Independent effects of bilingualism and socioeconomic status on language ability and executive functioning

Cognition

Volumn 130, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 278-288

  Calvo, Alejandra ^a   Bialystok, Ellen ^a  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Bilingualism; Executive functioning; Language ability; Socioeconomic status

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; BILINGUALISM; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); INTELLIGENCE; INTELLIGENCE TEST; LANGUAGE ABILITY; LANGUAGE TEST; LINGUISTICS; MALE; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; MENTAL TASK; NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION; NORMAL HUMAN; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHOOL CHILD; SELECTIVE ATTENTION; SOCIAL STATUS; LANGUAGE; MULTILINGUALISM; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; SOCIAL CLASS;

CHILD; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; LANGUAGE; MALE; MULTILINGUALISM; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; SOCIAL CLASS;

EID: 84891141326     PISSN: 00100277     EISSN: 18737838     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.015     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Adesope O.O., Lavin T., Thompson T., Ungerleider C. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cognitive correlates of bilingualism. Review of Educational Research 2010, 80:207-245.
2. Adi-Japha E., Berberich-Artzi J., Libnawi A. Cognitive flexibility in drawings of bilingual children. Child Development 2010, 81:1356-1366.
3. Akhtar N., Menjivar J.A. Cognitive and linguistic correlates of early exposure to more than one language. Advances in Child Development & Behavior 2012, 42:41-78.
4. Ardila A., Rosselli M., Matute E., Guajardo S. The influence of the parents' educational level on the development of executive functions. Developmental Neuropsychology 2005, 28:539-560.
5. Arriaga R.J., Fenson L., Cronan T., Pethick S.J. Scores on the MacArthur communicative development inventory of children from low-and middle-income families. Applied Psycholinguistics 1998, 19:209-223.
6. Bialystok E. Factors in the growth of linguistic awareness. Child Development 1986, 57:498-510.
7. Bialystok E. Levels of bilingualism and levels of linguistic awareness. Developmental Psychology 1988, 24:560-567.
8. Bialystok E. Cognitive complexity and attentional control in the bilingual mind. Child Development 1999, 70:636-644.
9. Bialystok E. Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy, and cognition 2001, Cambridge University Press, New York.
10. Bialystok E. Bilingualism, The good, the bad, and the indifferent. Bilingualism, Language and Cognition 2009, 12:3-11.
11. Bialystok E., Luk G., Peets K.F., Yang S. Receptive vocabulary differences in monolingual and bilingual children. Bilingualism, Language and Cognition 2010, 13:525-531.
12. Bialystok E. Coordination of executive functions in monolingual and bilingual children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2011, 110:461-468.
13. Bialystok E., Barac R., Blaye A., Poulin-Dubois D. Word mapping and executive functioning in young monolingual and bilingual children. Journal of Cognition and Development 2010, 11:485-508.
14. Bialystok E., Luk G., Peets K.F., Yang S. Receptive vocabulary differences in monolingual and bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 2010, 13:525-531.
15. Bialystok E., Martin M.M. Attention and inhibition in bilingual children: Evidence from the dimensional change card sort task. Developmental Science 2004, 7:325-339.
16. Bialystok E., Viswanathan M. Components of executive control with advantages for bilingual children in two cultures. Cognition 2009, 112:494-500.
17. Bornstein M.H., Hahn C.S., Suwalsky J.T.D., Haynes O.M. Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development: The Hollingshead four-factor index of social status and the socioeconomic index of occupations. Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development 2003, 29-82. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. M.H. Bornstein, R.H. Bradley (Eds.).
18. Boyd M. A socioeconomic scale for Canada: Measuring occupational status from the census. Canadian Review of Sociology 2008, 45:51-91.
19. Bradley R.H., Corwyn R.F. Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual Review of Psychology 2002, 53:371-399.
20. Brooks-Gunn J., Duncan G.J. The effects of poverty on children. Future of Children 1997, 7:55-71.
21. Carlson S.M., Meltzoff A.N. Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children. Developmental Science 2008, 11:282-298.
22. Carpenter P.A., Just M.A., Shell P. What one intelligence test measures: A theoretical account of the processing in the Raven Progressive Matrices Test. Psychological Review 1990, 97:404-431.
23. Cobo-Lewis A., Pearson B.Z., Eilers R.E., Umbel V.C. Effects of bilingualism and bilingual education on oral and written English skills: A multifactor study of standardized test outcomes. Language and literacy in bilingual children 2002, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon, UK. D.K. Oller, R.E. Eilers (Eds.).
24. Cromdal J. Childhood bilingualism and metalinguistic skills: Analysis and control in young Swedish-English bilinguals. Applied Psycholinguistics 1999, 20:1-20.
25. Cummins J. Bilingualism and the development of metalinguistic awareness. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1978, 9:131-149.
26. Cummins J., Mulcahy R. Orientation to language in Ukrainian-English bilingual children. Child Development 1978, 49:1239-1242.
27. Diamond A. The development of the ability to use recall to guide action, as indicated by infants' performance on A-not-B. Child Development 1985, 56:868-883.
28. Dollaghan C.A., Campbell T.F., Paradise J.L., Feldman H.M., Janosky J.E., Pitcairn D.N., et al. Maternal education and measures of early speech and language. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 1999, 42:1432-1443.
29. Dunn L.M., Dunn L.M. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III 1997, American Guidance Service, Circle Pines, MN.
30. Engel de Abreu P.M.J., Cruz-Santos A., Tourinho C.J., Martin R., Bialystok E. Bilingualism enriches the poor: Enhanced cognitive control in low-income minority children. Psychological Science 2012, 23:1364-1371.
31. Entwisle D.R., Astone N.M. Some practical guidelines for measuring youths race ethnicity and socioeconomic-status. Child Development 1994, 65:1521-1540.
32. Ensminger M.E., Fothergill K. A decade of measuring SES: What it tells us and where to go from here. Socioeconomic status, parenting and child development 2003, 13-28. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. M.H. Bornstein, R.H. Bradley (Eds.).
33. Farah M.J., Shera D.M., Savage J.H., Betancourt L., Giannetta J.M., Brodsky N.L., et al. Childhood poverty: Specific associations with neurocognitive development. Brain Research 2006, 1110:166-174.
34. Feldman C., Shen M. Some language-related cognitive advantages of bilingual five-year-olds. Journal of Genetic Psychology 1971, 118:235-244.
35. Fernández M.C., Pearson B.Z., Umbel V.M., Oller D.K., Molinet-Molina M. Bilingual receptive vocabulary in Hispanic preschool children. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 1992, 14:268-276.
36. Gray J.R., Thompson P.M. Neurobiology of intelligence: Science and ethics. Nature Reviews, Neuroscience 2004, 5:471-482.
37. Greenberg A., Bellana B., Bialystok E. Perspective-taking ability in bilingual children: Extending advantages in executive control to spatial reasoning. Cognitive Development 2013, 28:41-50.
38. Hart B., Risley T.R. Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children 1995, Brookes, Baltimore, MD.
39. Hoff E., Core C., Place S., Rumiche R., Senor M., Parra M. Dual language exposure and early bilingual development. Journal of Child Language 2012, 39:1-27.
40. Hoff-Ginsberg E. Mother-child conversation in different social classes and communicative settings. Child Development 1991, 62:782-796.
41. Ianco-Worrall A. Bilingualism and cognitive development. Child Development 1972, 43:1390-1400.
42. Kail R. Speed of information processing: Developmental change and its links to intelligence. Journal of School Psychology 2000, 38:51-61.
43. Kaufman A.S., Kaufman N.L. Kaufman brief intelligence Test-II 2004, American Guidance Service, Circle Pines, MN.
44. Kovács A.M., Mehler J. Cognitive gains in 7-month-old bilingual infants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009, 106:6556-6560.
45. Kyllonen P.C. G: Knowledge, speed, strategies, or working-memory capacity? A systems perspective. The general factor of intelligence: How general is it? 2002, 415-445. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ. R.J. Stemberg, E.L. Grigorenko (Eds.).
46. Lipina S.J., Martelli M., Vuelta B., Colombo J. Performance on the A-not-B task of Argentinean infants from unsatisfied and satisfied basic needs homes. Interamerican Journal of Psychology 2005, 39:49-60.
47. Locke A., Ginsborg J., Peers I. Development and disadvantage: Implications for the early years and beyond. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 2002, 37:3-15.
48. Martin-Rhee M.M., Bialystok E. The development of two types of inhibitory control in monolingual and bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 2008, 11:81-93.
49. McCall R.B. Early predictors of later IQ: The search continues. Intelligence 1981, 5:141-147.
50. McLoyd V.C. Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist 1998, 53:185-204.
51. Mezzacappa E. Alerting, orienting, and executive attention: Developmental properties and sociodemographic correlates in an epidemiological sample of young, urban children. Child Development 2004, 75:1373-1386.
52. Miller E.K., Cohen J.D. An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Reviews Neuroscience 2001, 24:167-202.
53. Mistry R.S., Biesanz J.C., Chien N., Howes C., Benner A.D. Socioeconomic status, parental investments, and the cognitive and behavioral outcomes of low-income children from immigrant and native households. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 2008, 23:193-212.
54. Morales J., Calvo A., Bialystok E. Working memory development in monolingual and bilingual children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2013, 114:187-202.
55. Morton J.P., Harper S.N. What did Simon say? Revisiting the bilingual advantage. Developmental Science 2007, 10:719-726.
56. Noble K.G., McCandliss B.D., Farah M.J. Socioeconomic gradients predict individual differences in neurocognitive abilities. Developmental Science 2007, 10:464-480.
57. Noble K.G., Norman M.F., Farah M.J. Neurocognitive correlates of socioeconomic status in kindergarten children. Developmental Science 2005, 8:74-87.
58. Noble K.G., Wolmetz M.E., Ochs L.G., Farah M.J., McCandliss B.D. Socioeconomic status modulates brain-behaviour relationships in reading. Developmental Science 2006, 9:642-654.
59. Oller D.K., Eilers R.E. Language and literacy in bilingual children 2002, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon, UK.
60. Oller D.K., Pearson B.Z., Cobo-Lewis A.B. Profile effects in early bilingual language and literacy. Applied Psycholinguistics 2007, 28:191-230.
61. Poulin-Dubois D., Blaye A., Coutya J., Bialystok E. The effects of bilingualism on toddlers' executive functioning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2011, 108:567-579.
62. Qi C.H., Kaiser A.P., Milan S., Hancock T. Language performance of low income African American and European American preschool children on the PPVT-III. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 2006, 37:5-16.
63. Rabbitt P. Methodologies and models in the study of executive function. Methodology of frontal and executive function 1997, 1-38. East Sussex, Psychology Press Publishers, UK. P. Rabbit (Ed.).
64. Rescorla L., Alley A. Validation of the language development survey (LDS): A parent report tool for identifying language delay in toddlers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2001, 44:434-445.
65. Scarr S., Weinberg R.A. The influence of "family background" on intellectual attainment. American Sociological Review 1978, 43:674-692.
66. Schweizer T., Craik F.I.M., Bialystok E. Bilingualism, not immigration status, is associated with maintained cognitive level in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex 2013, 49:1442-1443.
67. Seifer R. Socioeconomic status, multiple risks, and development of intelligence. Environmental effects on cognitive abilities 2001, 59-81. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Mahwah, NJ. J. Sternberg (Ed.).
68. Semel, E., Wiig, E. H., Secord, W. A. (2003). Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (4th ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
69. Shiffrin R.M., Schneider W. Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review 1977, 84:127-190.
70. Sirin S.R. Socioeconomic status and academic achievement: A meta-analytic review of research. Review of Educational Research 2005, 75:417-453.
71. Statistics Canada (2007). 2006 Census of Canada highlight tables: Population by language spoken most often at home and age groups, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data. (Catalogue number 97-555-XWE2006002).
72. Stevens C., Lauinger B., Neville H.J. Differences in the neural mechanisms of selective attention in children from different socioeconomic backgrounds: An event-related brain potential study. Developmental Science 2009, 12:634-646.
73. Turkheimer E., Haley A., Waldron M., D'Onofio B., Gottesman I.I. Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children. Psychological Science 2003, 14:623-628.
74. Vagh S.B., Pan B.A., Mancilla-Martinez J. Measuring growth in bilingual and monolingual children's English productive vocabulary development: The utility of combining parent and teacher report. Child Development 2009, 80:1545-1563.
75. Wechsler D. The wechsler intelligence scale for children 2003, Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX. 4th ed.
76. Woodcock R.W., McGrew K.S., Mather N. Woodcock-Johnson tests of cognitive abilities-III 2001, Riverside Publishing, Rolling Meadows, IL.
77. Yang S., Yang H., Lust B. Early childhood bilingualism leads to advances in executive attention: Dissociating culture and language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 2011, 14:412-422.