Consequences of bariatric surgery on oesophageal function in health and disease

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 111-119

  Naik, Rishi D ^a   Choksi, Yash A ^a   Vaezi, Michael F ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BARIATRIC SURGERY; ESOPHAGUS FUNCTION; ESOPHAGUS MOTILITY; ESOPHAGUS SPASM; GASTRIC BANDING; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HIATUS HERNIA; HUMAN; LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY; LOWER ESOPHAGUS SPHINCTER; OBESITY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ROUX EN Y GASTRIC BYPASS; SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY; STOMACH BYPASS; STOMACH EMPTYING; SURGICAL ANATOMY; SURGICAL RISK; ADVERSE EFFECTS; ESOPHAGUS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

BARIATRIC SURGERY; ESOPHAGUS; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMANS;

EID: 84956777264     PISSN: 17595045     EISSN: 17595053     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2015.202     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Flegal, K. M., Carroll, M. D., Ogden, C. L. & Curtin, L. R. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA 303, 235-241 (2010).
2. Kopelman, P. G. Obesity as a medical problem. Nature 404, 635-643 (2000).
3. Ford, E. S. Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: a summary of the evidence. Diabetes Care 28, 1769-1778 (2005).
4. Resnick, H. E. et al. Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in nondiabetic american indians: the Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care 26, 861-867 (2003).
5. Hamaguchi, M. et al. The metabolic syndrome as a predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 143, 722-728 (2005).
6. Gelber, R. P. et al. Association between body mass index and CKD in apparently healthy men. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 46, 871-880 (2005).
7. Othman, M., Kawar, B. & El Nahas, A. M. Influence of obesity on progression of non-diabetic chronic kidney disease: a retrospective cohort study. Nephron Clin. Pract. 113, c16-c23 (2009).
8. Kramer, H. et al. Obesity and prevalent and incident CKD: the hypertension detection and follow-up program. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 46, 587-594 (2005).
9. Hamdy, O., Porramatikul, S. & Al-Ozairi, E. Metabolic obesity: the paradox between visceral and subcutaneous fat. Curr. Diabetes Rev. 2, 367-373 (2006).
10. Must, A. et al. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA 282, 1523-1529 (1999).
11. Kannel, W. B. Fifty years of Framingham Study contributions to understanding hypertension. J. Hum. Hypertens. 14, 83-90 (2000).
12. Schargrodsky, H. et al. Body weight and nonfatal myocardial infarction in a case-control study from Argentina. Soz. Praventivmed. 39, 126-133 (1994).
13. World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. [online], http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/obesity/WHO-TRS-894/en/(2000).
14. Dyson, P. A. The therapeutics of lifestyle management on obesity. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 12, 941-946 (2010).
15. Wing, R. R. & Phelan, S. Long-term weight loss maintenance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82, 222S-225S (2005).
16. Sjostrom, L. et al. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 2683-2693 (2004).
17. Astrup, A., Dyerberg, J., Selleck, M. & Stender, S. Nutrition transition and its relationship to the development of obesity and related chronic diseases. Obes. Rev. 9 (Suppl. 1), 48-52 (2008).
18. Jensen, M. D. et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 63, 2985-3023 (2014).
19. Look, A. R. G. et al. Reduction in weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: one-year results of the look AHEAD trial. Diabetes Care 30, 1374-1383 (2007).
20. Rich, S., Rubin, L., Walker, A. M., Schneeweiss, S. & Abenhaim, L. Anorexigens and pulmonary hypertension in the United States: results from the surveillance of North American pulmonary hypertension. Chest 117, 870-874 (2000).
21. Frachon, I. et al. Benfluorex and unexplained valvular heart disease: a case-control study. PLoS ONE 5, e10128 (2010).
22. Sachdev, M., Miller, W. C., Ryan, T. & Jollis, J. G. Effect of fenfluramine-derivative diet pills on cardiac valves: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Am. Heart J. 144, 1065-1073 (2002).
23. Calle, E. E., Thun, M. J., Petrelli, J. M., Rodriguez, C. & Heath, C. W. Jr. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 1097-1105 (1999).
24. Buchwald, H. et al. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 292, 1724-1737 (2004).
25. Vakil, N. et al. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101, 1900-1920 (2006); quiz 101, 1943 (2006).
26. Spechler, S. J. Epidemiology and natural history of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Digestion 51 (Suppl. 1), 24-29 (1992).
27. Vaezi, M. F. Therapy Insight: gastroesophageal reflux disease and laryngopharyngeal reflux. Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2, 595-603 (2005).
28. Poelmans, J. & Tack, J. Extraoesophageal manifestations of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Gut 54, 1492-1499 (2005).
29. Trus, T. L. & Hunter, J. G. Minimally invasive surgery of the esophagus and stomach. Am. J. Surg. 173, 242-255 (1997).
30. Klaus, A. & Weiss, H. Is preoperative manometry in restrictive bariatric procedures necessary? Obes. Surg. 18, 1039-1042 (2008).
31. Jaffin, B. W., Knoepflmacher, P. & Greenstein, R. High prevalence of asymptomatic esophageal motility disorders among morbidly obese patients. Obes. Surg. 9, 390-395 (1999).
32. Granstrom, L. & Backman, L. Stomach distension in extremely obese and in normal subjects. Acta Chir. Scand. 151, 367-370 (1985).
33. Geliebter, A., Westreich, S. & Gage, D. Gastric distention by balloon and test-meal intake in obese and lean subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 48, 592-594 (1988).
34. Hong, D. et al. Manometric abnormalities and gastroesophageal reflux disease in the morbidly obese. Obes. Surg. 14, 744-749 (2004).
35. Backman, L., Granstrom, L., Lindahl, J. & Melcher, A. Manometric studies of lower esophageal sphincter in extreme obesity. Acta Chir. Scand. 149, 193-197 (1983).
36. O'Brien, T. F. Jr. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) and esophageal function in obese humans. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2, 145-148 (1980).
37. Lundell, L., Ruth, M., Sandberg, N. & Bove-Nielsen, M. Does massive obesity promote abnormal gastroesophageal reflux? Dig. Dis. Sci. 40, 1632-1635 (1995).
38. Mathus-Vliegen, L. M. & Tytgat, G. N. Twenty-four-hour pH measurements in morbid obesity: effects of massive overweight, weight loss and gastric distension. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8, 635-640 (1996).
39. Zacchi, P., Mearin, F., Humbert, P., Formiguera, X. & Malagelada, J. R. Effect of obesity on gastroesophageal resistance to flow in man. Dig. Dis. Sci. 36, 1473-1480 (1991).
40. El-Serag, H. B., Graham, D. Y., Satia, J. A. & Rabeneck, L. Obesity is an independent risk factor for GERD symptoms and erosive esophagitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100, 1243-1250 (2005).
41. Kitchin, L. I. & Castell, D. O. Rationale and efficacy of conservative therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 151, 448-454 (1991).
42. Mercer, C. D., Rue, C., Hanelin, L. & Hill, L. D. Effect of obesity on esophageal transit. Am. J. Surg. 149, 177-181 (1985).
43. Wilson, L. J., Ma, W. & Hirschowitz, B. I. Association of obesity with hiatal hernia and esophagitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94, 2840-2844 (1999).
44. Hampel, H., Abraham, N. S. & El-Serag, H. B. Meta-analysis: obesity and the risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications. Ann. Intern. Med. 143, 199-211 (2005).
45. Spechler, S. J., Fitzgerald, R. C., Prasad, G. A. & Wang, K. K. History, molecular mechanisms, and endoscopic treatment of Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 138, 854-869 (2010).
46. Almogy, G., Anthone, G. J. & Crookes, P. F. Achalasia in the context of morbid obesity: a rare but important association. Obes. Surg. 13, 896-900 (2003).
47. Aron-Wisnewsky, J., Dore, J. & Clement, K. The importance of the gut microbiota after bariatric surgery. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9, 590-598 (2012).
48. Lo Menzo, E., Szomstein, S. & Rosenthal, R. J. Changing trends in bariatric surgery. Scand. J. Surg. 104, 18-23 (2014).
49. Arterburn, D. E. et al. Association between bariatric surgery and long-term survival. JAMA 313, 62-70 (2015).
50. Ryan, K. K. et al. FXR is a molecular target for the effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Nature 509, 183-188 (2014).
51. Korner, J. et al. Prospective study of gut hormone and metabolic changes after adjustable gastric banding and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 33, 786-795 (2009).
52. le Roux, C. W. et al. Gut hormones as mediators of appetite and weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Ann. Surg. 246, 780-785 (2007).
53. Cummings, D. E. et al. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 1623-1630 (2002).
54. Geloneze, B. et al. Ghrelin: a gut-brain hormone: effect of gastric bypass surgery. Obes. Surg. 13, 17-22 (2003).
55. Colquitt, J. L., Pickett, K., Loveman, E. & Frampton, G. K. Surgery for weight loss in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 8, CD003641 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858 (2014).
56. Miller, K. Obesity: surgical options. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 18, 1147-1165 (2004).
57. Brunault, P. et al. Observations regarding 'quality of life' and 'comfort with food' after bariatric surgery: comparison between laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and sleeve gastrectomy. Obes. Surg. 21, 1225-1231 (2011).
58. Laffin, M., Chau, J., Gill, R. S., Birch, D. W. & Karmali, S. Sleeve gastrectomy and gastroesophageal reflux disease. J. Obes. 2013, 741097 (2013).
59. El Oufir, L. et al. Relations between transit time, fermentation products, and hydrogen consuming flora in healthy humans. Gut 38, 870-877 (1996).
60. Hell, E., Miller, K. A., Moorehead, M. K. & Norman, S. Evaluation of health status and quality of life after bariatric surgery: comparison of standard Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, vertical banded gastroplasty and laparoscopic adjustable silicone gastric banding. Obes. Surg. 10, 214-219 (2000).
61. Wittgrove, A. C. & Clark, G. W. Laparoscopic gastric bypass, Roux-en-Y-500 patients: technique and results, with 3-60 month follow-up. Obes. Surg. 10, 233-239 (2000).
62. Wittgrove, A. C., Clark, G. W. & Schubert, K. R. Laparoscopic gastric bypass, Roux-en-Y: technique and results in 75 patients with 3-30 months follow-up. Obes. Surg. 6, 500-504 (1996).
63. Pories, W. J. et al. Surgical treatment of obesity and its effect on diabetes: 10-y follow-up. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 55, 582S-585S (1992).
64. Cleator, I. G., Litwin, D., Phang, P., Brosseuk, D. & Rae, A. Laparoscopic ileogastrostomy for morbid obesity. Obes. Surg. 4, 358-360 (1994).
65. Naef, M. et al. Esophageal dysmotility disorders after laparoscopic gastric banding-an underestimated complication. Ann. Surg. 253, 285-290 (2011).
66. de Jong, J. R., Besselink, M. G., van Ramshorst, B., Gooszen, H. G. & Smout, A. J. Effects of adjustable gastric banding on gastroesophageal reflux and esophageal motility: a systematic review. Obes. Rev. 11, 297-305 (2010).
67. Woodman, G. et al. Effect of adjustable gastric banding on changes in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and quality of life. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 28, 581-589 (2012).
68. Gamagaris, Z. et al. Lap-band impact on the function of the esophagus. Obes. Surg. 18, 1268-1272 (2008).
69. Merrouche, M. et al. Gastro-esophageal reflux and esophageal motility disorders in morbidly obese patients before and after bariatric surgery. Obes. Surg. 17, 894-900 (2007).
70. Dixon, J. B. & O'Brien, P. E. Gastroesophageal reflux in obesity: the effect of lap-band placement. Obes. Surg. 9, 527-531 (1999).
71. Klaus, A. et al. Prevalent esophageal body motility disorders underlie aggravation of GERD symptoms in morbidly obese patients following adjustable gastric banding. Arch. Surg. 141, 247-251 (2006).
72. Arias, E., Martinez, P. R., Ka Ming Li, V., Szomstein, S. & Rosenthal, R. J. Mid-term follow-up after sleeve gastrectomy as a final approach for morbid obesity. Obes. Surg. 19, 544-548 (2009).
73. Braghetto, I. et al. Is laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy an acceptable primary bariatric procedure in obese patients? Early and 5-year postoperative results. Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutan. Tech. 22, 479-486 (2012).
74. Carter, P. R. et al. Association between gastroesophageal reflux disease and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. 7, 569-572 (2011).
75. Himpens, J., Dobbeleir, J. & Peeters, G. Long-term results of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for obesity. Ann. Surg. 252, 319-324 (2010).
76. Lakdawala, M. A., Bhasker, A., Mulchandani, D., Goel, S. & Jain, S. Comparison between the results of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in the Indian population: a retrospective 1 year study. Obes. Surg. 20, 1-6 (2010).
77. Nocca, D. et al. A prospective multicenter study of 163 sleeve gastrectomies: results at 1 and 2 years. Obes. Surg. 18, 560-565 (2008).
78. Tai, C. M. et al. Increase in gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms and erosive esophagitis 1 year after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy among obese adults. Surg. Endosc. 27, 1260-1266 (2013).
79. Melissas, J. et al. Sleeve gastrectomy - A 'food limiting' operation. Obes. Surg. 18, 1251-1256 (2008).
80. Melissas, J. et al. Sleeve gastrectomy: a restrictive procedure? Obes. Surg. 17, 57-62 (2007).
81. Chopra, A. et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for obesity: can it be considered a definitive procedure? Surg. Endosc. 26, 831-837 (2012).
82. Rawlins, L., Rawlins, M. P., Brown, C. C. & Schumacher, D. L. Sleeve gastrectomy: 5-year outcomes of a single institution. Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. 9, 21-25 (2013).
83. Weiner, R. A. et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy-influence of sleeve size and resected gastric volume. Obes. Surg. 17, 1297-1305 (2007).
84. Kehagias, I., Karamanakos, S. N., Argentou, M. & Kalfarentzos, F. Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass versus laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for the management of patients with BMI <50 kg/m2. Obes. Surg. 21, 1650-1656 (2011).
85. Sieber, P. et al. Five-year results of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. 10, 243-249 (2014).
86. Peterli, R. et al. Early results of the Swiss Multicentre Bypass or Sleeve Study (SM-BOSS): a prospective randomized trial comparing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Ann. Surg. 258, 690-694 (2013).
87. DuPree, C. E., Blair, K., Steele, S. R. & Martin, M. J. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in patients with preexisting gastroesophageal reflux disease: a national analysis. JAMA Surg. 149, 328-334 (2014).
88. Parikh, M. et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: does bougie size affect mean%EWL? Short-term outcomes. Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. 4, 528-533 (2008).
89. Himpens, J., Dapri, G. & Cadiere, G. B. A prospective randomized study between laparoscopic gastric banding and laparoscopic isolated sleeve gastrectomy: results after 1 and 3 years. Obes. Surg. 16, 1450-1456 (2006).
90. Howard, D. D., Caban, A. M., Cendan, J. C. & Ben-David, K. Gastroesophageal reflux after sleeve gastrectomy in morbidly obese patients. Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. 7, 709-713 (2011).
91. Mion, F., Roman, S. & Lindecker, V. Esophageal dilation after gastric banding: to test or not to test before surgery? Surg. Endosc. 24, 972-973 (2010).
92. Soricelli, E. et al. Sleeve gastrectomy and crural repair in obese patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and/or hiatal hernia. Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. 9, 356-361 (2013).
93. Daes, J., Jimenez, M. E., Said, N., Daza, J. C. & Dennis, R. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux can be reduced by changes in surgical technique. Obes. Surg. 22, 1874-1879 (2012).
94. Frezza, E. E. et al. Symptomatic improvement in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg. Endosc. 16, 1027-1031 (2002).
95. Ortega, J. et al. Outcome of esophageal function and 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring after vertical banded gastroplasty and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes. Surg. 14, 1086-1094 (2004).
96. Perry, Y. et al. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for recalcitrant gastroesophageal reflux disease in morbidly obese patients. JSLS 8, 19-23 (2004).
97. Mejía-Rivas, M. A., Herrera-López, A., Hernández-Calleros, J., Herrera, M. F. & Valdovinos, M. A. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in morbid obesity: the effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes. Surg. 18, 1217-1224 (2008).
98. Madalosso, C. A. et al. The impact of gastric bypass on gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with morbid obesity: a prospective study based on the Montreal Consensus. Ann. Surg. 251, 244-248 (2010).
99. Nelson, L. G., Gonzalez, R., Haines, K., Gallagher, S. F. & Murr, M. M. Amelioration of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for clinically significant obesity. Am. Surg. 71, 950-954 (2005).
100. Schauer, P. R., Ikramuddin, S., Gourash, W., Ramanathan, R. & Luketich, J. Outcomes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Ann. Surg. 232, 515-529 (2000).
101. Pallati, P. K. et al. Improvement in gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms after various bariatric procedures: review of the Bariatric Outcomes Longitudinal Database. Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. 10, 502-507 (2014).
102. Yaghoubian, A. et al. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy achieve comparable weight loss at 1 year. Am. Surg. 78, 1325-1328 (2012).
103. Duinhouwer, L. E., Biter, L. U., Wijnhoven, B. P. & Mannaerts, G. H. Treatment of giant hiatal hernia by laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Int. J. Surg. Case Rep. 9, 44-46 (2015).
104. Iovino, P. et al. Abnormal esophageal acid exposure is common in morbidly obese patients and improves after a successful lap-band system implantation. Surg. Endosc. 16, 1631-1635 (2002).
105. de Jong, J. R., van Ramshorst, B., Timmer, R., Gooszen, H. G. & Smout, A. J. Effect of laparoscopic gastric banding on esophageal motility. Obes. Surg. 16, 52-58 (2006).
106. Weiss, H. G. et al. Adjustable gastric and esophagogastric banding: a randomized clinical trial. Obes. Surg. 12, 573-578 (2002).
107. Weiss, H. G. et al. Treatment of morbid obesity with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding affects esophageal motility. Am. J. Surg. 180, 479-482 (2000).
108. Tolonen, P., Victorzon, M., Niemi, R. & Makela, J. Does gastric banding for morbid obesity reduce or increase gastroesophageal reflux? Obes. Surg. 16, 1469-1474 (2006).
109. Gutschow, C. A., Collet, P., Prenzel, K., Holscher, A. H. & Schneider, P. M. Long-term results and gastroesophageal reflux in a series of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 9, 941-948 (2005).
110. Suter, M., Dorta, G., Giusti, V. & Calmes, J. M. Gastric banding interferes with esophageal motility and gastroesophageal reflux. Arch. Surg. 140, 639-643 (2005).
111. Milone, L. et al. Esophageal dilation after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Surg. Endosc. 22, 1482-1486 (2008).
112. DeMaria, E. J. et al. High failure rate after laparoscopic adjustable silicone gastric banding for treatment of morbid obesity. Ann. Surg. 233, 809-818 (2001).
113. Dargent, J. Esophageal dilatation after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: definition and strategy. Obes. Surg. 15, 843-848 (2005).
114. Arias, I. E. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of megaesophagus after adjustable gastric banding for morbid obesity. Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. 5, 156-159 (2009).
115. Khan, A., Ren-Fielding, C. & Traube, M. Potentially reversible pseudoachalasia after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 45, 775-779 (2011).
116. Ulmer, T. F. et al. Major esophageal dilation after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in symptomatic patients: does it prevent effective weight loss and how should it be treated? World J. Surg. 39, 2000-2005 (2015).
117. Tung, H. N. et al. Hypertrophic smooth muscle in the partially obstructed opossum esophagus. The model: histological and ultrastructural observations. Gastroenterology 100, 853-864 (1991).
118. O'Rourke, R. W. et al. A model for gastric banding in the treatment of morbid obesity: the effect of chronic partial gastric outlet obstruction on esophageal physiology. Ann. Surg. 244, 723-733 (2006).
119. Preissler, C., Krieger-Grubel, C., Borovicka, J., Fried, M. & Tutuian, R. The contribution of intrabolus pressure to symptoms induced by gastric banding. J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis. 23, 13-17 (2014).
120. Del Genio, G. et al. Sleeve gastrectomy and development of 'de novo' gastroesophageal reflux. Obes. Surg. 24, 71-77 (2014).
121. Petersen, W. V. et al. Functional importance of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for the lower esophageal sphincter in patients with morbid obesity. Obes. Surg. 22, 360-366 (2012).
122. Gorodner, V. et al. Does laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy have any influence on gastroesophageal reflux disease? Preliminary results. Surg. Endosc. 29, 1760-1768 (2015).
123. Bernstine, H. et al. Gastric emptying is not affected by sleeve gastrectomy-scintigraphic evaluation of gastric emptying after sleeve gastrectomy without removal of the gastric antrum. Obes. Surg. 19, 293-298 (2009).
124. Baumann, T. et al. Time-resolved MRI after ingestion of liquids reveals motility changes after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy-preliminary results. Obes. Surg. 21, 95-101 (2011).
125. Yehoshua, R. T. et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy-volume and pressure assessment. Obes. Surg. 18, 1083-1088 (2008).
126. Cassao, B. D., Herbella, F. A., Silva, L. C. & Vicentine, F. P. Esophageal motility after gastric bypass in Roux-en-Y for morbid obesity: high resolution manometry findings. Arq. Bras. Cir. Dig. 26 (Suppl. 1), 22-25 (2013).
127. Valezi, A. C., Herbella, F. A., Junior, J. M. & de Almeida Menezes, M. Esophageal motility after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: the manometry should be preoperative examination routine? Obes. Surg. 22, 1050-1054 (2012).
128. Clements, R. H. et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms are more intense in morbidly obese patients and are improved with laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes. Surg. 13, 610-614 (2003).
129. Foster, A., Laws, H. L., Gonzalez, Q. H. & Clements, R. H. Gastrointestinal symptomatic outcome after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 7, 750-753 (2003).
130. Weber, M. et al. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, but not rebanding, should be proposed as rescue procedure for patients with failed laparoscopic gastric banding. Ann. Surg. 238, 827-833 (2003).
131. Dirksen, C. et al. Fast pouch emptying, delayed small intestinal transit, and exaggerated gut hormone responses after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 25, e346-e255 (2013).
132. Suter, M., Giusti, V., Calmes, J. M. & Paroz, A. Preoperative upper gastrointestinal testing can help predicting long-term outcome after gastric banding for morbid obesity. Obes. Surg. 18, 578-582 (2008).