메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 145, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 246-258

No evidence for bilingual cognitive advantages: A test of four hypotheses

Author keywords

Bilingual advantage; Cognitive control; Executive functions

Indexed keywords

ADULT; APTITUDE; COGNITION; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MULTILINGUALISM; PHYSIOLOGY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84956585732     PISSN: 00963445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/xge0000120     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (193)

References (77)
  • 1
    • 78049370416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cognitive correlates of bilingualism
    • Adesope, O. O., Lavin, T., Thompson, T.,&Ungerleider, C. (2010). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cognitive correlates of bilingualism. Review of Educational Research, 80, 207-245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0034654310368803
    • (2010) Review of Educational Research , vol.80 , pp. 207-245
    • Adesope, O.O.1    Lavin, T.2    Thompson, T.3    Ungerleider, C.4
  • 3
    • 21344493237 scopus 로고
    • Development of a short form for the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices test
    • Arthur, W., Jr.,&Day, D. V. (1994). Development of a short form for the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices test. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 394-403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164494054002013
    • (1994) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.54 , pp. 394-403
    • Arthur, W.1    Day, D.V.2
  • 4
    • 24044541117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • College-sample psychometric and normative data on a short form of the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices test
    • Arthur, W., Jr., Tubre, T. C., Paul, D. S.,&Sanchez-Ku, M. L. (1999). College-sample psychometric and normative data on a short form of the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices test. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 17, 354-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073428299901700405
    • (1999) Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment , vol.17 , pp. 354-361
    • Arthur, W.1    Tubre, T.C.2    Paul, D.S.3    Sanchez-Ku, M.L.4
  • 5
    • 54049133744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items
    • Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J.,&Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 59, 390-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005
    • (2008) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.59 , pp. 390-412
    • Baayen, R.H.1    Davidson, D.J.2    Bates, D.M.3
  • 6
    • 84871868072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal
    • Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C.,&Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68, 255-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
    • (2013) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.68 , pp. 255-278
    • Barr, D.J.1    Levy, R.2    Scheepers, C.3    Tily, H.J.4
  • 8
    • 2642576670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task
    • Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Klein, R.,&Viswanathan, M. (2004). Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task. Psychology and Aging, 19, 290-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290
    • (2004) Psychology and Aging , vol.19 , pp. 290-303
    • Bialystok, E.1    Craik, F.I.M.2    Klein, R.3    Viswanathan, M.4
  • 10
    • 84859111216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilingualism: Consequences for mind and brain
    • Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M.,&Luk, G. (2012). Bilingualism: Consequences for mind and brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 240-250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.03.001
    • (2012) Trends in Cognitive Sciences , vol.16 , pp. 240-250
    • Bialystok, E.1    Craik, F.I.M.2    Luk, G.3
  • 11
    • 85052356350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bundesamt für Statistik. (2015a). Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund Retrieved from http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/07/blank/key/04.html
    • (2015) Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund
  • 12
    • 85052357464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bundesamt für Statistik. (2015b). Sprachen. Retrieved from http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/sprachen.html
    • (2015) Sprachen
  • 14
    • 84891141326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Independent effects of bilingualism and socioeconomic status on language ability and executive functioning
    • Calvo, A.,&Bialystok, E. (2014). Independent effects of bilingualism and socioeconomic status on language ability and executive functioning. Cognition, 130, 278-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.015
    • (2014) Cognition , vol.130 , pp. 278-288
    • Calvo, A.1    Bialystok, E.2
  • 15
    • 84907573810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of script similarity on executive control in bilinguals
    • Coderre, E. L.,&van Heuven, W. J. B. (2014). The effect of script similarity on executive control in bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01070
    • (2014) Frontiers in Psychology , vol.5 , pp. 1070
    • Coderre, E.L.1    van Heuven, W.J.B.2
  • 17
    • 70349985732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the bilingual advantage in conflict processing: Now you see it, now you don't
    • Costa, A., Hernández, M., Costa-Faidella, J.,&Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2009). On the bilingual advantage in conflict processing: Now you see it, now you don't. Cognition, 113, 135-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.001
    • (2009) Cognition , vol.113 , pp. 135-149
    • Costa, A.1    Hernández, M.2    Costa-Faidella, J.3    Sebastián-Gallés, N.4
  • 18
    • 37049014296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilingualism aids conflict resolution: Evidence from the ANT task
    • Costa, A., Hernández, M.,&Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2008). Bilingualism aids conflict resolution: Evidence from the ANT task. Cognition, 106, 59-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2006.12.013
    • (2008) Cognition , vol.106 , pp. 59-86
    • Costa, A.1    Hernández, M.2    Sebastián-Gallés, N.3
  • 19
    • 84921046610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive advantage in bilingualism: An example of publication bias?
    • de Bruin, A., Treccani, B.,&Della Sala, S. (2015). Cognitive advantage in bilingualism: An example of publication bias? Psychological Science, 26, 99-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797614557866
    • (2015) Psychological Science , vol.26 , pp. 99-107
    • de Bruin, A.1    Treccani, B.2    Della Sala, S.3
  • 22
    • 80052162140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory in multilingual children: Is there a bilingual effect?
    • Engel de Abreu, P. M. J. (2011). Working memory in multilingual children: Is there a bilingual effect? Memory, 19, 529-537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2011.590504
    • (2011) Memory , vol.19 , pp. 529-537
    • Engel de Abreu, P.M.J.1
  • 23
    • 84869008378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The long way from α-error control to validity proper: Problems with a short-sighted false-positive debate
    • Fiedler, K., Kutzner, F.,&Krueger, J. I. (2012). The long way from α-error control to validity proper: Problems with a short-sighted false-positive debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 661-669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691612462587
    • (2012) Perspectives on Psychological Science , vol.7 , pp. 661-669
    • Fiedler, K.1    Kutzner, F.2    Krueger, J.I.3
  • 24
    • 84896737899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The healthy migrant effect may confound the link between bilingualism and delayed onset of Alzheimer's disease
    • Fuller-Thomson, E.,&Kuh, D. (2014). The healthy migrant effect may confound the link between bilingualism and delayed onset of Alzheimer's disease. Cortex, 52, 128-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2013.08.009
    • (2014) Cortex , vol.52 , pp. 128-130
    • Fuller-Thomson, E.1    Kuh, D.2
  • 25
    • 77957324106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bridging language and attention: Brain basis of the impact of bilingualism on cognitive control
    • Garbin, G., Sanjuan, A., Forn, C., Bustamante, J. C., Rodriguez-Pujadas, A., Belloch, V., Ávila, C. (2010). Bridging language and attention: Brain basis of the impact of bilingualism on cognitive control. Neuro-Image, 53, 1272-1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.078
    • (2010) Neuro-Image , vol.53 , pp. 1272-1278
    • Garbin, G.1    Sanjuan, A.2    Forn, C.3    Bustamante, J.C.4    Rodriguez-Pujadas, A.5    Belloch, V.6    Ávila, C.7
  • 26
    • 84897624273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does language dominance affect cognitive performance in bilinguals? Lifespan evidence from preschoolers through older adults on card sorting, Simon, and metalinguistic tasks
    • Gathercole, V. C. M., Thomas, E. M., Kennedy, I., Prys, C., Young, N., Viñas Guasch, N., Jones, L. (2014). Does language dominance affect cognitive performance in bilinguals? Lifespan evidence from preschoolers through older adults on card sorting, Simon, and metalinguistic tasks. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00011
    • (2014) Frontiers in Psychology , vol.5 , pp. 11
    • Gathercole, V.C.M.1    Thomas, E.M.2    Kennedy, I.3    Prys, C.4    Young, N.5    Viñas Guasch, N.6    Jones, L.7
  • 27
    • 80052031560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system
    • Green, D. W. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 67-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1366728998000133
    • (1998) Bilingualism: Language and Cognition , vol.1 , pp. 67-81
    • Green, D.W.1
  • 28
    • 0001571334 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between degree of bilingualism and cognitive ability: A critical discussion and some new longitudinal data
    • In K. E. Nelson (Ed.), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Hakuta, K.,&Diaz, R. M. (1985). The relationship between degree of bilingualism and cognitive ability: A critical discussion and some new longitudinal data. In K. E. Nelson (Ed.), Children's language (Vol. 5, pp. 320-344). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1985) Children's language , vol.5 , pp. 320-344
    • Hakuta, K.1    Diaz, R.M.2
  • 31
    • 79960004599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are there bilingual advantages on nonlinguistic interference tasks? Implications for the plasticity of executive control processes
    • Hilchey, M. D.,&Klein, R. M. (2011). Are there bilingual advantages on nonlinguistic interference tasks? Implications for the plasticity of executive control processes. Psychonomic Bulletin&Review, 18, 625-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-011-0116-7
    • (2011) Psychonomic Bulletin&Review , vol.18 , pp. 625-658
    • Hilchey, M.D.1    Klein, R.M.2
  • 32
    • 84938211630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does bilingual exercise enhance cognitive fitness in traditional non-linguistic executive processing tasks?
    • (in press), In J. Schwieter (Ed.), New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
    • Hilchey, M. D., Saint-Aubin, J.,&Klein, R. (in press). Does bilingual exercise enhance cognitive fitness in traditional non-linguistic executive processing tasks? In J. Schwieter (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Processing (pp. 586-613). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    • The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Processing , pp. 586-613
    • Hilchey, M.D.1    Saint-Aubin, J.2    Klein, R.3
  • 33
    • 33846563409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why most published research findings are false
    • Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Medicine, 2(8), e124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
    • (2005) PLoS Medicine , vol.2 , Issue.8
    • Ioannidis, J.P.A.1
  • 35
    • 70449431086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The bilingual advantage in novel word learning
    • Kaushanskaya, M.,&Marian, V. (2009). The bilingual advantage in novel word learning. Psychonomic Bulletin&Review, 16, 705-710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/PBR.16.4.705
    • (2009) Psychonomic Bulletin&Review , vol.16 , pp. 705-710
    • Kaushanskaya, M.1    Marian, V.2
  • 36
    • 84906939291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No evidence for reduced Simon cost in elderly bilinguals and bidialectals
    • Kirk, N. W., Fiala, L., Scott-Brown, K. C.,&Kempe, V. (2014). No evidence for reduced Simon cost in elderly bilinguals and bidialectals. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 26, 640-648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2014.929580
    • (2014) Journal of Cognitive Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 640-648
    • Kirk, N.W.1    Fiala, L.2    Scott-Brown, K.C.3    Kempe, V.4
  • 37
    • 84858437934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ageing and bilingualism: Absence of a "bilingual advantage" in stroop interference in a nonimmigrant sample
    • Kousaie, S.,&Phillips, N. A. (2012). Ageing and bilingualism: Absence of a "bilingual advantage" in stroop interference in a nonimmigrant sample. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65, 356-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.604788
    • (2012) The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.65 , pp. 356-369
    • Kousaie, S.1    Phillips, N.A.2
  • 39
    • 84884595009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the consequences of bilingualism for language processing and cognition
    • Kroll, J. F.,&Bialystok, E. (2013). Understanding the consequences of bilingualism for language processing and cognition. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25, 497-514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.799170
    • (2013) Journal of Cognitive Psychology , vol.25 , pp. 497-514
    • Kroll, J.F.1    Bialystok, E.2
  • 40
    • 84901759937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two languages in mind: Bilingualism as a tool to investigate language, cognition, and the brain
    • Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S. C.,&Hoshino, N. (2014). Two languages in mind: Bilingualism as a tool to investigate language, cognition, and the brain. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 159-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721414528511
    • (2014) Current Directions in Psychological Science , vol.23 , pp. 159-163
    • Kroll, J.F.1    Bobb, S.C.2    Hoshino, N.3
  • 44
    • 84877053241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting outliers: Do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median
    • Leys, C., Ley, C., Klein, O., Bernard, P.,&Licata, L. (2013). Detecting outliers: Do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 764-766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.03.013
    • (2013) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 764-766
    • Leys, C.1    Ley, C.2    Klein, O.3    Bernard, P.4    Licata, L.5
  • 45
    • 0001249031 scopus 로고
    • When it helps to be misled: Facilitative effects of increasing the frequency of conflicting stimuli in a Stroop-like task
    • Logan, G. D.,&Zbrodoff, N. J. (1979). When it helps to be misled: Facilitative effects of increasing the frequency of conflicting stimuli in a Stroop-like task. Memory&Cognition, 7, 166-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03197535
    • (1979) Memory&Cognition , vol.7 , pp. 166-174
    • Logan, G.D.1    Zbrodoff, N.J.2
  • 46
    • 84884596814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilingualism is not a categorical variable: Interaction between language proficiency and usage
    • Luk, G.,&Bialystok, E. (2013). Bilingualism is not a categorical variable: Interaction between language proficiency and usage. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25, 605-621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.795574
    • (2013) Journal of Cognitive Psychology , vol.25 , pp. 605-621
    • Luk, G.1    Bialystok, E.2
  • 47
    • 84881245585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilingualism interacts with domain in a working memory task: Evidence from aging
    • Luo, L., Craik, F. I. M., Moreno, S.,&Bialystok, E. (2013). Bilingualism interacts with domain in a working memory task: Evidence from aging. Psychology and Aging, 28, 28-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030875
    • (2013) Psychology and Aging , vol.28 , pp. 28-34
    • Luo, L.1    Craik, F.I.M.2    Moreno, S.3    Bialystok, E.4
  • 48
    • 0026132381 scopus 로고
    • Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review
    • MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163
    • (1991) Psychological Bulletin , vol.109 , pp. 163-203
    • MacLeod, C.M.1
  • 49
    • 34548585644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q): Assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals
    • Marian, V., Blumenfeld, H. K.,&Kaushanskaya, M. (2007). The Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q): Assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50, 940-967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/067)
    • (2007) Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , vol.50 , pp. 940-967
    • Marian, V.1    Blumenfeld, H.K.2    Kaushanskaya, M.3
  • 50
    • 40649101050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of two types of inhibitory control in monolingual and bilingual children
    • Martin-Rhee, M. M.,&Bialystok, E. (2008). The development of two types of inhibitory control in monolingual and bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 11, 81-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1366728907003227
    • (2008) Bilingualism: Language and Cognition , vol.11 , pp. 81-93
    • Martin-Rhee, M.M.1    Bialystok, E.2
  • 51
    • 84856455781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: Four general conclusions
    • Miyake, A.,&Friedman, N. P. (2012). The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: Four general conclusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 8-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721411429458
    • (2012) Current Directions in Psychological Science , vol.21 , pp. 8-14
    • Miyake, A.1    Friedman, N.P.2
  • 52
    • 0034242442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis
    • Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
    • (2000) Cognitive Psychology , vol.41 , pp. 49-100
    • Miyake, A.1    Friedman, N.P.2    Emerson, M.J.3    Witzki, A.H.4    Howerter, A.5    Wager, T.D.6
  • 53
    • 0037334647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Task switching
    • Monsell, S. (2003). Task switching. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 134-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00028-7
    • (2003) Trends in Cognitive Sciences , vol.7 , pp. 134-140
    • Monsell, S.1
  • 54
    • 35548990614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What did Simon say? Revisiting the bilingual advantage
    • Morton, J. B.,&Harper, S. N. (2007). What did Simon say? Revisiting the bilingual advantage. Developmental Science, 10, 719-726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00623.x
    • (2007) Developmental Science , vol.10 , pp. 719-726
    • Morton, J.B.1    Harper, S.N.2
  • 56
    • 0037349958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multiple faces of working memory: Storage, processing, supervision, and coordination
    • Oberauer, K., Sü, H.-M., Wilhelm, O.,&Wittmann, W. W. (2003). The multiple faces of working memory: Storage, processing, supervision, and coordination. Intelligence, 31, 167-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(02)00115-0
    • (2003) Intelligence , vol.31 , pp. 167-193
    • Oberauer, K.1    Sü, H.-M.2    Wilhelm, O.3    Wittmann, W.W.4
  • 57
    • 84897577582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of componential analysis, categorical hypothesising, replicability and confirmation bias in testing for bilingual advantages in executive functioning
    • Paap, K. R. (2014). The role of componential analysis, categorical hypothesising, replicability and confirmation bias in testing for bilingual advantages in executive functioning. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 26, 242-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2014.891597
    • (2014) Journal of Cognitive Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 242-255
    • Paap, K.R.1
  • 58
    • 84873847169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There is no coherent evidence for a bilingual advantage in executive processing
    • Paap, K. R.,&Greenberg, Z. I. (2013). There is no coherent evidence for a bilingual advantage in executive processing. Cognitive Psychology, 66, 232-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.12.002
    • (2013) Cognitive Psychology , vol.66 , pp. 232-258
    • Paap, K.R.1    Greenberg, Z.I.2
  • 59
    • 84906936290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are bilingual advantages dependent upon specific tasks or specific bilingual experiences?
    • Paap, K. R., Johnson, H. A.,&Sawi, O. (2014). Are bilingual advantages dependent upon specific tasks or specific bilingual experiences? Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 26, 615-639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2014.944914
    • (2014) Journal of Cognitive Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 615-639
    • Paap, K.R.1    Johnson, H.A.2    Sawi, O.3
  • 60
    • 84906355784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilingual advantages in executive functioning: Problems in convergent validity, discriminant validity, and the identification of the theoretical constructs
    • Paap, K. R.,&Sawi, O. (2014). Bilingual advantages in executive functioning: Problems in convergent validity, discriminant validity, and the identification of the theoretical constructs. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00962
    • (2014) Frontiers in Psychology , vol.5 , pp. 962
    • Paap, K.R.1    Sawi, O.2
  • 61
    • 79960254622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Good language-switchers are good task-switchers: Evidence from Spanish-English and Mandarin-English bilinguals
    • Prior, A.,&Gollan, T. H. (2011). Good language-switchers are good task-switchers: Evidence from Spanish-English and Mandarin-English bilinguals. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 682-691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355617711000580
    • (2011) Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , vol.17 , pp. 682-691
    • Prior, A.1    Gollan, T.H.2
  • 62
    • 84884577362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The elusive link between language control and executive control: A case of limited transfer
    • Prior, A.,&Gollan, T. H. (2013). The elusive link between language control and executive control: A case of limited transfer. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25, 622-645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.821993
    • (2013) Journal of Cognitive Psychology , vol.25 , pp. 622-645
    • Prior, A.1    Gollan, T.H.2
  • 63
    • 77953618203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A bilingual advantage in task switching
    • Prior, A.,&MacWhinney, B. (2010). A bilingual advantage in task switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 253-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1366728909990526
    • (2010) Bilingualism: Language and Cognition , vol.13 , pp. 253-262
    • Prior, A.1    MacWhinney, B.2
  • 65
    • 84914179053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing
    • R Core Team. (2014). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org/
    • (2014) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
  • 67
    • 84864029964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A bilingual advantage for episodic memory in older adults
    • Schroeder, S. R.,&Marian, V. (2012). A bilingual advantage for episodic memory in older adults. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 24, 591-601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2012.669367
    • (2012) Journal of Cognitive Psychology , vol.24 , pp. 591-601
    • Schroeder, S.R.1    Marian, V.2
  • 68
    • 84865194516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is working memory training effective?
    • Shipstead, Z., Redick, T. S.,&Engle, R. W. (2012). Is working memory training effective? Psychological Bulletin, 138, 628-654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027473
    • (2012) Psychological Bulletin , vol.138 , pp. 628-654
    • Shipstead, Z.1    Redick, T.S.2    Engle, R.W.3
  • 69
    • 80555145867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant
    • Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D.,&Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22, 1359-1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632
    • (2011) Psychological Science , vol.22 , pp. 1359-1366
    • Simmons, J.P.1    Nelson, L.D.2    Simonsohn, U.3
  • 70
    • 0018991099 scopus 로고
    • A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity
    • Snodgrass, J. G.,&Vanderwart, M. (1980). A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 174-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.6.2.174
    • (1980) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , vol.6 , pp. 174-215
    • Snodgrass, J.G.1    Vanderwart, M.2
  • 71
    • 84865279927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there a relationship between language switching and executive functions in bilingualism? Introducing a within group analysis approach
    • Soveri, A., Rodriguez-Fornells, A.,&Laine, M. (2011). Is there a relationship between language switching and executive functions in bilingualism? Introducing a within group analysis approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00183
    • (2011) Frontiers in Psychology , vol.2 , pp. 183
    • Soveri, A.1    Rodriguez-Fornells, A.2    Laine, M.3
  • 74
    • 84914132248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilingualism and cognition
    • Valian, V. (2015). Bilingualism and cognition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18, 3-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1366728914000522
    • (2015) Bilingualism: Language and Cognition , vol.18 , pp. 3-24
    • Valian, V.1
  • 75
    • 84874345274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tatool: A Java-based open-source programming framework for psychological studies
    • von Bastian, C. C., Locher, A.,&Ruflin, M. (2013). Tatool: A Java-based open-source programming framework for psychological studies. Behavior Research Methods, 45, 108-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0224-y
    • (2013) Behavior Research Methods , vol.45 , pp. 108-115
    • von Bastian, C.C.1    Locher, A.2    Ruflin, M.3
  • 76
    • 84876744231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct transfer effects of training different facets of working memory capacity
    • von Bastian, C. C.,&Oberauer, K. (2013). Distinct transfer effects of training different facets of working memory capacity. Journal of Memory and Language, 69, 36-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2013.02.002
    • (2013) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.69 , pp. 36-58
    • von Bastian, C.C.1    Oberauer, K.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.