Heavy metal content in various types of candies and their daily dietary intake by children

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

Volumn 188, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 1-8

  Devi, Parmila ^a   Bajala, Vandana ^a   Garg, V K ^a   Mor, Suman ^b   Ravindra, Khaiwal ^c  

^a GURU JAMBHESHWAR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (India)

^b PANJAB UNIVERSITY   (India)

^c POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

Candies and chocolate; Dietary intake; Health risks; Heavy metals; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; CADMIUM; HEALTH RISKS; HEAVY METALS; LEAD; NICKEL; NUTRITION; TOXICITY; ZINC;

AVERAGE CONCENTRATION; CANDIES AND CHOCOLATE; DIETARY EXPOSURE; DIETARY INTAKES; FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION; HEAVY METAL CONTENTS; REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE;

COPPER;

CADMIUM; COPPER; HEAVY METAL; LEAD; NICKEL; SUGAR; ZINC;

CHILD HEALTH; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DIET; FOOD QUALITY; HEALTH RISK; HEAVY METAL; MONITORING; TOXICITY;

ACUTE TOXICITY; ARTICLE; ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; CACAO; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHILD; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; DIETARY INTAKE; FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; FOOD ANALYSIS; FOOD INTAKE; HEALTH HAZARD; HEAVY METAL POISONING; HUMAN; MILK; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; ANALYSIS; DIET; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FOOD CONTAMINATION; INDIA; PROCEDURES; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

INDIA;

THEOBROMA CACAO;

CANDY; CHILD; DIET; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HUMANS; INDIA; METALS, HEAVY; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY, ATOMIC;

EID: 84955095781     PISSN: 01676369     EISSN: 15732959     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-5078-1     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Ariefdjohan, M.W., & Savaiano, D.A. (2005). Chocolate and cardiovascular health: is it too good to be true? Nutrition reviews, 63(12), 427–430.
2. Awasthi, S.K. (2000). Prevention of Food Adulteration Act No. 37 of 1954. Central and state rules as amended for 1999 (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Ashoka Law House.
3. CAC. (2003). Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants FAO/WHO. Rome: Codex Standards.
4. COPAL. (2004). Proposed methodology to determine source and level of lead contamination in cocoa. Lagos, Nigeria: Cocoa Producers' Alliance. Pertanika, 8(2), 247.
5. Dahiya, S., Karpe, R., Hegde, A.G., & Sharma, R.M. (2005). Lead, cadmium and nickel in chocolates and candies from suburban areas of Mumbai, India. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 18(6), 517–522.
6. Djoussé, L., Hopkins, P.N., North, K.E., Pankow, J.S., Arnett, D.K., & Ellison, R.C. (2011). Chocolate consumption is inversely associated with prevalent coronary heart disease: the national heart, lung, and blood institute family heart study. Clinical Nutrition, 30(2), 182–187.
7. Duffy, E., Hearty, A.P., Gilsenan, M.B., & Gibney, M.J. (2006). Estimation of exposure to food packaging materials. 1: development of a food-packaging database. Food additives and contaminants, 23(6), 623–633.
8. Duran, A., Tuzen, M., & Soylak, M. (2009). Trace metals contents in chewing gums and candies marketed in Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 149, 283–289.
9. Engler, M.B., & Engler, M.M. (2006). The emerging role of flavonoid-rich cocoa and chocolate in cardiovascular health and disease. Nutrition Reviews-Washington, 64(3), 109.
10. FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. (2001). Food additives and contaminants. Joint FAO/ WHO Food Standards Programme, ALINORM, 1, 1–289.
11. FAO/WHO. (1999). Expert committee on food additives, summary and conclusions (1999). Rome: 53rd Meeting. June 1–10.
12. FAO/WHO. (2001). Draft standards for chocolates and chocolate products (2001). Joint FAO/WHO Standard Programme. CODEX committee on cocoa products and cocoa chocolates, 19th session, 3-5 October, 2001, Fribourg, Switzerland CX/CPC 01/03.
13. Güldaş, M. (2008). Comparison of digestion methods and trace elements determination in chocolates with pistachio using atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research (Slovak Republic), 47(2), 92–99.
14. IARC (1990). Chromium, nickel and welding. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 49, 1–648.
15. Ieggli, C.V., Bohrer, D., Do Nascimento, P.C., De Carvalho, L.M., & Gobo, L.A. (2011). Determination of aluminum, copper and manganese content in chocolate samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using a microemulsion technique. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24(3), 465–468.
16. Iwegbue, C.M. (2011). Concentrations of selected metals in candies and chocolates consumed in southern Nigeria. Food additives and Contaminants, 4(1), 22–27.
17. Jalbani, N., Kazi, T.G., Jamali, M.K., Arain, M.B., Afridi, H.I., Sheerazi, S.T., & Ansari, R. (2007). Application of fractional factorial design and Doehlert matrix in the optimization of experimental variables associated with the ultrasonic-assisted acid digestion of chocolate samples for aluminum determination by atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of AOAC International, 90(6), 1682–1688.
18. Jalbani, N., Kazi, T.G., Afridi, H.I., & Arain, M.B. (2009). Determination of Toxic Metals in Different Brand of Chocolates and Candies, Marketed in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, 10(1), 48–52.
19. Johns, S.M., Jickells, S.M., Read, W.A., Gramshaw, J.W., & Castle, L. (1996). Studies on functional barriers to migration: use of model substances to investigate transfer from paper and board packaging to food. Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau, 92(9), 273–278.
20. Kim, K.C., Park, Y.B., Lee, M. J., Kim, J.B., Huh, J.W., Kim, D.H., & Kim, J.C. (2008). Levels of heavy metals in candy packages and candies likely to be consumed by small children. Food research international, 41(4), 411–418.
21. Knezevic, G. (1982). Heavy metals in food. Part 2. Lead content in unrefined cocoa and in semi- finished and finished cocoa products. Dtsch, Lebensm-Rundsch, Lebensm-Rundsch, 78(5), 178–180.
22. Laoubi, S., & Vergnaud, J.M. (1996). Theoretical treatment of pollutant transfer in a finite volume of food from a polymer packaging made of a recycled film and a functional barrier. Food Additives & Contaminants, 13(3), 293–306.
23. Lee, C.K., & Low, K.S. (1985). Determination of Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Arsenic in Raw Cocoa, Semifinished and Finished Chocolate Products. Pertanika, 8(2), 243-248.
24. Macht, M., & Mueller, J. (2007). Immediate effects of chocolate on experimentally induced mood states. Appetite, 49(3), 667–674.
25. ndedition). Malaysia: Standards and Industrial Research Institute.
26. Mursu, J., Voutilainen, S., Nurmi, T., Rissanen, T.H., Virtanen, J.K., Kaikkonen, J., & Salonen, J.T. (2004). Dark chocolate consumption increases HDL cholesterol concentration and chocolate fatty acids may inhibit lipid peroxidation in healthy humans. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 37(9), 1351–1359.
27. Nielson, F.H., & Flyvholm, M. (1984). Risk of high nickel intake with diet. In: Nickel in the Human Environment, Proceedings of the Joint Symposium, Lyon 8–11 March, Lyon International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Scientific Publication, 53, (pp. 333–338).
28. Ochu, J.O., Uzairu, A., Kagbu, J.A., Gimba, C.E., & Okunola, O.J. (2012). Evaluation of Some Heavy Metals in Imported Chocolate and Candies Sold in Nigeria. Journal of Food Research, 1(3), 169–177.
29. Onianwa, P.C., Adetola, I.G., Iwegbue, C.M.A., Ojo, M.F., & Tella, O.O. (1999). Trace heavy metals composition of some Nigerian beverages and food drinks. Food Chemistry, 66(3), 275–279.
30. Othman, Z.A. (2010). Lead contamination in selected foods from Riyadh city market and estimation of the daily intake. Molecules, 15(10), 7482–7497.
31. Parker, G., Parker, I., & Brotchie, H. (2006). Mood effects of chocolate. Journal of Affective Disorder, 92, 149–159.
32. Rajappa, B., Manjappa, S., & Puttaiah, E.T. (2010). Monitoring of heavy metal concentration in groundwater of Hakinaka Taluk, India. Contemporary Engineering Sciences, 3(4), 183–190.
33. Rankin, C.W., Nriagu, J.O., Aggarwal, J.K., Arowolo, T.A., Adebayo, K., & Flegal, A.R. (2005). Lead contamination in cocoa and cocoa products: isotopic evidence of global contamination. Environmental health perspectives, 113(10), 1344–1348.
34. Ruggerti, P., Fonseca, G., & Ruggerti, G. (1983). Theobromine and caffeine content and lead content and cadmium presence in cocoa products. Industrie Alimentari, 22(10), 720-722.
35. Selvapathy, P., & Saraladevi, G. (1995). Nickel in Indian chocolates (toffees). Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 37(2), 123–125.
36. Sepe, A., Costantini, S., Ciaralli, L., Ciprotti, M., & Giordano, R. (2001). Evaluation of aluminium concentrations in samples of chocolate and beverages by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Additives & Contaminants, 18(9), 788–796.
37. Singh, I., Sagare, A.P., Coma, M., Perlmutter, D., Gelein, R., Bell, R.D., & Deane, R. (2013). Low levels of copper disrupt brain amyloid-β homeostasis by altering its production and clearance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(36), 14771–14776.
38. Skrbic, B., Zivancev, J., & Mrmos, N. (2013). Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium and lead in selected foodstuffs from Serbian market basket: estimated intake by the population from the Serbia. Food Chemical Toxicology, 58, 440–448.
39. thInternational Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE), (pp. 1–4), China.
40. Wan, Y., Vinson, J.A., Etherton, T.D., Proch, J., Lazarus, S.A., & Kris-Etherton, P.M. (2001). Effects of cocoa powder and dark chocolate on LDL oxidative susceptibility and prostaglandin concentrations in humans. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 74(5), 596–602