How Should Beta-Diversity Inform Biodiversity Conservation?

Trends in Ecology and Evolution

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 67-80

  Socolar, Jacob B ^a   Gilroy, James J ^b   Kunin, William E ^c   Edwards, David P ^d  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alpha diversity; Beta diversity; Biodiversity conservation; Biotic homogenization; Diversity partitioning; Gamma diversity; Pairwise dissimilarities; Spatial scaling; Species area relationships

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION PLANNING; HUMAN ACTIVITY; NICHE PARTITIONING; PROTECTED AREA; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; SPECIES DIVERSITY; SPECIES-AREA RELATIONSHIP;

AGRICULTURE; BIODIVERSITY; CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FORESTRY; INTRODUCED SPECIES; PROCEDURES; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; URBANIZATION;

AGRICULTURE; BIODIVERSITY; CLIMATE CHANGE; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; FORESTRY; INTRODUCED SPECIES; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; URBANIZATION;

EID: 84955717279     PISSN: 01695347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.11.005     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Corlett R.T. The Anthropocene concept in ecology and conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2015, 30:36-41.
2. Dirzo R., et al. Defaunation in the anthropocene. Science 2014, 345:20150552.
3. Vila M., et al. Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. Ecol. Lett. 2011, 14:702-708.
4. Laurance W.F., et al. Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical nature. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2014, 29:107-116.
5. Gamfeldt L., et al. Higher levels of multiple ecosystem services are found in forests with more tree species. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4:1340.
6. Cafaro P., Primack R. Biological conservation. Biol. Conserv. 2014, 170:1-2.
7. Global Biodiversity Outlook 4 SCBD 2014, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on Biological Diversity.
8. McClain C.R., et al. Dispersal, environmental niches and oceanic-scale turnover in deep-sea bivalves. Proc. Biol. Sci. 2012, 279:1993-2002.
9. Kraft N.J.B., et al. Disentangling the drivers of β diversity along latitudinal and elevational gradients. Science 2011, 333:1755-1758.
10. Chesson P., Kuang J.J. The interaction between predation and competition. Nature 2008, 456:235-238.
11. Terborgh J. Enemies maintain hyperdiverse tropical forests. Am. Nat. 2012, 179:303-314.
12. Gardner T.A., et al. A social and ecological assessment of tropical land uses at multiple scales: the Sustainable Amazon Network. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 2013, 368:20120166.
13. Anderson M.J., et al. Navigating the multiple meanings of β diversity: a roadmap for the practicing ecologist. Ecol. Lett. 2011, 14:19-28.
14. Koleff P., et al. Are there latitudinal gradients in species turnover?. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 2003, 12:483-498.
15. McKnight M.W., et al. Putting beta-diversity on the map: broad-scale congruence and coincidence in the extremes. PLoS Biol. 2007, 5:e272.
16. Buckley L.B., Jetz W. Linking global turnover of species and environments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105:17836-17841.
17. Veech J.A., Crist T.O. Habitat and climate heterogeneity maintain beta-diversity of birds among landscapes within ecoregions. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2007, 16:650-656.
18. Jankowski J.E., et al. Beta diversity along environmental gradients: implications of habitat specialization in tropical montane landscapes. J. Anim. Ecol. 2009, 78:315-327.
19. Stegen J.C., et al. Stochastic and deterministic drivers of spatial and temporal turnover in breeding bird communities. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2012, 22:202-212.
20. Karp D.S., et al. Intensive agriculture erodes β-diversity at large scales. Ecol. Lett. 2012, 15:963-970.
21. Gering J.C., et al. Additive partitioning of species diversity across multiple spatial scales: implications for regional conservation of biodiversity. Conserv. Biol. 2003, 17:488-499.
22. Wiersma Y.F., Urban D.L. Beta diversity and nature reserve system design in the Yukon Canada. Conserv. Biol. 2005, 19:1262-1272.
23. Powell K.I., et al. Invasive plants have scale-dependent effects on diversity by altering species-area relationships. Science 2013, 339:316-318.
24. Gabriel D., et al. Beta diversity at different spatial scales: plant communities in organic and conventional agriculture. Ecol. Appl. 2006, 16:2011-2021.
25. Clough Y., et al. Alpha and beta diversity of arthropods and plants in organically and conventionally managed wheat fields. J. Appl. Ecol. 2007, 44:804-812.
26. Vellend M., et al. Homogenization of forest plant communities and weakening of species-environment relationships via agricultural land use. J. Ecol. 2007, 95:565-573.
27. Edwards D.P., et al. Land-sharing versus land-sparing logging: reconciling timber extraction with biodiversity conservation. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2014, 20:183-191.
28. Koleff P., et al. Measuring beta diversity for presence-absence data. J. Anim. Ecol. 2003, 72:367-382.
29. Tuomisto H. A diversity of beta diversities: straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity. Ecography 2010, 33:2-22.
30. Barwell L.J., et al. Measuring β-diversity with species abundance data. J. Anim. Ecol. 2015, 84:1112-1122.
31. Giam X., et al. Mitigating the impact of oil-palm monoculture on freshwater fishes in Southeast Asia. Conserv. Biol. 2015, 29:1357-1367.
32. Clough Y., et al. Combining high biodiversity with high yields in tropical agroforests. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011, 108:8311-8316.
33. Edwards D., et al. Degraded lands worth protecting: the biological importance of Southeast Asia's repeatedly logged forests. Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 2010, 278:82-90.
34. Phalan B., et al. Reconciling food production and biodiversity conservation: land sharing and land sparing compared. Science 2011, 333:1289-1291.
35. Frishkoff L.O., et al. Loss of avian phylogenetic diversity in neotropical agricultural systems. Science 2014, 345:1343-1346.
36. Gilroy J.J., et al. Cheap carbon and biodiversity co-benefits from forest regeneration in a hotspot of endemism. Nat. Climate Change 2014, 4:503-507.
37. McGill B.J., et al. Fifteen forms of biodiversity trend in the Anthropocene. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2015, 30:104-113.
38. Vellend M., et al. Global meta-analysis reveals no net change in local-scale plant biodiversity over time. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013, 110:19456-19459.
39. Dornelas M., et al. Assemblage time series reveal biodiversity change but not systematic loss. Science 2014, 344:296-299.
40. Barnosky A.D., et al. Has the Earth's sixth mass extinction already arrived?. Nature 2011, 470:51-57.
41. Pimm S.L., et al. The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection. Science 2014, 344:1246752.
42. Baselga A. Multiple site dissimilarity quantifies compositional heterogeneity among several sites, while average pairwise dissimilarity may be misleading. Ecography 2013, 36:124-128.
43. Tucker C.M., et al. Differentiating between niche and neutral assembly in metacommunities using null models of β-diversity. Oikos 2015, Published online October 16, 2015. 10.1111/oik.02803.
44. Azaele S., et al. Towards a unified descriptive theory for spatial ecology: predicting biodiversity patterns across spatial scales. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2015, 6:324-332.
45. McCune J.L., Vellend M. Gains in native species promote biotic homogenization over four decades in a human-dominated landscape. J. Ecol. 2013, 101:1542-1551.
46. Pomara L.Y., et al. Avian species composition across the Amazon River: the roles of dispersal limitation and environmental heterogeneity. J. BIogeogr. 2014, 41:784-796.
47. Gutiérrez-Cánovas C., et al. Contrasting effects of natural and anthropogenic stressors on beta diversity in river organisms. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2013, 22:796-805.
48. Kessler M., et al. Alpha and beta diversity of plants and animals along a tropical land-use gradient. Ecol. Appl. 2009, 19:2142-2156.
49. de Catro Solar R.R., et al. How pervasive is biotic homogenization in human-modified tropical forest landscapes?. Ecol. Lett. 2015, 18:1108-1118.
50. Mori A.S., et al. Biotic homogenization and differentiation of soil faunal communities in the production forest landscape: taxonomic and functional perspectives. Oecologia 2014, 177:533-544.
51. Dormann C.F., et al. Effects of landscape structure and land-use intensity on similarity of plant and animal communities. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2007, 16:774-787.
52. Tylianakis J.M., et al. Spatial scale of observation affects alpha, beta and gamma diversity of cavity-nesting bees and wasps across a tropical land-use gradient. J. BIogeogr. 2006, 33:1295-1304.
53. Rodrigues J.L.M., et al. Conversion of the Amazon rainforest to agriculture results in biotic homogenization of soil bacterial communities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013, 110:988-993.
54. Lee-Cruz L., et al. Impact of logging and forest conversion to oil palm plantations on soil bacterial communities in Borneo. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2013, 79:7290-7297.
55. Norfolk O., et al. Contrasting patterns of turnover between plants, pollinators and their interactions. Divers. Distributions 2015, 21:405-415.
56. Aronson M.F.J., et al. A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers. Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 2014, 281:20133330.
57. Mckinney M.L. Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biol. Conserv. 2006, 127:247-260.
58. Ferenc M., et al. Are cities different? Patterns of species richness and beta diversity of urban bird communities and regional species assemblages in Europe. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2013, 23:479-489.
59. Luck G.W., Smallbone L.T. The impact of urbanization on taxonomic and functional similarity among bird communities. J. Biogeogr. 2010, 38:894-906.
60. Knop E. Biotic homogenization of three insect groups due to urbanization. Glob. Change Biol. 2015, Published online November 18, 2015. 10.1111/gcb.13091.
61. Holway D.A., Suarez A.V. Homogenization of ant communities in mediterranean California: the effects of urbanization and invasion. Biol. Conserv. 2006, 127:319-326.
62. Kühn I., Klotz S. Urbanization and homogenization - comparing the floras of urban and rural areas in Germany. Biol. Conserv. 2006, 127:292-300.
63. La Sorte F.A., et al. Beta diversity of urban floras among European and non-European cities. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2014, 23:769-779.
64. Ricotta C., et al. Phylogenetic beta diversity of native and alien species in European urban floras. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2011, 21:751-759.
65. Trentanovi G., et al. Biotic homogenization at the community scale: disentangling the roles of urbanization and plant invasion. Divers. Distributions 2013, 19:738-748.
66. McKinney M., Lockwood J. Biotic homogenization: a few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1999, 14:450-453.
67. Rosenzweig M.L. The four questions: what does the introduction of exotic species do to diversity?. Evol. Ecol. Res. 2001, 3:361-367.
68. Sax D.F., et al. Species invasions exceed extinctions on islands worldwide: a comparative study of plants and birds. Am. Nat. 2002, 160:766-783.
69. Thomas C.D., Palmer G. Non-native plants add to the British flora without negative consequences for native diversity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2015, 112:4387-4392.
70. Stohlgren T.J., Rejmanek M. No universal scale-dependent impacts of invasive species on native plant species richness. Biol. Lett. 2014, 10:20130939.
71. Blackburn T.M., et al. Avian extinction and mammalian introductions on oceanic islands. Science 2004, 305:1955-1958.
72. Steadman D.W. Prehistoric extinctions of pacific island birds: biodiversity meets zooarchaeology. Science 1995, 267:1123-1131.
73. Duncan R.P., et al. Magnitude and variation of prehistoric bird extinctions in the Pacific. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013, 110:6436-6441.
74. Shackell N.L., et al. Spatial scale of similarity as an indicator of metacommunity stability in exploited marine systems. Ecol. Appl. 2012, 22:336-348.
75. Hewitt J.E., et al. The importance of small-scale habitat structure for maintaining beta diversity. Ecology 2005, 86:1619-1626.
76. Terborgh J., et al. Tree recruitment in an empty forest. Ecology 2008, 89:1757-1768.
77. Urban M.C. Accelerating extinction risk from climate change. Science 2015, 348:571-573.
78. Guerin G.R., et al. Spatial modelling of species turnover identifies climate ecotones, climate change tipping points and vulnerable taxonomic groups. Ecography 2013, 36:1086-1096.
79. Moritz C., et al. Impact of a century of climate change on small-mammal communities in Yosemite National Park. U.S.A. Sci. 2008, 322:261-264.
80. Tingley M.W., Beissinger S.R. Cryptic loss of montane avian richness and high community turnover over 100 years. Ecology 2013, 94:598-609.
81. Pearson R.G. Climate change and the migration capacity of species. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2006, 21:111-113.
82. Venter O., et al. Targeting global protected area expansion for imperiled biodiversity. PLoS Biol. 2014, 12:e1001891.
83. Simberloff D.S., Abele L.G. Island biogeography theory and conservation practice. Science 1976, 191:285-286.
84. Tuomisto H., et al. Dispersal, environment, and floristic variation of western Amazonian forests. Science 2003, 299:241-244.
85. Tscharntke T., et al. Contribution of small habitat fragments to conservation of insect communities of grassland-cropland landscapes. Ecol. Appl. 2002, 12:354-363.
86. Quinn J.F., Harrison S.P. Effects of habitat fragmentation and isolation on species richness: evidence from biogeographic patterns. Oecologia 1988, 75:132-140.
87. Püttker T., et al. Ecological filtering or random extinction? Beta-diversity patterns and the importance of niche-based and neutral processes following habitat loss. Oikos 2014, 124:206-215.
88. Fagan W.F. Connectivity, fragmentation, and extinction risk in dendritic metapopulations. Ecology 2002, 83:3243-3249.
89. VanDerWal J. Focus on poleward shifts in species' distribution underestimates the fingerprint of climate change. Nat. Clim. change 2012, 3:239-243.
90. Gillings S., et al. Directionality of recent bird distribution shifts and climate change in Great Britain. Glob. Change Biol. 2015, 21:2155-2168.
91. Tingley M.W., et al. Birds track their Grinnellian niche through a century of climate change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 106:19637-19643.
92. Egan J.F., Mortensen D.A. A comparison of land-sharing and land-sparing strategies for plant richness conservation in agricultural landscapes. Ecol. Appl. 2012, 22:459-471.
93. Baselga A. Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 2010, 19:134-143.
94. Jost L., et al. Partitioning diversity for conservation analyses. Divers. Distributions 2009, 16:65-76.
95. Crist T.O., Veech J.A. Additive partitioning of rarefaction curves and species-area relationships: unifying α- β- and γ-diversity with sample size and habitat area. Ecol. Lett. 2006, 9:923-932.
96. Chase J.M., et al. Using null models to disentangle variation in community dissimilarity from variation in α-diversity. Ecosphere 2011, 2:art24.
97. Mori A.S., et al. Null model approaches to evaluating the relative role of different assembly processes in shaping ecological communities. Oecologia 2014, 178:261-273.
98. Chao A., et al. Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies. Ecol. Monogr. 2014, 84:45-67.
99. Hui C., McGeoch M.A. Zeta diversity as a concept and metric that unifies incidence-based biodiversity patterns. Am. Nat. 2014, 184:684-694.
100. Rosindell J., Cornell S.J. Species-area relationships from a spatially explicit neutral model in an infinite landscape. Ecol. Lett. 2007, 10:586-595.