in non-small-cell lung cancer after surgery. TILT: tinzaparin in lung tumours. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 2011;28:654-9.
106. NCT00789399 A study of the efficacy of preventive dosing of fondaparinux sodium versus placebo for the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery receiving routine mechanical prophylaxis. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00789399?term=NCT00789399&rank=1. [: NCT00789399]
107. NCT01267305 The impact of different anticoagulant therapy on hemorrhage and coagulation after thoracic surgery. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01267305. [: NCT01267305]
108. Agnelli G, Bolis G, Capussotti L, Scarpa RM, Tonelli F, Bonizzoni E, et al. A clinical outcome-based prospective study on venous thromboembolism after cancer surgery. The @RISTOS Project. Annals of Surgery 2006;243(1):89-95.
109. Akl EA, Labedi N, Terrenato I, Barba M, Sperati F, Sempos EV, et al. Low molecular weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in patients with cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009447]
110. Ambrosetti M, Salerno M, Zambelli M, Mastropasqua F, Tramarin R, Pedretti RF. Deep vein thrombosis among patients entering cardiac rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass surgery. Chest 2004;125(1):191-6.
111. Bani-Hani M, Titi MA, Jaradat I, Al-Khaffaf H. Interventions for preventing venous thromboembolism following abdominal aortic surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005509.pub2]
112. Bergqvist D, Agnelli G, Cohen AT, Eldor A, Nilsson PE, Le Moigne-Amrani A, et al for the ENOXACAN II Investigators. Duration of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism with enoxaparin after surgery for cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 2002;346:975-80.
113. Collins R, Scrimgeour A, Yusuf S, Peto R. Reduction in fatal pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis by perioperative administration of subcutaneous heparin. Overview of results of randomized trials in general, orthopedic, and urologic surgery. New England Journal of Medicine 1988;318(18):1162-73.
114. DeLaria GA, Hunter JA. Deep venous thrombosis. Implications after open heart surgery. Chest 1991;99(2):284-8.
115. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials 1986;7(3):177-88.
116. Di Nisio M, Porreca E, Ferrante N, Otten HM, Cuccurullo F, Rutjes AWS. Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in ambulatory cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008500.pub2]
117. Di Nisio M, Porreca E, Otten HM, Rutjes AW. Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in ambulatory cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008500.pub3; PUBMED: 25171736]
118. Gangireddy C, Rectenwald JR, Upchurch GR, WakefieldTW, Khuri S, Henderson WG, et al. Risk factors and clinical impact of postoperative symptomatic venous thromboembolism. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2007;45(2):335-42.
119. Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, Heit JA, Samama CM, Lassen MR, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism; American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008;133 Suppl(6):381-453.
120. Gillinov AM, Davis EA, Alberg AJ, Rykiel M, Gardner TJ, Cameron DE. Pulmonary embolism in the cardiac surgical patient. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 1992;53:988-91.
121. Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, Karanicolas PJ, Arcelus JI, Heit JA, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012;141(2 Suppl):e227S-77S.
122. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, for the GRADE Working Group. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336(7650):924-6.
123. Hannan EL, Racz MJ, Walford G, Ryan TJ, Isom OW, Bennett E, et al. Predictors of readmission for complications of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. JAMA 2003;290(6):773-80.
124. Harbord RM, Egger M, Sterne JA. A modified test for small-study effects in meta-analyses of controlled trials with binary endpoints. Statistics in Medicine 2006;25(20):3443-57.
125. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557-60.
126. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
127. Jackaman FR, Perry BJ, Siddons H. Deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy. Thorax 1978;33:761-3.
128. Josa M, Siouffi SY, Silverman AB, Barsamian EM, Khuri SF, Sharma GV. Pulmonary embolism after cardiac surgery. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1993;21:990-6.
129. Juni P, Altman DG, Egger M. Systematic reviews in health care: assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials. BMJ 2001;323(7303):42-6.
130. Kakkar AK. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in the cancer surgical patient. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009;27:4881-4.
131. Kakkar VV, Balibrea JL, Martínez-González J, Prandoni P, on behalf of the CANBESURE Study Group. Extended prophylaxis with bemiparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after abdominal or pelvic surgery for cancer: the CANBESURE randomized study. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2010;8(6):1223-9.
132. Kalweit G, Huwer H, Volkmer I, Petzold T, Gams E. Pulmonary embolism: a frequent cause of acute fatality after lung resection. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 1996;10(4):242-6, discussion 246-7.
133. Mason DP, Quader MA, Blackstone EH, Rajeswaran J, DeCamp MM, Murthy SC, et al. Thromboembolism after pneumonectomy for malignancy: an independent marker of poor outcome. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2006;131(3):711-8.
134. Nagahiro I, Andou A, Aoe M, Sano Y, Date H, Shimizu N. Intermittent pneumatic compression is effective in preventing symptomatic pulmonary embolism after thoracic surgery. Surgery Today 2004;34(1):6-10.
135. Ramos J, Perrotta C, Badariotti G, Berenstein G. Interventions for preventing venous thromboembolism in adults undergoing knee arthroscopy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005259.pub3]
136. Reis SE, Polak JF, Hirsch DR, Cohn LH, Creager MA, Donovan BC, et al. Frequency of deep venous thrombosis in asymptomatic patients with coronary artery bypass grafts. American Heart Journal 1991;122(2):478-82.
137. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
138. Rutjes AWS, Nüesch E, Sterchi R, Kalichman L, Hendriks E, Osiri M, et al. Transcutaneous electrostimulation for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002823.pub2]
139. Rücker G, Schwarzer G, Carpenter JR, Schumacher M. Undue reliance on I2 in assessing heterogeneity may mislead. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008;8(1):79.
140. Sugarbaker DJ, Jaklitsch MT, Bueno R, Richards W, Lukanich J, Mentzer SJ, et al. Prevention, early detection, and management of complications after 328 consecutive extrapleural pneumonectomies. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2004;128:138-46.
141. Thompson SG, Sharp SJ. Explaining heterogeneity in meta-analysis: a comparison of methods. Statistics in Medicine 1999;18(20):2693-708.
142. White RH, Zhou H, Romano PS. Incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism after different elective or urgent surgical procedures. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2003;90(3):446-55.
143. Di Nisio M, Porreca E, Ferrante N, Rutjes AWS. Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing cardiac or thoracic surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009658]