Does social support buffer the effects of occupational stress on sleep quality among paramedics? A daily diary study

Journal of Occupational Health Psychology

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 71-85

  Pow, Jessie ^a   King, David B ^a   Stephenson, Ellen ^a   DeLongis, Anita ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Buffering hypothesis; Occupational stress; Shift workers; Sleep; Social support

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; JOB STRESS; MALE; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL; PERCEPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SHIFT WORKER; SLEEP QUALITY; SOCIAL SUPPORT; WAKEFULNESS; WORKING TIME; CANADA; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MEDICAL RECORD; MENTAL STRESS; MIDDLE AGED; MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; PSYCHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS; WORK SCHEDULE;

ADULT; ALLIED HEALTH PERSONNEL; CANADA; FEMALE; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MEDICAL RECORDS; MIDDLE AGED; MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; WORK SCHEDULE TOLERANCE;

EID: 84957683686     PISSN: 10768998     EISSN: 19391307     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0040107     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Akerstedt, T. (2003). Shift work and disturbed sleep/wakefulness. Occupational Medicine, 53, 89-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqg046
2. Akerstedt, T. (2006). Psychosocial stress and impaired sleep. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 32, 493-501. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.5271/sjweh.1054
3. Akerstedt, T., Fredlund, P., Gillberg, M., & Jansson, B. (2002). Work load and work hours in relation to disturbed sleep and fatigue in a large representative sample. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 585-588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00447-6
4. Akerstedt, T., Kecklund, G., & Axelsson, J. (2007). Impaired sleep after bedtime stress and worries. Biological Psychology, 76, 170-173. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.07.010
5. Akerstedt, T., Kecklund, G., & Gillberg, M. (2007). Sleep and sleepiness in relation to stress and displaced work hours. Physiology & Behavior, 92, 250-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.044
6. Akerstedt, T., & Wright, K. P., Jr. (2009). Sleep loss and fatigue in shift work and shift work disorder. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 4, 257-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.03.001
7. Alexander, D. A., & Klein, S. (2001). Ambulance personnel and critical incidents: Impact of accident and emergency work on mental health and emotional well-being. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 76-81. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.1.76
8. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: Author.
9. Bobko, P., Roth, P., & Bobko, C. (2001). Correcting the effect size of d for range restriction and unreliability. Organizational Research Methods, 4, 46-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109442810141003
10. Bolger, N., & Amarel, D. (2007). Effects of social support visibility on adjustment to stress: Experimental evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 458-475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.458
11. Bolger, N., Davis, A., & Rafaeli, E. (2003). Diary methods: Capturing life as it is lived. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 579-616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145030
12. Bolger, N., DeLongis, A., Kessler, R. C., & Schilling, E. A. (1989). Effects of daily stress on negative mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 808-818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.808
13. Bolger, N., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2013). Intensive longitudinal methods: An introduction to diary and experience sampling research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
14. Bolger, N., Stadler, G., Paprocki, C., & DeLongis, A. (2009). Grounding social psychology in behavior in daily life: The case of conflict and distress in couples. In C. R. Agnew, D. E. Carlston, W. G. Graziano, & J. R. Kelly (Eds.), Then a miracle occurs: Focusing on behavior in social psychological theory and research (pp. 368-390). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/ 9780195377798.003.0019
15. Bolger, N., Zuckerman, A., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Invisible support and adjustment to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 953-961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.953
16. Broadwell, S. D., & Light, K. C. (1999). Family support and cardiovascular responses in married couples during conflict and other interactions. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 6, 40-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0601_4
17. Brosschot, J. F., Pieper, S., & Thayer, J. F. (2005). Expanding stress theory: Prolonged activation and perseverative cognition. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 1043-1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.008
18. Brown, B. B. (1978). Social and psychological correlates of help-seeking behavior among urban adults. American Journal of Community Psychology, 6, 425-439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00941419
19. Brummett, B. H., Babyak, M. A., Siegler, I. C., Vitaliano, P. P., Ballard, E. L., Gwyther, L. P., & Williams, R. B. (2006). Associations among perceptions of social support, negative affect, and quality of sleep in caregivers and noncaregivers. Health Psychology, 25, 220-225. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.25.2.220
20. Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28, 193-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
21. Byles, J. E., Mishra, G. D., Harris, M. A., & Nair, K. (2003). The problems of sleep for older women: Changes in health outcomes. Age and Ageing, 32, 154-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/32.2.154
22. Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M. (1983). Positive events and social support as buffers of life change stress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 99-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb02325.x
23. Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T., & Hoberman, H. M. (1985). Measuring the functional components of social support. In I. G. Sarason & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research and applications (pp. 73-94). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5115-0_5
24. Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
25. Costa, G. (1996). The impact of shift and night work on health. Applied Ergonomics, 27, 9-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870(95) 00047-X
26. Coyne, J. C., & DeLongis, A. (1986). Going beyond social support: The role of social relationships in adaptation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 454-460.
27. Crain, T. L., Hammer, L. B., Bodner, T., Kossek, E. E., Moen, P., Lilienthal, R., & Buxton, O. M. (2014). Work-family conflict, familysupportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB), and sleep outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19, 155-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036010
28. DeLongis, A., Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). The impact of daily stress on health and mood: Psychological and social resources as mediators. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 486-495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.3.486
29. DeLongis, A., & Holtzman, S. (2005). Coping in context: The role of stress, social support, and personality in coping. Journal of Personality, 73, 1633-1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00361.x
30. DeLongis, A., Holtzman, S., Puterman, E., & Lam, M. (2010). Dyadic coping: Support from the spouse in times of stress. In J. Davila & K. Sullivan (Eds.), Social Support Processes in Intimate Relationships (pp. 151-174). New York, NY: Oxford Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ acprof:oso/9780195380170.003.0006
31. Doi, Y., Minowa, M., & Tango, T. (2003). Impact and correlates of poor sleep quality in Japanese white-collar employees. Sleep, 26, 467-471.
32. Drake, C. L., Roehrs, T., Richardson, G., Walsh, J. K., & Roth, T. (2004). Shift work sleep disorder: Prevalence and consequences beyond that of symptomatic day workers. Sleep, 27, 1453-1462.
33. Fabsitz, R. R., Sholinsky, P., & Goldberg, J. (1997). Correlates of sleep problems among men: The Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Journal of Sleep Research, 6, 50-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.1997.00026.x
34. Fortmann, A. L., & Gallo, L. C. (2013). Social support and nocturnal blood pressure dipping: A systematic review. American Journal of Hypertension, 26, 302-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hps041
35. Fuligni, A. J., & Hardway, C. (2006). Daily variation in adolescents- sleep, activities, and psychological well-being. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16, 353-378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00498.x
36. Gleason, M. E., Iida, M., Bolger, N., & Shrout, P. E. (2003). Daily supportive equity in close relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1036 - 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014616 7203253473
37. Gleason, M. E., Iida, M., Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2008). Receiving support as a mixed blessing: Evidence for dual effects of support on psychological outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 824-838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.824
38. Groeger, J. A., Zijlstra, F. R. H., & Dijk, D. J. (2004). Sleep quantity, sleep difficulties and their perceived consequences in a representative sample of some 2,000 British adults. Journal of Sleep Research, 13, 359-371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2004.00418.x
39. Grossi, G., Perski, A., Evengård, B., Blomkvist, V., & Orth-Gomér, K. (2003). Physiological correlates of burnout among women. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55, 309-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0022-3999(02)00633-5
40. Hall, M., Buysse, D. J., Nofzinger, E. A., Reynolds, C. F., Thompson, W., Mazumdar, S., & Monk, T. H. (2008). Financial strain is a significant correlate of sleep continuity disturbances in late-life. Biological Psychology, 77, 217-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.10.012
41. Hanson, L. L., Akerstedt, T., Näswall, K., Leineweber, C., Theorell, T., & Westerlund, H. (2011). Cross-lagged relationships between workplace demands, control, support, and sleep problems. Sleep, 34, 1403-1410.
42. Hanson, M. D., & Chen, E. (2010). Daily stress, cortisol, and sleep: The moderating role of childhood psychosocial environments. Health Psychology, 29, 394-402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0019879
43. House, J. S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
44. Hubalek, S., Brink, M., & Schierz, C. (2010). Office workers daily exposure to light and its influence on sleep quality and mood. Lighting Research & Technology, 42, 33-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 1477153509355632
45. Kim, E.-J., & Dimsdale, J. E. (2007). The effect of psychosocial stress on sleep: A review of polysomnographic evidence. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 5, 256-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15402000701557383
46. King, D. B., & DeLongis, A. (2014). When couples disconnect: Rumination and withdrawal as maladaptive responses to everyday stress. Journal of Family Psychology, 28, 460-469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037160
47. Kunz-Ebrecht, S. R., Kirschbaum, C., Marmot, M., & Steptoe, A. (2004). Differences in cortisol awakening response on work days and weekends in women and men from the Whitehall II cohort. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 516-528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00072-6
48. Lauderdale, D. S., Knutson, K. L., Yan, L. L., Liu, K., & Rathouz, P. J. (2008). Sleep duration: How well do self-reports reflect objective measures? The CARDIA Sleep Study. Epidemiology, 19, 838-845. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e318187a7b0
49. Lund, H. G., Reider, B. D., Whiting, A. B., & Prichard, J. R. (2010). Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 46, 124-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.016
50. Lustberg, L., & Reynolds, C. F., (2000). Depression and insomnia: Questions of cause and effect. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 4, 253-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/smrv.1999.0075
51. McClure, M. J., Xu, J. H., Craw, J. P., Lane, S. P., Bolger, N., & Shrout, P. E. (2014). Understanding the costs of support transactions in daily life. Journal of Personality, 82, 563-574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12061
52. Meijman, T. F., & Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In P. J. D. Drenth & H. Thierry (Eds.), Handbook of work and organizational psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 5-33). Hove, England: Psychology.
53. Meisinger, C., Heier, M., & Loewel, H., & the MONICAKORA Augsburg Cohort Study. (2005). Sleep disturbance as a predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men and women from the general population. Diabetologia, 48, 235-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-004-1604-3
54. Melamed, S., Ugarten, U., Shirom, A., Kahana, L., Lerman, Y., & Froom, P. (1999). Chronic burnout, somatic arousal and elevated salivary cortisol levels. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 46, 591-598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(99)00007-0
55. Mezick, E. J., Matthews, K. A., Hall, M., Kamarck, T. W., Buysse, D. J., Owens, J. F., & Reis, S. E. (2009). Intra-individual variability in sleep duration and fragmentation: Associations with stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 1346-1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.04.005
56. Nakata, A., Haratani, T., Takahashi, M., Kawakami, N., Arito, H., Fujioka, Y.,. Araki, S. (2001). Job stress, social support at work, and insomnia in Japanese shift workers. Journal of Human Ergology, 30, 203-209.
57. Nilsson, P. M., Rööst, M., Engström, G., Hedblad, B., & Berglund, G. (2004). Incidence of diabetes in middle-aged men is related to sleep disturbances. Diabetes Care, 27, 2464-2469. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/ diacare.27.10.2464
58. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Davis, C. G. (1999). Thanks for sharing that: Ruminators and their social support networks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 801-814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.801
59. Nordin, M., Knutsson, A., & Sundbom, E. (2008). Is disturbed sleep a mediator in the association between social support and myocardial infarction? Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 55-64. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1177/1359105307084312
60. Nordin, M., Westerholm, P., Alfredsson, L., & Akerstedt, T. (2012). Social support and sleep. Longitudinal relationships from the WOLF-study. Psychology, 3, 1223-1230.
61. Pearlin, L. I., Lieberman, M. A., Menaghan, E. G., & Mullan, J. T. (1981). The stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 337-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2136676
62. Perlis, M. L., McCall, W. V., Jungquist, C. R., Pigeon, W. R., & Matteson, S. E. (2005). Placebo effects in primary insomnia. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 9, 381-389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2005.05.001
63. Pilcher, J. J., Ginter, D. R., & Sadowsky, B. (1997). Sleep quality versus sleep quantity: Relationships between sleep and measures of health, well-being and sleepiness in college students. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 42, 583-596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(97) 00004-4
64. Pinquart, M. (2003). Loneliness in married, widowed, divorced, and nevermarried older adults. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20, 31-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02654075030201002
65. Pirrallo, R. G., Loomis, C. C., Levine, R., & Woodson, B. T. (2012). The prevalence of sleep problems in emergency medical technicians. Sleep and Breathing, 16, 149-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11325-010-0467-8
66. Puterman, E., DeLongis, A., & Pomaki, G. (2010). Protecting us from ourselves: Social support as a buffer of trait and state rumination. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29, 797-820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.7.797
67. Rabkin, J. G., & Struening, E. L. (1976). Live events, stress, and illness. Science, 194, 1013-1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.790570
68. Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
69. Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S., Cheong, Y. F., & Congdon, R. T. (2004). HLM 6: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling [Computer software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
70. Regehr, C., Goldberg, G., & Hughes, J. (2002). Exposure to human tragedy, empathy, and trauma in ambulance paramedics. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72, 505-513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.72.4.505
71. Regehr, C., & Millar, D. (2007). Situation critical: High demand, low control, and low support in paramedic organizations. Traumatology, 13, 49-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534765607299912
72. Roth, T., & Roehrs, T. (2003). Insomnia: Epidemiology, characteristics, and consequences. Clinical Cornerstone, 5, 5-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1098-3597(03)90031-7
73. Rutledge, T., Stucky, E., Dollarhide, A., Shively, M., Jain, S., Wolfson, T., Dresselhaus, T. (2009). A real-time assessment of work stress in physicians and nurses. Health Psychology, 28, 194-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013145
74. Saksvik, I. B., Bjorvatn, B., Hetland, H., Sandal, G. M., & Pallesen, S. (2011). Individual differences in shift work tolerance. A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 15, 221-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2010.07.002
75. Schneiderman, N., Ironson, G., & Siegel, S. D. (2005). Stress and health: Psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 607-628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141
76. Shrout, P. E., Herman, C. M., & Bolger, N. (2006). The costs and benefits of practical and emotional support on adjustment: A daily diary study of couples experiencing acute stress. Personal Relationships, 13, 115-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00108.x
77. Sinokki, M., Ahola, K., Hinkka, K., Sallinen, M., Hrmä, M., Puukka, P.,Virtanen, M. (2010). The association of social support at work andin private life with sleeping problems in the Finnish Health 2000 study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 52, 54-61.http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181c5c373
78. Snijders, T., & Bosker, R. (1999). Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. London, United Kingdom: Sage.
79. Söderström, M., Ekstedt, M., Akerstedt, T., Nilsson, J., & Axelsson, J. (2004). Sleep and sleepiness in young individuals with high burnout scores. Sleep, 27, 1369-1377.
80. Syrek, C. J., & Antoni, C. H. (2014). Unfinished tasks foster rumination and impair sleepingparticularly if leaders have high performance expectations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19, 490-499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037127
81. Taylor, D. J., Lichstein, K. L., Durrence, H. H., Reidel, B. W., & Bush, A. J. (2005). Epidemiology of insomnia, depression, and anxiety. Sleep, 28, 1457-1464.
82. Taylor, S. E. (2007). Social support. In H. S. Friedman & R. C. Silver (Eds.), Foundations of health psychology (pp. 145-163). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
83. Taylor, S. E. (2011). Social support: A review. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of health psychology (pp. 189-214). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
84. The World Family Map. (2013). Family structure. Retrieved from http:// worldfamilymap.org/2013/articles/world-family-indicators/familystructure
85. Thoits, P. A. (1986). Social support as coping assistance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 416-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.54.4.416
86. Troxel, W. M., Buysse, D. J., Hall, M., & Matthews, K. A. (2009). Marital happiness and sleep disturbances in a multi-ethnic sample of middleaged women. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 7, 2-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15402000802577736
87. Uchino, B. N. (2009). Understanding the links between social support and physical health: A life-span perspective with emphasis on the separability of perceived and received support. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 236-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01122.x
88. Uchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1996). The relationship between social support and physiological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for
89. Umberson, D., & Montez, J. K. (2010). Social relationships and health: A flashpoint for health policy. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, S54-S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383501
90. Urponen, H., Vuori, I., Hasan, J., & Partinen, M. (1988). Self-evaluations of factors promoting and disturbing sleep: An epidemiological survey in Finland. Social Science & Medicine, 26, 443-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(88)90313-9
91. Utsugi, M., Saijo, Y., Yoshioka, E., Horikawa, N., Sato, T., Gong, Y., & Kishi, R. (2005). Relationships of occupational stress to insomnia and short sleep in Japanese workers. Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research, 28, 728-735.
92. Vahle-Hinz, T., Bamberg, E., Dettmers, J., Friedrich, N., & Keller, M. (2014). Effects of work stress on work-related rumination, restful sleep, and nocturnal heart rate variability experienced on workdays and weekends. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19, 217-230. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036009
93. Vahtera, J., Kivimäki, M., Hublin, C., Korkeila, K., Suominen, S., Paunio, T., & Koskenvuo, M. (2007). Liability to anxiety and severe life events as predictors of new-onset sleep disturbances. Sleep, 30, 1537-1546.
94. van Diest, R. (1990). Subjective sleep characteristics as coronary risk factors, their association with Type A behaviour and vital exhaustion. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 34, 415-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(90)90065-C
95. van Hooff, M. L., Geurts, S. A., Kompier, M. A., & Taris, T. W. (2007). Workdays, in-between workdays and the weekend: A diary study on effort and recovery. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 80, 599-613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0172-5
96. Van Laethem, M., Beckers, D. G., Kompier, M. A., Dijksterhuis, A., & Geurts, S. A. (2013). Psychosocial work characteristics and sleep quality: A systematic review of longitudinal and intervention research. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 39, 535-549. http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3376
97. Viswesvaran, C., Sanchez, J. I., & Fisher, J. (1999). The role of social support in the process of work stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 314-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1661
98. Vitale, J. A., Roveda, E., Montaruli, A., Galasso, L., Weydahl, A., Caumo, A., & Carandente, F. (2015). Chronotype influences activity circadian rhythm and sleep: Differences in sleep quality between weekdays and weekend. Chronobiology International, 32, 405-415. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3109/07420528.2014.986273
99. Wade, A. G. (2010). The societal costs of insomnia. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 7, 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S15123
100. Wethington, E., & Kessler, R. C. (1986). Perceived support, received support, and adjustment to stressful life events. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27, 78-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2136504
101. Wills, T. A. (1991). Social support and interpersonal relationships. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Prosocial behaviour (pp. 265-289). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
102. Woltman, H., Feldstain, A., MacKay, J. C., & Rocchi, M. (2012). An introduction to hierarchical linear modeling. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 8, 52-69.