Effects of social support visibility on adjustment to stress: Experimental evidence

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 92, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 458-475

  Bolger, Niall ^a   Amarel, David ^b  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Mental health; Process analysis; Relationships; Social support; Stress and coping

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADULT; ARTICLE; AWARENESS; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADULT; AWARENESS; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 33947494959     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.458     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Abraido-Lanza, A. F. (2004). Social support and psychological adjustment among Latinas with arthritis: A test of a theoretical model. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 27, 162-171.
2. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
3. Barrera, M., Jr. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 413-445.
4. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
5. Berkman, L. F. (1995). The role of social relations in health promotion. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 245-254.
6. Berkman, L. F., Glass, T., Brissette, I., & Seeman, T. E. (2000). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social Science and Medicine, 51, 843-857.
7. Berscheid, E. (1983). Emotion. In H. H. Kelley, E. Berscheid, A. Christensen, J. H. Harvey, T. L. Huston, G. Levinger, et al. (Eds.), Close relationships (pp. 110-168). New York: W. H. Freeman.
8. Bolger, N., & Eckenrode, J. (1991). Social relationships, personality, and anxiety during a major stressful event. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 440-449.
9. Bolger, N., Zuckerman, A., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Invisible support and adjustment to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 953-961.
10. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
11. Brewer, M. B. (2000). Research design and issues of validity. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 3-16). New York: Cambridge University Press.
12. Buunk, B. P., & Hoorens, V. (1992). Social support and stress: The role of social comparison and social exchange processes. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 445-457.
13. Carnegie, D. (1990). The quick and easy way to effective public speaking. New York: Pocket/Simon & Schuster.
14. Clark, M. S., & Mills, J. (1979). Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 12-24.
15. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
16. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
17. Cohen, S. (1992). Stress, social support, and disorder. In H. O. F. Veiel & U. Baumann (Eds.), The meaning and measurement of social support (pp. 109-124). New York: Hemisphere.
18. Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357.
19. Collins, N. L., Dunkel-Schetter, C., Lobel, M., & Scrimshaw, S. C. M. (1993). Social support in pregnancy: Psychosocial correlates of birth outcomes and postpartum depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1243-1258.
20. Collins, R. L. (1996). For better or worse: The impact of upward social comparison on self-evaluations. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 51-69.
21. Cook, T. D., & Groom, C. (2004). The methodological assumptions of social psychology: The mutual dependence of substantive theory and method choice. In C. Sansone, C. C. Morf, & A. T. l. Panter (Eds.), The Sage handbook of methods in social psychology (pp. 19-44). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
22. Cooley, C. H. (1902/1983). Human nature and the social order. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
23. Coyne, J. C., & Bolger, N. (1990). Doing without social support as an explanatory concept. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 148-158.
24. Coyne, J. C., Wortman, C. B., & Lehman, D. R. (1988). The other side of support: Emotional overinvolvement and miscarried helping. In B. H. Gottlieb (Ed.), Marshaling social support: Formats, processes, and effects (pp. 305-330). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
25. Cranford, J. A., Shrout, P. E., Iida, M., Rafaeli, E., Yip, T., & Bolger, N. (2006). A procedure for evaluating sensitivity to within-person change: Can mood measures in diary studies detect change reliably? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 917-929.
26. Cronbach, L. J., & Furby, L. (1970). How should we measure "change"- or should we? Psychological Bulletin, 74, 68-80.
27. Cutrona, C. E. (1996). Social support in couples: Marriage as a resource in times of stress. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
28. Cutrona, C. E., & Cole, V. (2000). Optimizing support in the natural network. In S. Cohen, L. G. Underwood, & B. H. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 278-308). New York: Oxford University Press.
29. Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1990). Type of support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 319-366). New York: Wiley.
30. Derlega, V. J., Barbee, A. P., & Winstead, B. A. (1994). Friendship, gender, and social support: Laboratory studies of supportive interactions. In B. R. Burleson, T. L. Albrecht, & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Communication of social support: Messages, interactions, relationships, and community (pp. 136-151). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
31. Dunkel-Schetter, C., & Bennett, T. L. (1990). Differentiating the cognitive and behavioral aspects of social support. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 267-296). New York: Wiley.
32. Feldman, S. I., Downey, G., & Schaffer-Neitz, R. (1999). Pain, negative mood, and perceived support in chronic pain patients: A daily diary study of people with reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 776-785.
33. Fisher, J. D., Nadler, A., & Whitcher-Alagna, S. (1982). Recipient reactions to aid. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 27-54.
34. Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barnett, C. L. (2003). The relational context of social support: Relationship satisfaction moderates the relations between enacted support and distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1133-1146.
35. Gleason, M. E. J., Iida, M., Bolger, N., & Shrout, P. E. (2003). Daily supportive equity in close relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1036-1045.
36. Hagedoorn, M., Kuijer, R. G., Buunk, B. P., DeJong, G., Wobbes, T., & Sanderman, R. (2000). Marital satisfaction in patients with cancer: Does support from intimate partners benefit those who need it most? Health Psychology, 19, 274-282.
37. Helgeson, V. S. (1993). Two important distinctions in social support: Kind of support and perceived versus received. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 825-845.
38. Hobfoll, S. E., & Vaux, A. (1993). Social support: Social resources and social context. In L. Goldberger & S. Breznitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects (2nd ed., pp. 685-705). New York: Free Press.
39. House, J. S., Kahn, R. L., McLeod, J. D., & Williams, D. (1985). Measures and concepts of social support. In S. Cohen & S. L. Syme (Eds.), Social support and health (pp. 83-108). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
40. House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988, July 29). Social relationships and health. Science, 241, 540-545.
41. House, J. S., Umberson, D., & Landis, K. R. (1988). Structures and processes of social support. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 293-318.
42. Hoyle, R. H., & Robinson, J. C. (2004). Mediated and moderated effects in social psychological research: Measurement, design, and analysis issues. In C. Sanson, C. C. Morf, & A. T. Panter (Eds.), The Sage handbook of methods in social psychology (pp. 213-233). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
43. Jung, J. (1987). Toward a social psychology of social support. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 8, 57-83.
44. Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Bolger, N. (1998). Data analysis in social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 233-265). New York: McGraw-Hill.
45. Kutner, M. H., Nachtsheim, C. J., Neter, J., & Li, W. (2005). Applied linear statistical models (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
46. Lakey, B., & Drew, J. B. (1997). A social-cognitive perspective on social support. In G. R. Pierce & B. Lakey (Eds.), Sourcebook of social support and personality (pp. 107-140). New York: Plenum Press.
47. Leatham, G., & Duck, S. (1990). Conversations with friends and the dynamics of social support. In S. Duck (Ed.), Personal relationships and social support (pp. 1-29). London: Sage.
48. Lehman, D. R., Ellard, J. H., & Wortman, C. B. (1986). Social support for the bereaved: Recipients' and providers' perspectives on what is helpful. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 438-446.
49. Lehman, D. R., & Hemphill, K. J. (1990). Recipients' perceptions of support attempts and attributions for support attempts that fail. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 563-574.
50. Lieberman, M. A. (1986). Social supports-The consequences of psychologizing: A commentary. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 461-465.
51. Lorr, M., & McNair, D. M. (1971). The Profile of Mood States manual. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
52. Martire, L. M., Stephens, M. A. P., Druley, J. A., & Wojno, W. C. (2002). Negative reactions to received spousal care: Predictors and consequences of miscarried support. Health Psychology, 21, 167-176.
53. Maxwell, S. E., & Delaney, H. D. (2004). Designing experiments and analyzing data: A model comparison perspective (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
54. Mills, J. (1976). A procedure for explaining experiments involving deception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2, 3-13.
55. Nadler, A., & Fisher, J. D. (1986). The role of threat to self-esteem and perceived control in recipient reactions to help: Theory development and empirical validation. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 81-123). New York: Academic Press.
56. Nadler, A., Fisher, J. D., & Ben Itzhak, S. (1983). With a little help from my friend: Effect of single or multiple act aid as a function of donor and task characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 310-321.
57. Newsom, J. T. (1999). Another side to caregiving: Negative reactions to being helped. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 183-187.
58. Newsom, J. T., & Schulz, R. (1998). Caregiving from the recipient's perspective: Negative reactions to being helped. Health Psychology, 17, 172-181.
59. Pierce, G. R., Lakey, B., Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., & Joseph, H. J. (1997). Personality and social support processes: A conceptual overview. In G. R. Pierce, B. Lakey, I. G. Sarason, & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Sourcebook of social support and personality (pp. 3-18). New York: Plenum Press.
60. Pierce, G. R., Sarason, B. R., & Sarason, I. G. (1992). General and specific support expectations and stress as predictors of perceived supportiveness: An experimental study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 297-307.
61. Reis, H. T., & Collins, N. (2000). Measuring relationship properties and interactions relevant to social support. In S. Cohen, L. G. Underwood, & B. H. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 136-192). New York: Oxford University Press.
62. Reis, H. T., Collins, W., & Berscheid, E. (2000). The relationship context of human behavior and development. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 844- 872.
63. Rook, K. S. (1984). The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1097-1108.
64. Rook, K. S. (1987). Social support vs. companionship: Effects on life stress, loneliness, and evaluations by others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1132-1147.
65. Rook, K. S. (1990a). Parallels in the study of social support and social strain. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 118-132.
66. Rook, K. S. (1990b). Social relationships as a source of companionship: Implications for older adults' psychological well-being. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 219-250). New York: Wiley.
67. Rook, K. S. (1998). Investigating the positive and negative sides of personal relationships: Through a lens darkly? In B. H. Spitzberg & W. R. Cupach (Eds.), The dark side of close relationships (pp. 369- 393). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
68. Rook, K. S., & Pietromonaco, P. R. (1987). Close relationships: Ties that heal or ties that bind? Advances in Personal Relationships, 1, 1-35.
69. Seidman, G., Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2006). Why is enacted social support associated with increased distress? Using simulation to test two possible sources of spuriousness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 52-65.
70. Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422-445.
71. Shrout, P. E., Herman, C. M., & Bolger, N. (2006). The costs and benefits of practical and emotional support on adjustment: A daily diary study of couples experiencing acute stress. Personal Relationships, 13, 115-134.
72. Smith, E. R. (2000). Research design. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 17-39). New York: Cambridge University Press.
73. Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhardt (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 290-312). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
74. Sobel, M. E. (1986). Some new results on indirect effects and their standard errors in covariance structure models. In N. Tuma (Ed.), Sociological methodology (Vol. 16, pp. 159-186). Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.
75. Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., & Fong, G. T. (2005). Establishing a causal chain: Why experiments are often more effective than mediational analyses in examining psychological processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 845-851.
76. Stroebe, W., & Stroebe, M. (1996). The social psychology of social support. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 597-621). New York: Guilford Press.
77. Stryker, S., & Statham, A. (1985). Symbolic interaction and role theory. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., pp. 311-378). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
78. Taris, T. W. (2000). A primer in longitudinal data analysis. London: Sage.
79. Taylor, S. E., Buunk, B. P., & Aspinwall, L. G. (1990). Social comparison, stress, and coping. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 74- 89.
80. Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A. R., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review, 107, 411-429.
81. Thoits, P. A. (1985). Social support and psychological well-being: Theoretical possibilities. In I. G. Sarason & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research and applications (pp. 51-72). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Martinus-Nijhof.
82. Uchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1996). The relationship between social support and physiological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 488-531.
83. Uchino, B. N., & Garvey, T. S. (1997). The availability of social support reduces cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychological stress. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 15-27.
84. Wethington, E., & Kessler, R. C. (1986). Perceived support, received support, and adjustment to stressful life events. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27, 78-89.
85. Wills, T. A. (1991). Social support and interpersonal relationships. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 265-289). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
86. Wills, T. A., & Shinar, O. (2000). Measuring perceived and received social support. In S. Cohen, L. G. Underwood, & B. H. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 86-135). New York: Oxford University Press.
87. Winstead, B. A., Derlega, V. J., Lewis, R. J., Sanchez-Hucles, J., & Clarke, E. (1992). Friendship, social interaction, and coping with stress. Communication Research, 19, 193-211.