Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in ambulatory cancer patients receiving chemotherapy

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2014, Issue 8, 2014, Pages

  Di Nisio, Marcello ^a,b   Porreca, Ettore ^a   Otten, Hans Martin ^c   Rutjes, Anne W S ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHIETI   (Italy)

^b ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c SLOTERVAART HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; APIXABAN; CERTOPARIN; DALTEPARIN; ENOXAPARIN; HEPARIN; LENALIDOMIDE; NADROPARIN; PLACEBO; RECOMBINANT ANTITHROMBIN III; SEMULOPARIN; THALIDOMIDE; WARFARIN; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTITHROMBIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN;

ADVANCED CANCER; AMBULATORY MONITORING; ARTERIAL THROMBOEMBOLISM; BLEEDING; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CATHETER INFECTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SIDE EFFECT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THROMBOEMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; ADULT; AMBULATORY CARE; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; CHILD; LUNG EMBOLISM; META ANALYSIS; NEOPLASM;

ADULT; AMBULATORY CARE; ANTICOAGULANTS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ANTITHROMBINS; CHILD; HEMORRHAGE; HEPARIN; HEPARIN, LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; PULMONARY EMBOLISM; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; WARFARIN;

EID: 84907168847     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008500.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Agnelli G, Gussoni G, Bianchini C, Verso M, Mandala M, Cavanna L, et al.Nadroparin for the prevention of thromboembolic events in ambulatory patients with metastatic or locally advanced solid cancer receiving chemotherapy: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Lancet Oncology 2009;10(10):943-9.
2. Barni S, Labianca R, Agnelli G, Bonizzoni E, Verso M, Mandala M, et al.Chemotherapy-associated thromboembolic risk in cancer outpatients and effect of nadroparin thromboprophylaxis: results of a retrospective analysis of the PROTECHT study. Journal of Translational Medicine 2011;9:179.
3. Agnelli G, George D, Fisher WD, Kakkar AK, Lassen MR, Mismetti P, et al.Ultra-low-molecular-weight heparin (ULMWH) semuloparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: consistent beneficial effect across cancer stage and location subgroups. European Journal of Cancer 2011;47:S222.
4. Agnelli G, George DJ, Kakkar AK, Fisher W, Lassen MR, Mismetti P, et al.for the SAVE-ONCO Investigators. Semuloparin for thromboprophylaxis in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine 2012;366(7):601-9.
5. NCT00694382. A multinational, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of AVE5026 in the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer patients at high risk for VTE and who are undergoing chemotherapy. Clinicaltrials.gov (accessed 29 July 2014).
6. Altinbas M, Coskun HS, Er O, Ozkan M, Eser B, Unal A, et al.A randomized clinical trial of combination chemotherapy with and without low-molecular-weight heparin in small cell lung cancer. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2004;2(8):1266-71.
7. Chahinian AP, Propert KJ, Ware JH, Zimmer B, Perry MC, Hirsh V, et al.A randomized trial of anticoagulation with warfarin and of alternating chemotherapy in extensive small-cell lung cancer by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1989;7(8):993-1002.
8. Freund M, Kakkar AK, Haas S, Heilmann L, von-Tempelhoff GF, Brom J, et al.A randomized trial of the low molecular weight of heparin certoparin against placebo in the long-term prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Blood 2003;102(11 (Pt1)):210a.
9. Haas SK, Freund M, Heigener D, Heilmann L, Kemkes-Matthes B, von Tempelhoff GF, TOPIC Investigators. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus placebo for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in metastatic breast cancer or stage III/IV lung cancer. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis Hemostasis 2012;18(2):159-65.
10. Haas SK, Kakkar AK, Kemkes-Matthes B, Freund M, Gatzemeier U, Heilmann L, et al.Prevention of venous thromboembolism with low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with metastatic breast or lung cancer - Results of the TOPIC studies. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2005; Vol. 3, issue 1:Abstract OR059.
11. Verso M, Gussoni G, Agnelli G. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with advanced lung cancer receiving chemotherapy: a combined analysis of the PROTECHT and TOPIC-2 studies. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2010;8(7):1649-51.
12. Kakkar AK, Levine MN, Kadziola Z, Lemoine NR, Low V, Patel HK, et al.Low molecular weight heparin, therapy with dalteparin, and survival in advanced cancer: the fragmin advanced malignancy outcome study (FAMOUS). Journal of Clinical Oncology 2004;22(10):1944-8.
13. Klerk CP, Smorenburg SM, Otten HM, Lensing AW, Prins MH, Piovella F, et al.The effect of low molecular weight heparin on survival in patients with advanced malignancy. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2005;23(10):2130-5.
14. Cavallo F, Raimondo FD, Harda I, Lupo B, Romano A, Catalano L, et al.A phase III study of enoxaparin vs aspirin as thromboprophylaxis for newly diagnosed myeloma patients treated with lenalidomide-based regimen. Blood 2010; Vol. 116:Abstract 1092.
15. Larocca A, Cavallo F, Bringhen S, Di Raimondo F, Falanga A, Evangelista A, et al.Aspirin or enoxaparin thromboprophylaxis for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide. Blood 2012;119(4):933-9, quiz 1093.
16. Lebeau B, Chastang C, Brechot J-M, Capron F, Dautzenberg B, Delaisements C, et al.Subcutaneous heparin treatment increases survival in small cell lung cancer. "Petites Cellules" Group. Cancer 1994;74(1):38-45.
17. Dickson L, Levine M, Gent M. Efficacy of double-blinding in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of low dose warfarin to prevent thromboembolic disease in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Fourteenth annual meeting of the Society for Clinical Trials. Hilton Hotel, Orlando, Florida. 1993; Vol. 14:462.
18. Levine M, Hirsh J, Gent M, Arnold A, Warr D, Falanga A, et al.Double-blind randomised trial of very-low-dose warfarin for prevention of thromboembolism in stage IV breast cancer. Lancet 1994;343(8902):886-9.
19. Levine MN, Gu C, Liebman HA, Escalante CP, Solymoss S, Deitchman D, et al.A randomized phase II trial of Apixaban for the prevention of thromboembolism in patients with metastatic cancer. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2012;10(5):807-14.
20. Liebman H, Levine MN, Deitchman D, Julian J, Escalante CP, O'Brien MC, et al.Apixaban in patients with metastatic cancer: a randomized phase II feasibility study. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2009;7 Suppl 2:Abstract PP-WE-489.
21. NCT00320255. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of apixaban for the prevention of thromboembolic events in patients undergoing treatment for advanced cancer: A phase 2 pilot study. Clinicaltrials.gov (accessed 29 July 2014).
22. Maraveyas A, Ettelaie C, Echrish H, Li C, Gardiner E, Greenman J, et al.Weight-adjusted dalteparin for prevention of vascular thromboembolism in advanced pancreatic cancer patients decreases serum tissue factor and serum-mediated induction of cancer cell invasion. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis 2010;21(5):452-8.
23. Maraveyas A, Waters J, Roy R, Fyfe D, Propper D, Lofts F, et al.Gemcitabine versus gemcitabine plus dalteparin thromboprophylaxis in pancreatic cancer. European Journal of Cancer 2012;48(9):1283-92.
24. NCT00462852. A phase II randomised study of chemo-anticoagulation (gemcitabine-dalteparin) vs chemotherapy alone (Gemcitabine) for locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Clinicaltrials.gov (accessed 29 July 2014).
25. Maurer LH, Herndon JE II, Hollis DR, Aisner J, Carey RW, Skarin AT, et al.Randomized trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy with or without warfarin for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1997;15(11):3378-87.
26. Mitchell L, Andrew M, Hanna K, Abshire T, Halton J, Wu J, et al.Trend to efficacy and safety using antithrombin concentrate in prevention of thrombosis in children receiving l-asparaginase for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Results of the PAARKA study. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2003;90(2):235-44.
27. Cavo M, Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Di RF, Patriarca F, Rossi D, et al.Phase III study of enoxaparin versus aspirin versus lowdose warfarin as thromboprophylaxis for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma treated upfront with thalidomide-containing regimens. Haematologica 2010;95 Suppl 2:391, Abstract 0941.
28. Palumbo A, Cavo M, Bringhen S, Patriarca F, Rossi D, Petrucci MT, et al.A phase III study of enoxaparin versus aspirin versus low-dose warfarin as thromboprophylaxis for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma treated up-front with thalidomide based-regimens. Haematologica 2009; Vol. 94 Suppl 2:213.
29. Palumbo A, Cavo M, Bringhen S, Zamagni E, Romano A, Patriarca F, et al.Aspirin, warfarin, or enoxaparin thromboprophylaxis in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide: a phase III, open-label, randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011;29:986-93.
30. Palumbo A, Rus C, Cavallo F, Bertola A, Petrucci MT, Liberati AM, et al.Enoxaparin or aspirin for the prevention of recurrent thromboembolism in newly diagnosed myeloma patients treated with melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide or lenalidomide. Haematologica 2006; Vol. 91 Suppl 1.
31. ISRCTN02140505. A prospective, randomised trial of simultaneous pancreatic cancer treatment with enoxaparin and chemotherapy. ISRCTN register 2008 (accessed 29 July 2014).
32. Pelzer U, Deutschinoff G, Opitz B, Stauch M, Reitzig P, Hahnfeld S, et al.A prospective, randomized trial of simultaneous pancreatic cancer treatment with enoxaparin and chemotherapy. First results of the CONKO-004 trial. Onkologie-DGHO meeting Oct 2009 2009:Abstract 580.
33. Pelzer U, Deutschinoff G, Opitz B, Stauch M, Reitzig P, Hahnfeld S, et al.The impact of low molecular weight heparin in first-line pancreatic cancer treatment - Final results of the CONKO-004 trial. Onkologie 2010;33(6):200.
34. Pelzer U, Hilbig A, Stieler J, Roll L, Riess H, Dörken B, et al.A prospective, randomized trial of simultaneous pancreatic cancer treatment with enoxaparin and chemotherapy (PROSPECT - CONKO 004). Onkologie 2005; Vol. 28 Suppl 3:Abstract 151.
35. Pelzer U, Oettle H, Stauch M, Opitz B, Stieler J, Scholten T, et al.Prospective, randomized open trial of enoxaparin in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer undergoing first-line chemotherapy. XXIst Congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis; 2007 Jul 6-12; Geneva. 2007:Abstract P-T-488.
36. Riess H, Pelzer U, Hilbig A, Stieler J, Opitz B, Scholten T, et al.Rationale and design of PROSPECT-CONKO 004: a prospective, randomized trial of simultaneous pancreatic cancer treatment with enoxaparin and chemotherapy). BMC Cancer 2008;8:361.
37. Perry JR, Julian JA, Laperriere NJ, Geerts W, Agnelli G, Rogers LR, et al.PRODIGE: a randomized placebo-controlled trial of dalteparin low-molecular-weight heparin thromboprophylaxis in patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2010;8(9):1959-65.
38. Perry JR, Rogers L, Laperriere N, Julian J, Geerts W, Agnelli G, et al.PRODIGE: A phase III randomized placebo-controlled trial of thromboprophylaxis using dalteparin low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2007;25(18 Suppl):2011.
39. Sideras K, Schaefer PL, Okuno SH, Sloan JA, Kutteh L, Fitch TR, et al.Low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with advanced cancer: a phase 3 clinical trial. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2006;81(6):758-67.
40. van Doormaal FF, Di Nisio M, Otten H-M, Richel DJ, Prins M, Buller HR. Randomized trial of the effect of the low molecular weight heparin nadroparin on survival in patients with cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011;29(15):2071-6.
41. Zacharski LR, Henderson WG, Rickles FR, Forman WB, Cornell CJ Jr, Forcier RJ, et al.Effect of warfarin anticoagulation on survival in carcinoma of the lung, colon, head and neck, and prostate. Final report of VA Cooperative Study #75. Cancer 1984;53(10):2046-52.
42. Zacharski LR, Henderson WG, Rickles FR, Forman WB, Cornell CJ Jr, Forcier RJ, et al.Effect of warfarin on survival in small cell carcinoma of the lung. Veterans Administration Study No. 75. JAMA 1981;245(8):831-5.
43. Zwicker JI, Liebman HA, Bauer KA, Caughey T, Campigotto F, Rosovsky R, et al.Prediction and prevention of thromboembolic events with enoxaparin in cancer patients with elevated tissue factor-bearing microparticles: a randomized-controlled phase II trial (the Microtec study). British Journal of Haematology 2013;160(4):530-7.
44. NCT00324558. Multicenter, randomized, open and sequential study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bemiparin administration on the response to treatment in patients diagnosed with limited small cell lung cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov 2006 (accessed 29 July 2014).
45. Baz R, Li L, Kottke-Marchant K, Srkalovic G, McGowan B, Yiannaki E, et al.The role of aspirin in the prevention of thrombotic complications of thalidomide and anthracycline-based chemotherapy for multiple myeloma. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2005;80(12):1568-74.
46. Bergqvist D, Lindblad B. Is it possible to potentiate the thromboprophylactic effect of dextran with elastic compression stockings?. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1983; Vol. 50, issue 1:247 Abstract 0777.
47. Eichinger S, Traby L, Kaider A, Quehenberger P, Kyrle PA. Prevention of venous thrombosis in cancer patients: A randomized, double-blind study comparing two different dosages of low-molecular weight heparin. Blood 2008;112(11):690 Abstract 1977.
48. Haas S, Schellong SM, Tebbe U, Gerlach H-E, Bauersachs R, Melzer N, et al.Heparin based prophylaxis to prevent venous thromboembolic events and death in patients with cancer - a subgroup analysis of CERTIFY. BMC Cancer 2011;11:316.
49. Heilmann L, Schneider D, Herrle B, von Tempelhoff G-F, Manstein J, Wolf H. A prospective randomized trial of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus unfractionated heparin (UFH) in patients with gynecologic cancer. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1995; Vol. 73, issue 6:974 Abstract No 286.
50. Hills NH, Pflug JJ, Jeyasingh K, Boardman L, Calnan JS. Prevention of deep vein thrombosis by intermittent pneumatic compression of calf. British Medical Journal 1972;1(5793):131-5.
51. Kessler P. Prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with multiple myeloma. Onkologie 2011;5(3):160-2.
52. Kessler P, Pour L, Gregora E, Zemanova M, Penka M, Brejcha M, et al.Czech Myeloma Group. Low molecular weight heparins for thromboprophylaxis during induction chemotherapy in patients with multiple myeloma. Klinicka Onkologie 2011;24(4):281-6.
53. NCT00004875. Heparin or enoxaparin in patients with cancer. Clinicaltrials.gov 2007 (accessed 29 July 2014).
54. NCT00790452. A randomized phase II trial of aspirin for primary prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in glioblastoma. Clinicaltrials.gov 2008 (accessed 29 July 2014).
55. Anonymous. Heparin versus dextran in the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis. A multi-unit controlled trial. Lancet 1974;2(7873):118-20.
56. Maxwell GL. A prospective randomized trial comparing external pneumatic compression stockings (EPC) to the low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) dalteparin in the prevention of thromboembolic events (TE) among gynecologic oncology patients. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2000; Vol. 19:388a, Abstract 1535.
57. Meister B, Kropshofer G, Klein Franke A, Strasak AM, Hager J, Streif W. Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin and antithrombin versus antithrombin alone for the prevention of symptomatic venous thromboembolism in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric Blood and Cancer 2008;50(2):298-303.
58. Minnema MC, Breitkreutz I, Auwerda JJ, van-der Holt B, Cremer FW, van-Marion AM, et al.Prevention of venous thromboembolism with low molecular-weight heparin in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide and chemotherapy. Leukemia 2004;18(12):2044-6.
59. Niesvizky R, Martinez-Banos D, Jalbrzikowski J, Christos P, Furst J, De Sancho M, et al.Prophylactic low-dose aspirin is effective antithrombotic therapy for combination treatments of thalidomide or lenalidomide in myeloma. Leukemia and Lymphoma 2007;48(12):2330-7.
60. NCT00031837. A prospective randomized controlled multicenter study of the effect of dalteparin on quality of life in unresectable pancreatic cancer. Clinicaltrials.gov 2002 (accessed 29 July 2014).
61. Paydas S. Tailored thromboprophylaxis for patients with multiple myeloma treated by IMIDs. Leukemia and Lymphoma 2008;49(8):1644-5.
62. Poniewierski M, Barthels M, Kuhn M, Poliwoda H. Efficacy of low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin) for thromboprophylaxis in medical patients: A randomized double blind trial. Medizinische Klinik 1988;83(7):241-5.
63. Poniewierski M, Barthels M, Poliwoda H. The safety and efficacy of a low molecular weight heparin (fragmin) in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in medical patients: a randomized double-blind trial. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1987; Vol. 58, issue 1:119 Abstract 425.
64. Rajan R, Gafni A, Levine M, Hirsh J, Gent M. Very low-dose warfarin prophylaxis to prevent thromboembolism in women with metastatic breast cancer receiving chemotherapy: an economic evaluation. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1995;13(1):42-6.
65. Sideras K, Schaefer PL, Okuno SH. Low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with advanced cancer: A phase 3 clinical trial. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2007; Vol. 45, issue 4:861.
66. Weber C, Merminod T, Herrmann FR, Zulian GB. Prophylactic anti-coagulation in cancer palliative care:a prospective randomised study. Support Care in Cancer 2008;16(7):847-52.
67. Welti H. Thrombo-embolytic prophylaxis using physiotherapy with and without low doses of heparin in gynecology and obstetrics. Results of a controlled and randomized multi-cancer study. Revue Medicale de la Suisse Romande 1981;101(11):925-34.
68. Zangari M, Barlogie B, Saghafifar F, Eddlemon P, Jacobson J, Lee CK, et al.Effect of anticoagulation on development and recurrence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in multiple myeloma patients treated with chemotherapy and thalidomide (total therapy II). Hematology Journal 2003;4 Suppl 1:S248.
69. Salat C, Breitruck H, Reinhardt B, Hiller E. Thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and conventional low dose heparin in patients with malignant diseases. Blut 1990;61(2-3):142.
70. NCT00239980. A phase II randomized study of Fragmin in ovarian cancer: utility on survival (FOCUS). Clinicaltrials.gov (accessed 29 July 2014). [URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00239980?term=NCT00239980&rank=1]
71. NCT00320255. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of apixaban for the prevention of thromboembolic events in patients undergoing treatment for advanced cancer: a phase II pilot study. Clinicaltrials.gov (accessed 29 July 2014). [URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00320255?term=NCT00320255&rank=1]
72. Griffiths GO, Burns S, Noble SI, Macbeth FR, Cohen D, Maughan TS. FRAGMATIC: a randomised phase III clinical trial investigating the effect of fragmin added to standard therapy in patients with lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2009;9:355.
73. NCT00662688. Chemotherapy with or without preventive anticoagulation for metastatic cancer of the pancreas. Clinicaltrials.gov (accessed 29 July 2014). [URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00662688?term=NCT00662688&rank=1]
74. NCT00718354. Randomized, phase III-b, multi-centre, open-label, parallel study of Enoxaparin (low molecular weight heparin) given concomitantly with chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone in patients with inoperable gastric and gastro-oesophageal cancer. Clinicaltrials.gov (accessed 29 July 2014). [URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00718354?term=NCT00718354&rank=1]
75. NCT00876915. A prospective randomized multicenter study of dalteparin prophylaxis in high-risk ambulatory cancer patients. Clinicaltrials.gov (accessed 29 July 2014). [URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00876915?term=NCT00876915&rank=1]
76. NCT00966277. Randomized clinical trial of dalteparin for primary venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in pancreatic cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment. Clinicaltrials.gov (accessed 29 July 2014). [URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00966277?term=NCT00966277&rank=1]
77. Aikens GB, Rivey MP, Hansen CJ. Primary venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in ambulatory cancer patients. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2013;47(2):198-209.
78. Akl EA, Vasireddi SR, Gunukula S, Yosuico VED, Barba M, Sperati F, et al.Anticoagulation for patients with cancer and central venous catheters. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006468.pub4]
79. Ay C, Dunkler D, Marosi C, Chiriac AL, Vormittag R, Simanek R, et al.Prediction of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients. Blood 2010;116(24):5377-82.
80. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials 1986;7:177-88.
81. European Medicines Agency (EMEA). Withdrawal of the marketing authorisation application for Mulsevo (semuloparin sodium). http://www.emea.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Medicine_QA/2012/07/WC500130168.pdf 2012 (Accessed 11 December 2012).
82. George D, Agnelli G, Fisher W, Kakkar A, Lassen MR, Mismetti P, et al.Venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention with semuloparin in cancer patients Initiating chemotherapy: benefit-risk assessment by VTE risk in SAVE-ONCO. Blood 2011;118: Abstract 206.
83. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE Working Group. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336(7656):924-6.
84. Harbord RM, Egger M, Sterne JA. A modified test for small-study effects in meta-analyses of controlled trials with binary endpoints. Statistics in Medicine 2006;25(20):3443-57.
85. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557-60.
86. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
87. Hutten B, Prins M, Gent M, Ginsberg J, Tijsen JG, Büller HR. Incidence of recurrent thromboembolic and bleeding complications among patients with venous thromboembolism in relation to both malignancy and achieved international normalized ratio: a retrospective analysis. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2000;18(17):3078-83.
88. Juni P, Altman DG, Egger M. Systematic reviews in health care: Assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials. BMJ 2001;323(7303):42-6.
89. Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, Cushman M, Dentali F, Akl EA, et al.Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th edition: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2012;141(2 Suppl):e195S-226S.
90. Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, Culakova E, Lyman GH, Francis CW. Development and validation of a predictive model for chemotherapy-associated thrombosis. Blood 2008;111(10):4902-7.
91. Khorana AA, Connolly GC. Assessing risk of venous thromboembolism in the patient with cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009;27(29):4839-47.
92. Khorana AA, Streiff MB, Farge D, Mandala M, Debourdeau P, Cajfinger F, et al.Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in cancer: a consensus statement of major guidelines panels and call to action. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009;27(29):4919-26.
93. Kuderer NM, Khorana AA, Francis CW, Lyman GH, Falanga A, Ortel TL. Low-molecular-weight heparin for venous thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Oncology. ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition) 2009;27(15S):9537.
94. Lyman GH, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, Lee AY, Arcelus JI, Balaban EP, et al.Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2013;31(24):2189-204.
95. Maxwell WD, Bennett CL. Thromboprophylaxis guidelines in cancer with a primary focus on ambulatory patients receiving chemotherapy: a review from the southern network on adverse reactions (SONAR). Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 2012;38(8):759-67.
96. Otten H-M, Mathijssen J, ten Cate H, Soesan M, Inghels M, Richel DJ, et al.Symptomatic venous thromboembolism in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. An underestimated phenomenon. Archives of Internal Medicine 2004;164(2):190-4.
97. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Piccioli A, Bernardi E, Simioni P, Girolami B, et al.Recurrent venous thromboembolism and bleeding complications during anticoagulant treatment in patients with cancer and venous thrombosis. Blood 2002;100(10):3484-8.
98. Rana P, Levine MN. Prevention of thrombosis in ambulatory patients with cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009;27(29):4885-8.
99. Rutjes AW, Nüesch E, Sterchi R, Kalichman L, Hendriks E, Osiri M, et al.Transcutaneous electrostimulation for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002823.pub2]
100. Rutjes AW, Juni P, da Costa BR, Trelle S, Nuesch E, Reichenbach S. Viscosupplementation for osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine 2012;157(3):180-91.
101. 2 in assessing heterogeneity may mislead. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008;8(1):79.
102. Sorensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Olsen JH, Baron JA. Prognosis of cancers associated with venous thromboembolism. The New England Journal of Medicine 2000;343(25):1846-50.
103. Spiegelhalter DJ, Abrams KR, Myles JP. Bayesian approaches to clinical trials and health-care evaluation. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
104. Sterne JA, Egger M. Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis: guidelines on choice of axis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2001;54(10):1046-55.
105. Thompson SG, Sharp SJ. Explaining heterogeneity in meta-analysis: a comparison of methods. Statistics in Medicine 1999;18(20):2693-708.
106. Verso M, Agnelli G, Barni S, Gasparini G, LaBianca R. A modified Khorana risk assessment score for venous thromboembolism in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: the Protecht score. Internal and Emergency Medicine 2012;7(3):291-2.
107. Weitz JI, Eikelboom JW, Samama MM, American College of Chest Physicians. New antithrombotic drugs: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th edition: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2012;141(2 Suppl):e120S-51S.
108. Di Nisio M, Porreca E, Ferrante N, Otten HM, Cuccurullo F, Rutjes AWS. Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in ambulatory cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008500.pub2]