Modeling global water use for the 21st century: The Water Futures and Solutions (WFaS) initiative and its approaches

Geoscientific Model Development

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 175-222

  Wada, Y ^a,b,c   Florke M ^d   Hanasaki, N ^e   Eisner, S ^d   Fischer, G ^f   Tramberend, S ^f   Satoh, Y ^f   Van Vliet, M T H ^f,g   Yillia, P ^f   Ringler, C ^h   Burek, P ^f   Wiberg, D ^f  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b NASA GODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES   (United States)

^c NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF KASSEL   (Germany)

^e NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES   (Japan)

^f INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS   (Austria)

^g WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^h INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DECISION MAKING; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING; FOOD PRODUCTION; GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE; INVESTMENT; LIVING STANDARD; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; TWENTY FIRST CENTURY; WATER AVAILABILITY; WATER DEMAND; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER PLANNING; WATER RESOURCE; WATER USE;

EID: 84956597102     PISSN: 1991959X     EISSN: 19919603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/gmd-9-175-2016     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Acreman, M. C., Dunbar, M. J.: Defining environmental river flow requirements-a review, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 8, 861-876, doi:10.5194/hess-8-861-2004, 2004.
2. Adam, J. C., Clark, E. A., Lettenmaier, D. P., Wood, E. F.: Correction of global precipitation products for orographic effects, J. Climate, 19, 15-38, 2006.
3. Alcamo, J.: The SAS approach: Combining Qualitative and quantitative knowledge in environmental scenarios, Chaprter 6, in: Environmental Futures: The Practice of Environmental Scenario Analysis, edited by: Alcamo, J., Elsevier, Amterdam, 123-150, 2008.
4. Alcamo, J., Döll, P., Henrichs, T., Kaspar, F., Lehner, B., Rösch, T., Siebert, S.: Development and testing of the WaterGAP 2 global model of water use and availability, Hydrol. Sci. J., 48, 317-337, 2003a.
5. Alcamo, J., Döll, P., Henrichs, T., Kaspar, F., Lehner, B., Rösch, T., Siebert, S.: Global estimation of water withdrawals and availability under current and "business as usual" conditions, Hydrol. Sci. J., 48, 339-348, 2003b.
6. Alcamo, J., Flörke, M., Märker, M.: Future long-term changes in global water resources driven by socio-economic and climatic changes, Hydrol. Sci. J., 52, 247-275, 2007.
7. Alexandratos, N., Bruinsma, J.: World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision, ESA Working paper No. 12-03, FAO, Rome, available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap106e/ap106e.pdf (last access: August 2015), 2012.
8. Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., Smith, M.: Crop evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, FAO, Rome, 1998.
9. Arnell, N. W.: Climate change and global water resources, Global Environ. Change, 9, 31-49, 1999.
10. Arnell, N. W.: Climate change and global water resources: SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios, Global Environ. Change, 14, 31-52, 2004.
11. Arnell, N. W.: Adapting to climate change: an evolving research programme, Clim. Change, 100, 107-111, doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9839-0, 2010.
12. Arnell, N., Lloyd-Hughes, B.: The global-scale impacts of climate change on water resources and flooding under new climate and socio-economic scenarios, Clim. Change, 122, 127-140, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0948-4, 2014.
13. Bondeau, A., Smith, P. C., Zaehle, S., Schaphoff, S., Lucht, W., Cramer, W., Gerten, D., Reichstein, M., Smith, B.: Modelling the role of agriculture for the 20th century, Global Change Biol., 13, 679-706, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01305.x, 2007.
14. Brown, R., Ashley, R., Farrelly, M.: Political and professional agency entrapment: An agenda for urban water research, Water Resour. Manage., 25, 4037-4050, doi:10.1007/s11269-011-9886-y, 2011.
15. Davie, J. C. S., Falloon, P. D., Kahana, R., Dankers, R., Betts, R., Portmann, F. T., Wisser, D., Clark, D. B., Ito, A., Masaki, Y., Nishina, K., Fekete, B., Tessler, Z., Wada, Y., Liu, X., Tang, Q., Hagemann, S., Stacke, T., Pavlick, R., Schaphoff, S., Gosling, S. N., Franssen, W., Arnell, N.: Comparing projections of future changes in runoff from hydrological and biome models in ISI-MIP, Earth Syst. Dynam., 4, 359-374, doi:10.5194/esd-4-359-2013, 2013.
16. Davies, E. G. R., Kyle, P., Edmonds, J. A.: An integrated assessment of global and regional water demands for electricity generation to 2095, Adv. Water Resour., 52, 296-313, doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.11.020, 2013.
17. DOE: Energy Demand on Water Resources: Report to Congress on the Interdependency of Energy and Water, United States Department of Energy, available online (November 2014): http://powi.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Energy-Demands-on-Water-Resources-Report-to-Congress-2006.pdf (last access: August 2015), 2006.
18. Döll, P., Siebert, S.: A digital global map of irrigated areas, ICID J., 49, 55-66, 2000.
19. Döll, P., Siebert, S.: Global modeling of irrigation water requirements, Water Resour. Res., 38, 8.1-8.10, doi:10.1029/2001WR000355, 2002.
20. Döll, P., Kaspar, F., Lehner, B.: A global hydrological model for deriving water availability indicators: model tuning and validation, J. Hydrol., 270, 105-134, 2003.
21. Döll, P., Fiedler, K., Zhang, J.: Global-scale analysis of river flow alterations due to water withdrawals and reservoirs, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 2413-2432, doi:10.5194/hess-13-2413-2009, 2009.
22. Döll, P, Hoffmann-Dobrev, H., Portmann, F. T., Siebert, S., Eicker, A., Rodell, M., Strassberg, G.: Impact of water withdrawals from groundwater and surface water on continental water storage variations, J. Geodyn., 59-60, 143-156, 2012.
23. Doorenbos, J., Pruitt, W. O.: Crop water requirements, Irrig. Drain. Pap. 24, FAO, Rome, 1977.
24. Dyson, M., Bergkamp, G., Scanlon, J.: Flow: the essentials of environmental flows, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, 2003.
25. Evans, L. T.: Adapting and improving crops: The endless task, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 352, 901-906, doi:10.1098/rstb.1997.0069, 1997.
26. Falkenmark, M., Kijne, J. W., Taron, B., Murdoch, G., Sivakumar, M. V. K., Craswell, E.: Meeting Water Requirements of an ExpandingWorld Population [and Discussion], Phil. T. Roy. Soc. Lond. B., 352, 929-936, 1997.
27. Famiglietti, J. S., Lo, M. Ho, S. L., Bethune, J., Anderson, K. J., Syed, T. H., Swenson, S. C., de Linage, C. R., Rodell, M.: Satellites measure recent rates of groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L03403, doi:10.1029/2010GL046442, 2011.
28. Fischer, G., Tubiello, F. N., van Velthuizen, H., Wiberg, D. A.: Climate change impacts on irrigation water requirements: Effects of mitigation, 1990-2080, Technol. Forecasting Soc. Change, 74, 1083-1107, doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2006.05.021, 2007.
29. Fischer, G., Hizsnyik, E., Tramberend, S.,Wiberg, D.: Towards indicators for water security-A global hydro-economic classification of water challenges, IIASA Interim Report IR-15-013, IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, 2015.
30. Flörke, M., Teichert, E., Bärlund, I.: Future changes of freshwater needs in European power plants, Management of Environmental Quality, 22, 89-104, doi:10.1108/14777831111098507, 2011.
31. Flörke, M., Barlund, I., Kynast, E.: Will climate change affect the electricity production sector? A European study, J.Water Clim. Change, 3, 44-54, doi:10.2166/wcc.2012.066, 2012.
32. Flörke, M., Kynast, E., Bärlund, I., Eisner, S., Wimmer, F., Alcamo, J.: Domestic and industrial water uses of the past 60 years as a mirror of socio-economic development: A global simulation study, Global Environ. Change, 23, 144-156, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.10.018, 2013.
33. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): Gridded livestock of the world 2007, edited by: Wint, G. R. W., Robinson, T. P., FAO, Rome, p. 131, 2007.
34. Frenken, K., Gillet, V.: Irrigation water requirement and water withdrawal by country. AQUASTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy, available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water-use-agr/index.stm (last access: August 2015), 2012.
35. Freydank, K., Siebert, S.: Towards mapping the extent of irrigation in the last century: Time series of irrigated area per country, Frankfurt Hydrology Paper 08, Tech. rep., Institute of Physical Geography, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2008.
36. Gerten, D., Schaphoff, S., Lucht, W.: Potential future changes in water limitation of the terrestrial biosphere, Clim. Change, 80, 277-299, doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9104-8, 2007.
37. Gleeson, T., Wada, Y., Bierkens, M. F. P., van Beek, L. P. H.: Water balance of global aquifers revealed by groundwater footprint, Nature, 488, 197-200, doi:10.1038/nature11295, 2012.
38. Gleick, P. H.:Water use, Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 28, 275-314, doi:10.1146/annurev.eg.19.110194.001411, 2003.
39. Gleick, P. H., Cooley, H., Cohen, M. J., Morikawa, M., Morrison, J., Palaniappan, M.: The Worlds Water 2008-2009, The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources, Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 2009.
40. Gosling, S. N., Bretherton, D., Haines, K., Arnell, N.W.: Global hydrology modelling and uncertainty: running multiple ensembles with a campus grid, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A., 368, 4005-4021, 2010.
41. Gosling, S. N., Taylor, R. G., Arnell, N. W., Todd, M. C.: A comparative analysis of projected impacts of climate change on river runoff from global and catchment-scale hydrological models, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 279-294, doi:10.5194/hess-15-279-2011, 2011.
42. Grey, D., Garrick, D., Blackmore, D., Kelman, J., Muller, M., Sadoff, C.: Water security in one blue planet: twenty-first century policy challenges for science, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A., 371, 20120406, doi:10.1098/rsta.2012.0406, 2013.
43. Haddeland, I., Skaugen, T., Lettenmaier, D. P.: Anthropogenic impacts on continental surface water fluxes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08406, doi:10.1029/2006GL026047, 2006.
44. Haddeland, I., Clark, D., Franssen, W. H. P., Ludwig, F., Voss, F., Arnell, N. W., Bertrand, N., Best, M., Folwell, S., Gerten, D., Gomes, S., Gosling, S., Hagemann, S., Hanasaki, N., Harding, R., Heinke, J., Kabat, P., Koirala, S., Oki, T., Polcher, J., Stacke, T., Viterbo, P., Weedon, G. P., Yeh, P.: Multimodel Estimate of the Global Terrestrial Water Balance: Setup and First Results, J. Hydrometeor., 12, 869-884, 2011.
45. Hanasaki, N., Kanae, S., Oki, T.: A reservoir operation scheme for global river routing models, J. Hydrol., 327, 22-41, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.11.011, 2006.
46. Hanasaki, N., Kanae, S., Oki, T., Masuda, K., Motoya, K., Shirakawa, N., Shen, Y., Tanaka, K.: An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources-Part 1: Model description and input meteorological forcing, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 1007-1025, doi:10.5194/hess-12-1007-2008, 2008a.
47. Hanasaki, N., Kanae, S., Oki, T., Masuda, K., Motoya, K., Shirakawa, N., Shen, Y., Tanaka, K.: An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources-Part 2: Applications and assessments, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 1027-1037, doi:10.5194/hess-12-1027-2008, 2008b.
48. Hanasaki, N., Inuzuka, T., Kanae, S., Oki, T.: An estimation of global virtual water flow and sources of water withdrawal for major crops and livestock products using a global hydrological model, J. Hydrol., 384, 232-244, 2010.
49. Hanasaki, N., Fujimori, S., Yamamoto, T., Yoshikawa, S., Masaki, Y., Hijioka, Y., Kainuma, M., Kanamori, Y., Masui, T., Takahashi, K., Kanae, S.: A global water scarcity assessment under Shared Socio-economic Pathways-Part 1:Water use, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2375-2391, doi:10.5194/hess-17-2375-2013, 2013a.
50. Hanasaki, N., Fujimori, S., Yamamoto, T., Yoshikawa, S., Masaki, Y., Hijioka, Y., Kainuma, M., Kanamori, Y., Masui, T., Takahashi, K., Kanae, S.: A global water scarcity assessment under Shared Socio-economic Pathways-Part 2: Water availability and scarcity, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2393-2413, doi:10.5194/hess-17-2393-2013, 2013b.
51. Harris, I., Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J., Lister, D. H.: Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations-the CRU TS3.10 Dataset, Int. J. Climatol., 34, 623-642, doi:10.1002/joc.3711, 2014.
52. Hayashi, A., Akimoto, K., Tomoda, T., Kii, M.: Global evaluation of the effects of agriculture and water management adaptations on the water-stressed population, Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change, 18, 591-618, doi:10.1007/s11027-012-9377-3, 2013.
53. Hejazi, M., Edmonds, J., Clarke, L., Kyle, P., Chaturvedi, V., Davies, E., Wise, M., Patel, P., Eom, J., Calvin, K.: Long-term global water use projections using six socioeconomic scenarios in an integrated assessment modeling framework, Technol. Forecast. Social Change, 81, 205-226, doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2013.05.006, 2014.
54. Jägermeyr, J., Gerten, D., Heinke, J., Schaphoff, S., Kummu, M., Lucht, W.: Water savings potentials of irrigation systems: global simulation of processes and linkages, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3073-3091, doi:10.5194/hess-19-3073-2015, 2015.
55. Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Jenne, R., Joseph, D.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437-471, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)0770437:TNYRP2.0.CO;2, 1996.
56. Kim, H., Yeh, P. J. F., Oki, T., Kanae, S.: Role of rivers in the seasonal variations of terrestrial water storage over global basins, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L17402, doi:10.1029/2009GL039006, 2009.
57. King, C. W., Holman, A. S., Webber, M. E.: Thirst for energy, Nature Geosci., 1, 283-286, doi:10.1038/ngeo195, 2008.
58. Klein Goldewijk, K.: Three centuries of global population growth: a spatial referenced population (density) database for 1700-2000, Popul. Environ., 26, 343-367, doi:10.1007/s11111-005-3346-7, 2005.
59. Klein Goldewijk, K., Beusen, A., Janssen, P.: Long term dynamic modelling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way, HYDE 3.1., Holocene, 20, 565-573, doi:10.1177/0959683609356587, 2010.
60. Koch, H., Vögele, S.: Dynamic modelling of water demand, water availability and adaptation strategies for power plants to global change, Ecol. Econom., 68, 2031-2039, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.02.015, 2009.
61. Konikow, L. F.: Contribution of global groundwater depletion since 1900 to sea-level rise, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L17401, doi:10.1029/2011GL048604, 2011.
62. Konikow, L. F., Kendy, E.: Groundwater depletion: A global problem, Hydrogeol. J., 13, 317-320, doi:10.1007/s10040-004-0411-8, 2005.
63. Krysanova, V., Müller-Wohlfeil, D. I., Becker, A.: Development and test of a spatially distributed hydrological/water quality model for mesoscale watersheds, Ecol. Model., 106, 261-289, doi:10.1016/S0304-3800(97)00204-4, 1998.
64. Kummu, M., Ward, P. J., de Moel, H., Varis, O.: Is physical water scarcity a new phenomenon? Global assessment of water shortage over the last two millennia, Environ. Res. Lett., 5, 034006, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/5/3/034006, 2010.
65. Kyle, P., Davies, E. G., Dooley, J. J., Smith, S. J., Clarke, L. E., Edmonds, J. A., Hejazi, M.: Influence of climate change mitigation technology on global demands of water for electricity generation, Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con., 13, 112-123, doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2012.12.006, 2013.
66. Leff, B., Ramankutty, N., Foley, J. A.: Geographic distribution of major crops across the world, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB1009, doi:10.1029/2003GB002108, 2004.
67. Llamas, R., Back, W., Margat, J.: Groundwater use: Equilibrium between social benefits and potential environmental costs, Applied Hydrol., 1, 3-14, 1992.
68. Markewitz, P., Vögele, S.: Der Strommarkt in den neuen Bundesländern : derzeitiger Stand und mögliche Entwicklung bis zum Jahr 2050, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 2001 (in German).
69. Meeson, B. W., Corprew, F. E., McManus, J. M. P., Myers, D. M., Closs, J. W., Sun, K. J., Sunday, D. J., Sellers, P. J.: ISLSCP Initiative I Global Datasets for Landatmosphere Models, 1987-1988, Tech. rep., NASA, Greenbelt, Maryland, 1995.
70. Mekonnen, M. M., Hoekstra, A. Y.: The blue water footprint of electricity from hydropower, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 179-187, doi:10.5194/hess-16-179-2012, 2012.
71. Mitchell, T. D., Jones, P. D.: An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids, Int. J. Climatol., 25, 693-712, doi:10.1002/joc.1181, 2005.
72. Monfreda, C., Ramankutty, N., Foley, J. A.: Farming the planet, part 2: the geographic distribution of crop areas and yields in the year 2000, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB1022, doi:10.1029/2007GB002947, 2008.
73. Moraes, M., Ringler, C., Cai, X.: Policies and Instruments Affecting Water Use for Bioenergy Production, Special Issue: Bioenergy and Water. Biofuel, Bioprod. Bior., 5, 431-444, doi:10.1002/bbb.306, 2011.
74. Moss, R. H., Edmonds, J. A., Hibbard, K. A., Manning, M. R., Rose, S. K., van Vuuren, D. P., Carter, T. R., Emori, S., Kainuma, M., Kram, T., Meehl, G. A., Mitchell, J. F. B., Nakicenovic, N., Riahi, K., Smith, S. J., Stouffer, R. J., Thomson, A. M., Weyant, J. P., Wilbanks, T. J.: The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment, Nature, 463, 747-756, doi:10.1038/nature08823, 2010.
75. Msangi, S., Enahoro, D., Herrero, M., Magnan, N., Havlik, P., Notenbaert, A., Nelgen, S.: Integrating livestock feeds and production systems into agricultural multi-market models: The example of IMPACT, Food Policy, 49, 365-377, doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.10.002, 2014.
76. Müller Schmied, H., Eisner, S., Franz, D., Wattenbach, M., Portmann, F. T., Flörke, M., Döll, P.: Sensitivity of simulated global-scale freshwater fluxes and storages to input data, hydrological model structure, human water use and calibration, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3511-3538, doi:10.5194/hess-18-3511-2014, 2014.
77. New, M., Hulme, M., Jones, P. D.: Representing twentieth century space-time climate variability. Part 2: development of 1901-96 monthly grids of terrestrial surface climate, J. Climate, 13, 2217-2238, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)0132217:RTCSTC2.0.CO;2, 2000.
78. New, M., Lister, D., Hulme, M., Makin, I.: A high resolution data set of surface climate over global land areas, Clim. Res., 21, 1-25, 2002.
79. Ngo-Duc, T., Polcher, J., Laval, K.: A 53-year forcing data set for land surface models, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D06116, doi:10.1029/2004JD005434, 2005.
80. Nijssen, B., O'Donnell, G. M., Lettenmaier, D. P., Lohmann, D., Wood, E. F.: Predicting the discharge of global rivers, J. Climate, 14, 3307-3323, 2001a.
81. Nijssen, B., Schnur, R., Lettenmaier, D. P.: Global retrospective estimation of soil moisture using the variable infiltration capacity land surface model, 1980-93, J. Climate, 14, 1790-1808, 2001b.
82. Oki, T., Agata, Y., Kanae, S., Saruhashi, T., Yang, D., Musiake, K.: Global assessment of current water resources using total runoff-integrating pathways, Hydrol. Sci. J., 46, 983-996, 2001.
83. O'Neill, B. C., Kriegler, E., Ebi, K. L., Kemp-Benedict, E., Riahi, K., Rothman, D. S., van Ruijven, B. J., van Vuuren, D. P., Birkmann, J., Kok, K., Levy, M., Solecki, W.: The roads ahead: Narratives for shared socioeconomic pathways describing world futures in the 21st century, Global Environ. Change, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.01.004, online first, 2015.
84. Onogi, K., Tsutsui, J., Koide, H., Sakamoto, M., Kobayashi, S., Hatsushika, H., Matsumoto, T., Yamazaki, N., Kamahori, H., Takahashi, K., Kadokura, S., Wada, K., Kato, K., Oyama, R., Ose, T., Mannoji, N., Taira, R.: The JRA-25 Reanalysis, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 85, 369-432, 2007.
85. Pahl-Wostl, C., Arthington, A., Bogardi, J., Bunn, S. E., Hoff, H., Lebel, L., Nikitina, E., Palmer, M., Poff, L., Richars, K., Schluter, M., Schulze, R., St-Hilaire, A., Tharme, R., Tockner, K., Tsegai, D.: Environmental flows and water governance: managing sustainable water uses, Curr. Opin. Environm. Sustainability, 5, 341-351, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2013.06.009, 2013.
86. Pastor, A. V., Ludwig, F., Biemans, H., Hoff, H., Kabat, P.: Accounting for environmental flow requirements in global water assessments, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 5041-5059, doi:10.5194/hess-18-5041-2014, 2014.
87. Pokhrel, Y., Hanasaki, N., Koirala, S., Cho, J., Yeh, P. J. F., Kim, H., Kanae, S., Oki, T.: Incorporating anthropogenic water regulation modules into a land surface model, J. Hydrometeorol., 13, 255-269, doi:10.1175/JHM-D-11-013.1, 2012a.
88. Pokhrel, Y. N., Hanasaki, N., Yeh, P. J.-F., Yamada, T., Kanae, S., Oki, T.: Model estimates of sea level change due to anthropogenic impacts on terrestrial water storage, Nat. Geosci., 5, 389-392, doi:10.1038/ngeo1476, 2012b.
89. Portmann, F., Siebert, S., Döll, P.: MIRCA2000-Global monthly irrigated and rainfed crop areas around the year 2000: a new high-resolution data set for agricultural and hydrological modelling, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB1011, doi:10.1029/2008GB003435, 2010.
90. Portmann, F. T., Döll, P., Eisner, S., Flörke, M.: Impact of climate change on renewable groundwater resources: assessing the benefits of avoided greenhouse gas emissions using selected CMIP5 climate projections, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 024023, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024023, 2013.
91. Puma, M. J., Bose, S., Chon, S. Y., Cook, B. I.: Assessing the evolving fragility of the global food system, Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 024007, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/2/024007, 2015.
92. Reder, K.. Flörke, M., Alcamo, J.: Modeling historical fecal coliform loadings to large European rivers and resulting instream concentrations, Environ. Model. Softw., 63, 251-263, doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.10.001, 2015.
93. Richter, B. D.: Re-thinking environmental flows: from allocations and reserves to sustainability boundaries, River Res. Applic., 26, 1052-1063, doi:10.1002/rra.1320, 2010.
94. Robock, A., Vinnikov, K. Y., Schlosser, C. A., Speranskaya, N. A., Xue, Y. K.: Use of mid-latitude soil moisture and meteorological observations to validate soil-moisture simulations with biosphere and bucket models, J. Climate, 8, 15-35, 1995.
95. Rodell, M., Velicogna, I., Famiglietti, J. S.: Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India, Nature, 460, 999-1002, doi:10.1038/nature08238, 2009.
96. Rohwer, J., Gerten, D., Lucht, W.: Development of functional types of irrigation for improved global crop modelling, PIK Report 104, Tech. rep., Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany, 2007.
97. Rosegrant, M. W., the IMPACT Development Team: International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT): Model Description, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, D.C., 2012.
98. Rost, S., Gerten, D., Bondeau, A., Lucht, W., Rohwer, J., Schaphoff, S.: Agricultural green and blue water consumption and its influence on the global water system,Water Resour. Res., 44, W09405, doi:10.1029/2007WR006331, 2008.
99. Rübbelke, D., Vögele, S.: Impacts of climate change on European critical infrastructures: The case of the power sector, Environ. Sci. Policy, 14, 53-63, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2010.10.007, 2011.
100. Rudolf, B., Becker, A., Chneider, U., Meyer-Christoffer, A., Ziese, M.: "GPCC Full Data Reanalysis Version 5" providing high-quality gridded monthly precipitation data for the global land-surface is public available since December, Tech. Rep. December, GPCC Status Report, http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/generator/DWDWWW/Content/Oeffentlichkeit/KU/KU4/KU42/en/Reports-Publications/GPCC-status-report-2010,templateId=raw,property= publicationFile.pdf/GPCC-status-report-2010.pdf (last access: 18 November 2015), 2010.
101. Schewe, J., Heinke, J., Gerten, D., Haddeland, I., Arnell, N. W., Clark, D. B., Dankers, R., Eisner, S., Fekete, B., Colón-González, F. J., Gosling, S. N., Kim, H., Liu, X., Masaki, Y., Portmann, F. T., Satoh, Y., Stacke, T., Tang, Q., Wada, Y., Wisser, D., Albrecht, T., Frieler, K., Piontek, F., Warszawski, L., Kabat, P.: Multi-model assessment of water scarcity under climate change, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 3245-3250, doi:10.1073/pnas.1222460110, 2014.
102. Shen, Y., Oki, T., Utsumi, N., Kanae, S., Hanasaki, N.: Projection of future world water resources under SRES scenarios: Water withdrawal, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 53, 11-33, doi:10.1623/hysj.53.1.11, 2008.
103. Shiklomanov, I. A.: Assessment of water resources and water availability in the world, Comprehensive assessment of the freshwater resources of the world, World Meteorological Organization and the Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, 1997.
104. Shiklomanov, I. A.: World Water Scenarios Analyses, chap. World water resources and water use: Present assessment and outlook for 2025, Earthscan, London, UK, 2000a.
105. Shiklomanov, I. A.: Appraisal and assessment of world water resources, Water Int., 25, 11-32, 2000b.
106. Siebert, S., Döll, P.: Quantifying blue and green virtual water contents in global crop production as well as potential production losses without irrigation, J. Hydrol., 384, 198-217, 2010.
107. Siebert, S., Döll, P., Hoogeveen, J., Faures, J.-M., Frenken, K., Feick, S.: Development and validation of the global map of irrigation areas, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 535-547, doi:10.5194/hess-9-535-2005, 2005.
108. Siebert, S., Döll, P., Feick, S., Hoogeveen, J., Frenken, K.: Global Map of Irrigation Areas Version 4.0.1., Tech. rep., In-stitute of Physical Geography, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2007.
109. Siebert, S., Burke, J., Faures, J. M., Frenken, K., Hoogeveen, J., Döll, P., Portmann, F. T.: Groundwater use for irrigation-a global inventory, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1863-1880, doi:10.5194/hess-14-1863-2010, 2010.
110. Siebert, S., Kummu, M., Porkka, M., Döll, P., Ramankutty, N., Scanlon, B. R.: A global data set of the extent of irrigated land from 1900 to 2005, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1521-1545, doi:10.5194/hess-19-1521-2015, 2015.
111. Smakhtin, V., Revenga, C., Döll, P.: A pilot global assessment of environmental water requirements and scarcity,Water Int., 29, 307-317, doi:10.1080/02508060408691785, 2004.
112. Smakhtin, V. U., Shilpakar, R. L., Hughes, D. A.: Hydrologybased assessment of environmental flows: An example from nepal, Hydrol. Sci. J., 51, 207-222, doi:10.1623/hysj.51.2.207, 2006.
113. Smith, M.: CROPWAT-a computer program for irrigation planning and management, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 46, FAO, Rome, 1992.
114. Steinfeld, H., Gerber, P.,Wassenaar, T., Castel, V., Rosales, M., de Haan, C.: Livestocks long shadow: Environmental issues and options, FAO, Rome, Italy, ISBN 978-92-5-105571-7, 2006.
115. Sulser, T., Ringler, C., Zhu, T., Msangi, S., Bryan, E., Rosegrant, M. W.: Green and blue water accounting in the Ganges and Nile basins: implications for food and agricultural policy, J. Hydrol., 384, 276-291, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.10.003, 2010.
116. Taylor, R. G., Scanlon, B., Döll, P., Rodell, M., van Beek, R., Wada, Y., Longuevergne, L., Leblanc, M., Famiglietti, J. S., Edmunds, M., Konikow, L., Green, T. R., Chen, J., Taniguchi, M., Bierkens, M. F. P., MacDonald, A., Fan, Y., Maxwell, R. M., Yechieli, Y., Gurdak, J. J., Allen, D. M., Shamsudduha, M., Hiscock, K., Yeh, P. J.-F., Holman, I., Treidel, H.: Groundwater and climate change, Nature Clim. Change, 3, 322-329, doi:10.1038/nclimate1744, 2013.
117. Thenkabail, P. S., Biradar, C. M., Turral, H., Noojipady, P., Li, Y. J., Vithanage, J., Dheeravath, V., Velpuri, M., Schull, M., Cai, X. L., Dutta, R.: An Irrigated Area Map of the World (1999) derived from Remote Sensing, Res., Rep., 105, Tech. rep., International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka, p. 74, 2006.
118. UDI: World electric power plants database, Utility Data Institute, Platts Energy InfoStore, Available at http://www.platts.com/(last access: June 2015), 2004.
119. Van Beek, L. P. H.,Wada, Y., Bierkens, M. F. P.: Global monthly water stress: I. Water balance and water availability, Water Resour. Res., 47, W07517, doi:10.1029/2010WR009791, 2011.
120. Van Vliet, M. T. H., Yearsley, J. R., Ludwig, F., Vögele, S., Lettenmaier, D. P., Kabat, P.: Vulnerability of US and European electricity supply to climate change, Nature Clim. Change, 2, 676-681, doi:10.1038/nclimate1546, 2012.
121. Van Vliet, M. T. H., Vögele, S., Rübbelke, D.: Water constraints on European power supply under climate change: impacts on electricity prices, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 035010, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035010, 2013.
122. Van Vuuren, P., Edmonds, J., Kainuma, M., Riahi, K., Thomson, A., Hibbard, K., Hurtt, G., Kram, T., Krey, V., Lamarque, J.-F., Masui, T., Meinshausen, M., Nakicenovic, N., Smith, S., Rose, S.: The representative concentration pathways: an overview, Clim. Change, 109, 5-31, doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z, 2011.
123. Vassolo, S., Döll, P.: Global-scale gridded estimates of thermoelectric power and manufacturing water use, Water Resour. Res., 41, W04010, doi:10.1029/2004WR003360, 2005.
124. Vörösmarty, C. J., Leveque, C., Revenga, C.: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Volume 1: Conditions and Trends, chap. 7: Freshwater ecosystems, Island Press, Washington D.C., USA, 165-207, 2005.
125. Vörösmarty, C. J., McIntyre, P., Gessner, M. O., Dudgeon, D., Prusevich, A., Green, P., Glidden, S., Bunn, S. E., Sullivan, C. A., Liermann, C. R.: Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity, Nature, 467, 555-561, 2010.
126. Wada, Y., Bierkens, M. F. P.: Sustainability of global water use: past reconstruction and future projections, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 104003, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/104003, 2014.
127. Wada, Y., van Beek, L. P. H., van Kempen, C. M., Reckman, J. W. T. M., Vasak, S., Bierkens, M. F. P.: Global depletion of groundwater resources, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L20402, doi:10.1029/2010GL044571, 2010.
128. Wada, Y., van Beek, L. P. H., Bierkens, M. F. P.: Modelling global water stress of the recent past: on the relative importance of trends in water demand and climate variability, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 3785-3808, doi:10.5194/hess-15-3785-2011, 2011a.
129. Wada, Y., van Beek, L. P. H., Viviroli, D., Dürr, H. H.,Weingartner, R., Bierkens, M. F. P.: Global monthly water stress: II.Water demand and severity of water, Water Resour. Res., 47, W07518, doi:10.1029/2010WR009792, 2011b.
130. Wada, Y., van Beek, L. P. H., Bierkens, M. F. P.: Nonsustainable groundwater sustaining irrigation: A global assessment, Water Resour. Res., 48,W00L06, doi:10.1029/2011WR010562, 2012a.
131. Wada, Y., van Beek, L. P. H.,Weiland, F. C. S., Chao, B. F.,Wu, Y.-H., Bierkens, M. F. P.: Past and future contribution of global groundwater depletion to sea-level rise, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L09402, doi:10.1029/2012GL051230, 2012b.
132. Wada, Y., van Beek, L. P. H., Wanders, N., Bierkens, M. F. P.: Human water consumption intensifies hydrological drought worldwide, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 034036, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034036, 2013a.
133. Wada, Y.,Wisser, D., Eisner, S., Flörke, M., Gerten, D., Haddeland, I., Hanasaki, N., Masaki, Y., Portmann, F. T., Stacke, T., Tessler, Z., Schewe, J.: Multimodel projections and uncertainties of irrigation water demand under climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 4626-4632, doi:10.1002/grl.50686, 2013b.
134. Wada, Y., Gleeson, T., Esnault, L.: Wedge approach to water stress, Nat. Geosci., 7, 615-617, doi:10.1038/ngeo2241, 2014a.
135. Wada, Y., Wisser, D., Bierkens, M. F. P.: Global modeling of withdrawal, allocation and consumptive use of surface water and groundwater resources, Earth Syst. Dynam., 5, 15-40, doi:10.5194/esd-5-15-2014, 2014b.
136. Warszawski, L., Frieler, K., Huber, V., Piontek, F., Serdeczny, O., Schewe, J.: The Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP): Project framework, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 3228-3232, doi:10.1073/pnas.1312330110, 2014.
137. WEO: World Energy Outlook 2012. International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France, available online (November 2014): http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2012/#d. en.26099 (last access: June 2015), 2012.
138. Wiberg, D., Strzepek, K. M.: Development of Regional Economic Supply Curves for Surface Water Resources and Climate Change Assessments: A Case Study of China, IIASA Research Report RR-05-001, available at: http://webarchive.iiasa. ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/RR-05-001.pdf (last access: August 2015), 2005.
139. Wisser, D., Frolking, S., Douglas, E. M., Fekete, B. M., Vörösmarty, C. J., Schumann, A. H.: Global irrigation water demand: Variability and uncertainties arising from agricultural and climate data sets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L24408, doi:10.1029/2008GL035296, 2008.
140. Wisser, D., Fekete, B. M., Vörösmarty, C. J., Schumann, A. H.: Reconstructing 20th century global hydrography: a contribution to the Global Terrestrial Network-Hydrology (GTN-H), Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1-24, doi:10.5194/hess-14-1-2010, 2010.
141. World Resources Institute (WRI):World Resources: A Guide to the Global Environment 1998-99, World Resources Institute, Washington D.C., USA, 1998.
142. World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP): Water for people: Water for life, The United Nations World Water Development Report, UNESCO, Paris, France, 2003.
143. Yates, D. N.: Approaches to continental scale runoff for integrated assessment models, J. Hydrol., 291, 289-310, 1997.
144. You, L., Wood, S., Wood-Sichra, U.: Generating global crop distribution maps: from census to grid, in: Selected paper at IAAE 2006 Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 11-18 August, available at: http://www.planttreaty.org/sites/default/files/generating-global-crop.pdf (last access: August 2015), 2006.