메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 110, Issue 36, 2013, Pages 14771-14776

Low levels of copper disrupt brain amyloid-β homeostasis by altering its production and clearance

Author keywords

BACE1; BBB; Cerebrovascular; Environmental; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; BETA SECRETASE 1; COPPER; DRINKING WATER; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEIN; PRION PROTEIN; CD31 ANTIGEN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; LRP1 PROTEIN, MOUSE; RADIOACTIVE IODINE; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN;

EID: 84883356543     PISSN: 00278424     EISSN: 10916490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302212110     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (210)

References (64)
  • 1
    • 51749123774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of copper transporters in copper homeostasis
    • Prohaska JR (2008) Role of copper transporters in copper homeostasis. Am J Clin Nutr 88(3):826S-829S.
    • (2008) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.88 , Issue.3
    • Prohaska, J.R.1
  • 3
    • 0018192041 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for uptake of nonceruloplasminic copper in the brain: Effect of ionic copper and amino acids
    • Chutkow JG (1978) Evidence for uptake of nonceruloplasminic copper in the brain: Effect of ionic copper and amino acids. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 158(1):113-116.
    • (1978) Proc Soc Exp Biol Med , vol.158 , Issue.1 , pp. 113-116
    • Chutkow, J.G.1
  • 4
    • 0033826437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular copper transport and metabolism
    • Harris ED (2000) Cellular copper transport and metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 20:291-310.
    • (2000) Annu Rev Nutr , vol.20 , pp. 291-310
    • Harris, E.D.1
  • 5
    • 84859430233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copper excess, zinc deficiency, and cognition loss in Alzheimer's disease
    • Brewer GJ (2012) Copper excess, zinc deficiency, and cognition loss in Alzheimer's disease. Biofactors 38(2):107-113.
    • (2012) Biofactors , vol.38 , Issue.2 , pp. 107-113
    • Brewer, G.J.1
  • 6
    • 84862508553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copper dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: From meta-analysis of biochemical studies to new insight into genetics
    • Squitti R (2012) Copper dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: From meta-analysis of biochemical studies to new insight into genetics. J Trace Elem Med Biol 26(2-3):93-96.
    • (2012) J Trace Elem Med Biol , vol.26 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 93-96
    • Squitti, R.1
  • 7
    • 46749100924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease Based on the Metal Hypothesis
    • DOI 10.1016/j.nurt.2008.05.001, PII S1933721308000901
    • Bush AI, Tanzi RE (2008) Therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease based on the metal hypothesis. Neurotherapeutics 5(3):421-432. (Pubitemid 351952485)
    • (2008) Neurotherapeutics , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 421-432
    • Bush, A.I.1    Tanzi, R.E.2
  • 8
    • 84860174383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of copper(II)-induced misfolding of Parkinson's disease protein
    • Rose F, Hodak M, Bernholc J (2011) Mechanism of copper(II)-induced misfolding of Parkinson's disease protein. Sci Rep 1:11.
    • (2011) Sci Rep , vol.1 , pp. 11
    • Rose, F.1    Hodak, M.2    Bernholc, J.3
  • 12
    • 84855440811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated labile Cu is associated with oxidative pathology in Alzheimer disease
    • James SA, et al. (2012) Elevated labile Cu is associated with oxidative pathology in Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 52(2):298-302.
    • (2012) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.52 , Issue.2 , pp. 298-302
    • James, S.A.1
  • 13
    • 77954344206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PBT2 rapidly improves cognition in Alzheimer's Disease: Additional phase II analyses
    • Faux NG, et al. (2010) PBT2 rapidly improves cognition in Alzheimer's Disease: Additional phase II analyses. J Alzheimers Dis 20(2):509-516.
    • (2010) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 509-516
    • Faux, N.G.1
  • 14
    • 0141702360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trace amounts of copper in water induce beta-amyloid plaques and learning deficits in a rabbit model of Alzheimer's disease
    • DOI 10.1073/pnas.1832769100
    • Sparks DL, Schreurs BG (2003) Trace amounts of copper in water induce beta-amyloid plaques and learning deficits in a rabbit model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(19):11065-11069. (Pubitemid 37140153)
    • (2003) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol.100 , Issue.19 , pp. 11065-11069
    • Sparks, D.L.1    Schreurs, B.G.2
  • 19
    • 32444443485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of amyloid beta precursor protein (AbetaPP) modulated copper homeostasis in Alzheimer's disease
    • discussion 209-215
    • Bayer TA, Multhaup G (2005) Involvement of amyloid beta precursor protein (AbetaPP) modulated copper homeostasis in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 8(2):201-206; discussion 209-215.
    • (2005) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp. 201-206
    • Bayer, T.A.1    Multhaup, G.2
  • 20
    • 0033430087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copper inhibits beta-amyloid production and stimulates the non-amyloidogenic pathway of amyloid-precursor-protein secretion
    • DOI 10.1042/0264-6021:3440461
    • Borchardt T, et al. (1999) Copper inhibits beta-amyloid production and stimulates the non-amyloidogenic pathway of amyloid-precursor-protein secretion. Biochem J 344(Pt 2):461-467. (Pubitemid 30011603)
    • (1999) Biochemical Journal , vol.344 , Issue.2 , pp. 461-467
    • Borchardt, T.1    Camakaris, J.2    Cappai, R.3    Masters, C.L.4    Beyreuther, K.5    Multhaup, G.6
  • 21
    • 0035950225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clearing the brain's amyloid cobwebs
    • Selkoe DJ (2001) Clearing the brain's amyloid cobwebs. Neuron 32(2):177-180.
    • (2001) Neuron , vol.32 , Issue.2 , pp. 177-180
    • Selkoe, D.J.1
  • 22
    • 34147183707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the blood-brain barrier in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
    • DOI 10.2174/156720507780362245
    • Deane R, Zlokovic BV (2007) Role of the blood-brain barrier in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 4(2):191-197. (Pubitemid 46562394)
    • (2007) Current Alzheimer Research , vol.4 , Issue.2 , pp. 191-197
    • Deane, R.1    Zlokovic, B.V.2
  • 23
    • 27344441173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of amyloid-beta peptide and Alzheimer's disease
    • DOI 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.03.010, PII S0163725805000999
    • Iwata N, Higuchi M, Saido TC (2005) Metabolism of amyloid-beta peptide and Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Ther 108(2):129-148. (Pubitemid 41527082)
    • (2005) Pharmacology and Therapeutics , vol.108 , Issue.2 , pp. 129-148
    • Iwata, N.1    Higuchi, M.2    Saido, T.C.3
  • 24
    • 84865123660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid beta
    • Iliff JJ, et al. (2012) A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid beta. Sci Trans Med 4(147):147ra111.
    • (2012) Sci Trans Med , vol.4 , Issue.147
    • Iliff, J.J.1
  • 27
    • 57449084208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • apoE isoform-specific disruption of amyloid beta peptide clearance from mouse brain
    • Deane R, et al. (2008) apoE isoform-specific disruption of amyloid beta peptide clearance from mouse brain. J Clin Invest 118(12):4002-4013.
    • (2008) J Clin Invest , vol.118 , Issue.12 , pp. 4002-4013
    • Deane, R.1
  • 28
    • 0037965529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prion protein selectively binds copper(II) ions
    • DOI 10.1021/bi972827k
    • Stöckel J, Safar J, Wallace AC, Cohen FE, Prusiner SB (1998) Prion protein selectively binds copper(II) ions. Biochemistry 37(20):7185-7193. (Pubitemid 28235199)
    • (1998) Biochemistry , vol.37 , Issue.20 , pp. 7185-7193
    • Stockel, J.1    Safar, J.2    Wallace, A.C.3    Cohen, F.E.4    Prusiner, S.B.5
  • 29
    • 33846953615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) mediates the endocytosis of the cellular prion protein
    • Taylor DR, Hooper NM (2007) The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) mediates the endocytosis of the cellular prion protein. Biochem J 402(1):17-23.
    • (2007) Biochem J , vol.402 , Issue.1 , pp. 17-23
    • Taylor, D.R.1    Hooper, N.M.2
  • 30
    • 0345035452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cysteine 144 is a key residue in the copper reduction by the beta-amyloid precursor protein
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0731288.x
    • Ruiz FH, González M, Bodini M, Opazo C, Inestrosa NC (1999) Cysteine 144 is a key residue in the copper reduction by the beta-amyloid precursor protein. J Neurochem 73(3):1288-1292. (Pubitemid 29395490)
    • (1999) Journal of Neurochemistry , vol.73 , Issue.3 , pp. 1288-1292
    • Ruiz, F.H.1    Gonzalez, M.2    Bodini, M.3    Opazo, C.4    Inestrosa, N.C.5
  • 31
    • 79958856274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroinflammatory and behavioural changes in the Atp7B mutant mouse model of Wilson's disease
    • Terwel D, et al. (2011) Neuroinflammatory and behavioural changes in the Atp7B mutant mouse model of Wilson's disease. J Neurochem 118(1):105-112.
    • (2011) J Neurochem , vol.118 , Issue.1 , pp. 105-112
    • Terwel, D.1
  • 32
    • 38149090292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The blood-brain barrier in health and chronic neurodegenerative disorders
    • Zlokovic BV (2008) The blood-brain barrier in health and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Neuron 57(2):178-201.
    • (2008) Neuron , vol.57 , Issue.2 , pp. 178-201
    • Zlokovic, B.V.1
  • 33
    • 0025213452 scopus 로고
    • Transport of lead-203 at the blood-brain barrier during short cerebrovascular perfusion with saline in the rat
    • Deane R, BradburyMW(1990) Transport of lead-203 at the blood-brain barrier during short cerebrovascular perfusion with saline in the rat. J Neurochem 54(3):905-914.
    • (1990) J Neurochem , vol.54 , Issue.3 , pp. 905-914
    • Deane, R.1    Bradbury, M.W.2
  • 34
    • 1042301280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain capillary endothelium and choroid plexus epithelium regulate transport of transferrin-bound and free iron into the rat brain
    • Deane R, Zheng W, Zlokovic BV (2004) Brain capillary endothelium and choroid plexus epithelium regulate transport of transferrin-bound and free iron into the rat brain. J Neurochem 88(4):813-820. (Pubitemid 38199301)
    • (2004) Journal of Neurochemistry , vol.88 , Issue.4 , pp. 813-820
    • Deane, R.1    Zheng, W.2    Zlokovic, B.V.3
  • 35
    • 0024374622 scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant enzymes and related trace elements in aging brain capillaries and choroid plexus
    • Tayarani I, Cloëz I, Clément M, Bourre JM (1989) Antioxidant enzymes and related trace elements in aging brain capillaries and choroid plexus. J Neurochem 53(3):817-824.
    • (1989) J Neurochem , vol.53 , Issue.3 , pp. 817-824
    • Tayarani, I.1    Cloëz, I.2    Clément, M.3    Bourre, J.M.4
  • 36
    • 0031982172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copper absorption and bioavailability
    • Wapnir RA (1998) Copper absorption and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 67(5, Suppl):1054S-1060S.
    • (1998) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.67 , Issue.5 SUPPL.
    • Wapnir, R.A.1
  • 39
    • 77951569835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The risks of copper toxicity contributing to cognitive decline in the aging population and to Alzheimer's disease
    • Brewer GJ (2009) The risks of copper toxicity contributing to cognitive decline in the aging population and to Alzheimer's disease. J Am Coll Nutr 28(3):238-242.
    • (2009) J Am Coll Nutr , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 238-242
    • Brewer, G.J.1
  • 41
    • 57649158930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copper transport to the brain by the blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier
    • Choi BS, ZhengW(2009) Copper transport to the brain by the blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier. Brain Res 1248:14-21.
    • (2009) Brain Res , vol.1248 , pp. 14-21
    • Choi, B.S.1    Zheng, W.2
  • 42
    • 0031829282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copper efflux from murine microvascular cells requires expression of the Menkes disease CU-ATPase
    • Qian Y, Tiffany-Castiglioni E, Welsh J, Harris ED (1998) Copper efflux from murine microvascular cells requires expression of the menkes disease Cu-ATPase. J Nutr 128(8):1276-1282. (Pubitemid 28361417)
    • (1998) Journal of Nutrition , vol.128 , Issue.8 , pp. 1276-1282
    • Qian, Y.1    Tiffany-Castiglioni, E.2    Welsh, J.3    Harris, E.D.4
  • 43
    • 79953167471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presenilins promote the cellular uptake of copper and zinc and maintain copper chaperone of SOD1-dependent copper/zinc superoxide dismutase activity
    • Greenough MA, et al. (2011) Presenilins promote the cellular uptake of copper and zinc and maintain copper chaperone of SOD1-dependent copper/zinc superoxide dismutase activity. J Biol Chem 286(11):9776-9786.
    • (2011) J Biol Chem , vol.286 , Issue.11 , pp. 9776-9786
    • Greenough, M.A.1
  • 44
    • 0032104855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copper stimulates proliferation of human endothelial cells under culture
    • Hu GF (1998) Copper stimulates proliferation of human endothelial cells under culture. J Cell Biochem 69(3):326-335.
    • (1998) J Cell Biochem , vol.69 , Issue.3 , pp. 326-335
    • Hu, G.F.1
  • 45
    • 0028609520 scopus 로고
    • Advanced Maillard reaction end products, free radicals, and protein oxidation in Alzheimer's disease
    • Smith MA, et al. (1994) Advanced Maillard reaction end products, free radicals, and protein oxidation in Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 738:447-454.
    • (1994) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.738 , pp. 447-454
    • Smith, M.A.1
  • 46
    • 0033601338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cu(II) potentiation of alzheimer abeta neurotoxicity. Correlation with cell-free hydrogen peroxide production and metal reduction
    • Huang X, et al. (1999) Cu(II) potentiation of alzheimer abeta neurotoxicity. Correlation with cell-free hydrogen peroxide production and metal reduction. J Biol Chem 274(52):37111-37116.
    • (1999) J Biol Chem , vol.274 , Issue.52 , pp. 37111-37116
    • Huang, X.1
  • 47
    • 0036591849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in Alzheimer's disease brain: Potential causes and consequences involving amyloid beta-peptide-associated free radical oxidative stress
    • DOI 10.1016/S0891-5849(02)00794-3, PII S0891584902007943
    • Butterfield DA, Lauderback CM (2002) Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in Alzheimer's disease brain: Potential causes and consequences involving amyloid beta-peptide-associated free radical oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 32(11):1050-1060. (Pubitemid 34603342)
    • (2002) Free Radical Biology and Medicine , vol.32 , Issue.11 , pp. 1050-1060
    • Butterfield D.Allan1    Lauderback, C.M.2
  • 48
    • 39749193587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copper binding to the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein
    • Kong GK, et al. (2008) Copper binding to the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein. Eur Biophys J 37(3):269-279.
    • (2008) Eur Biophys J , vol.37 , Issue.3 , pp. 269-279
    • Kong, G.K.1
  • 49
    • 0034796509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-density lipoprotein receptor family: Endocytosis and signal transduction
    • DOI 10.1385/MN:23:1:53
    • Li Y, Cam J, Bu G (2001) Low-density lipoprotein receptor family: Endocytosis and signal transduction. Mol Neurobiol 23(1):53-67. (Pubitemid 32948272)
    • (2001) Molecular Neurobiology , vol.23 , Issue.1 , pp. 53-67
    • Li, Y.1    Cam, J.2    Bu, G.3
  • 50
    • 2442461177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copper binding to the amyloid-beta (abeta) peptide associated with Alzheimer's disease: Folding, coordination geometry, pH dependence, stoichiometry, and affinity of Abeta-(1-28): Insights from a range of complementary spectroscopic techniques
    • DOI 10.1074/jbc.M313572200
    • Syme CD, Nadal RC, Rigby SE, Viles JH (2004) Copper binding to the amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide associated with Alzheimer's disease: Folding, coordination geometry, pH dependence, stoichiometry, and affinity of Abeta-(1-28): Insights from a range of complementary spectroscopic techniques. J Biol Chem 279(18):18169-18177. (Pubitemid 38623229)
    • (2004) Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol.279 , Issue.18 , pp. 18169-18177
    • Syme, C.D.1    Nadal, R.C.2    Rigby, S.E.J.3    Viles, J.H.4
  • 52
    • 24144494527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The physiology and pathophysiology of nitric oxide in the brain
    • DOI 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.001, PII S030100820500064X
    • Guix FX, Uribesalgo I, Coma M, Muñoz FJ (2005) The physiology and pathophysiology of nitric oxide in the brain. Prog Neurobiol 76(2):126-152. (Pubitemid 41242885)
    • (2005) Progress in Neurobiology , vol.76 , Issue.2 , pp. 126-152
    • Guix, F.X.1    Uribesalgo, I.2    Coma, M.3    Munoz, F.J.4
  • 54
    • 33645089917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of nitrated proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain using a redox proteomics approach
    • Sultana R, et al. (2006) Identification of nitrated proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain using a redox proteomics approach. Neurobiol Dis 22(1):76-87.
    • (2006) Neurobiol Dis , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 76-87
    • Sultana, R.1
  • 55
    • 21944451544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of oestrogen protection in amyloid-mediated endothelial damage due to protein nitrotyrosination
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/awh492
    • Coma M, et al. (2005) Lack of oestrogen protection in amyloid-mediated endothelial damage due to protein nitrotyrosination. Brain 128(Pt 7):1613-1621. (Pubitemid 41373680)
    • (2005) Brain , vol.128 , Issue.7 , pp. 1613-1621
    • Coma, M.1    Guix, F.X.2    Uribesalgo, I.3    Espuna, G.4    Sole, M.5    Andreu, D.6    Munoz, F.J.7
  • 56
    • 0242417426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dityrosine cross-linked Abeta peptides: Fibrillar beta-structure in Abeta(1-40) is conducive to formation of dityrosine cross-links but a dityrosine cross-link in Abeta(8-14) does not induce beta-structure
    • DOI 10.1021/tx025666g
    • Yoburn JC, et al. (2003) Dityrosine cross-linked Abeta peptides: Fibrillar beta-structure in Abeta(1-40) is conducive to formation of dityrosine cross-links but a dityrosine cross-link in Abeta(8-14) does not induce beta-structure. Chem Res Toxicol 16(4):531-535. (Pubitemid 36514511)
    • (2003) Chemical Research in Toxicology , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 531-535
    • Yoburn, J.C.1    Tian, W.2    Brower, J.O.3    Nowick, J.S.4    Glabe, C.G.5    Van Vranken, D.L.6
  • 57
    • 3042666730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aluminium, iron, zinc and copper influence the in vitro formation of amyloid fibrils of Abeta42 in a manner which may have consequences for metal chelation therapy in Alzheimer's disease
    • House E, et al. (2004) Aluminium, iron, zinc and copper influence the in vitro formation of amyloid fibrils of Abeta42 in a manner which may have consequences for metal chelation therapy in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 6(3):291-301.
    • (2004) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 291-301
    • House, E.1
  • 58
    • 69249084030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paradoxical condensation of copper with elevated beta-amyloid in lipid rafts under cellular copper deficiency conditions: Implications for Alzheimer disease
    • Hung YH, et al. (2009) Paradoxical condensation of copper with elevated beta-amyloid in lipid rafts under cellular copper deficiency conditions: Implications for Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 284(33):21899-21907.
    • (2009) J Biol Chem , vol.284 , Issue.33 , pp. 21899-21907
    • Hung, Y.H.1
  • 59
    • 84863116075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aβ neurotoxicity depends on interactions between copper ions, prion protein, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors
    • You H, et al. (2012) Aβ neurotoxicity depends on interactions between copper ions, prion protein, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(5):1737-1742.
    • (2012) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.109 , Issue.5 , pp. 1737-1742
    • You, H.1
  • 60
    • 84859723641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multimodal RAGE-specific inhibitor reduces amyloid β-mediated brain disorder in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease
    • Deane R, et al. (2012) A multimodal RAGE-specific inhibitor reduces amyloid β-mediated brain disorder in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Clin Invest 122(4):1377-1392.
    • (2012) J Clin Invest , vol.122 , Issue.4 , pp. 1377-1392
    • Deane, R.1
  • 61
    • 48949098573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety, efficacy, and biomarker findings of PBT2 in targeting Abeta as a modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease: A phase IIa, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
    • PBT2-201-EURO study group
    • Lannfelt L, et al.; PBT2-201-EURO study group (2008) Safety, efficacy, and biomarker findings of PBT2 in targeting Abeta as a modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease: A phase IIa, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 7(9):779-786.
    • (2008) Lancet Neurol , vol.7 , Issue.9 , pp. 779-786
    • Lannfelt, L.1
  • 62
    • 80052684579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Alzheimer's therapeutic PBT2 promotes amyloid-β degradation and GSK3 phosphorylation via a metal chaperone activity
    • Crouch PJ, et al. (2011) The Alzheimer's therapeutic PBT2 promotes amyloid-β degradation and GSK3 phosphorylation via a metal chaperone activity. J Neurochem 119(1):220-230.
    • (2011) J Neurochem , vol.119 , Issue.1 , pp. 220-230
    • Crouch, P.J.1
  • 63
    • 65649105035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clearance of amyloid-beta peptide across the blood-brain barrier: Implication for therapies in Alzheimer's disease
    • Deane R, Bell RD, Sagare A, Zlokovic BV (2009) Clearance of amyloid-beta peptide across the blood-brain barrier: Implication for therapies in Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 8(1):16-30.
    • (2009) CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 16-30
    • Deane, R.1    Bell, R.D.2    Sagare, A.3    Zlokovic, B.V.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.