Fitting methods to paradigms: are ergonomics methods fit for systems thinking?

Ergonomics

Volumn 60, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 194-205

  Salmon, Paul M ^a   Walker, Guy H ^b   M Read, Gemma J ^a   Goode, Natassia ^a   Stanton, Neville A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE SUNSHINE COAST   (Australia)

^b HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

complex systems; Ergonomics tools and methods; methods and approaches; organisational ergonomics; sociotechnical systems; system performance; system performance modelling; systems thinking

Indexed keywords

ACCIDENTS; LARGE SCALE SYSTEMS; SYSTEM THEORY; TRAFFIC CONTROL;

METHODS AND APPROACHES; ORGANISATIONAL; PERFORMANCE MODELLING; SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS; SYSTEM PERFORMANCE; SYSTEMS THINKING; TOOLS AND METHODS;

ERGONOMICS;

ACCIDENT; ERGONOMICS; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; PHYSICIAN; PREDICTION; SCIENTIST; THINKING; BIOENGINEERING; OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT; PROCEDURES; RESEARCH; SYSTEM ANALYSIS;

ACCIDENTS, OCCUPATIONAL; HUMAN ENGINEERING; HUMANS; RESEARCH; SYSTEMS ANALYSIS;

EID: 84955063474     PISSN: 00140139     EISSN: 13665847     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1103385     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. ATSB. 2012. “Australian Rail Safety Occurrence Data 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2012.” Report number RR-2012-010. Canberra, ACT.
2. ATSB. 2013. “Aviation Occurrence Statistics 2004 to 2013.” Accessed February 20, 2015. http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/2014/ar-2014-084.aspx
3. Baysari, M. T., A. S., McIntosh, and J. R., Wilson. 2008. “Understanding the Human Factors Contribution to Railway Accidents and Incidents in Australia.” Accident Analysis and Prevention 40 (5):1750–1757.10.1016/j.aap.2008.06.013
4. Bradley, C. E., and J. E., Harrison. 2008. Hospital Separations due to Injury and Poisoning, Australia 2004–05. Canberra:AIHW Communications, Media and Marketing Unit.
5. Burke, S. C., 2004. “Team Task Analysis.” In Handbook of Human Factors Methods, edited by N. A., Stanton, et al, 56–1. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press.
6. Chauvin, C., S., Lardjane, G., Morel, J.-P., Clostermann, and B., Langard. 2013. “Human and Organisational Factors in Maritime Accidents:Analysis of Collisions at Sea Using the HFACS.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 59:26–37.
7. Cherns, A., 1976. “The Principles of Sociotechnical Design.” Human Relations 29:783–792.10.1177/001872677602900806
8. Clegg, C. W., 2000. “Sociotechnical Principles for System Design.” Applied Ergonomics 31:463–477.10.1016/S0003-6870(00)00009-0
9. Cornelissen, M., P. M., Salmon, R., McClure, and N. A., Stanton. 2013. “Using Cognitive Work Analysis and the Strategies Analysis Diagram to Understand Variability in Road User Behaviour at Intersections.” Ergonomics 56 (5):764–780.10.1080/00140139.2013.768707
10. Daramola, A. Y., 2014. “An Investigation of Air Accidents in Nigeria Using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) Framework.” Journal of Air Transport Management 35:39–50.10.1016/j.jairtraman.2013.11.004
11. Dekker, S., 2011. Drift into Failure:From Hunting Broken Components to Understanding Complex Systems. Aldershot:Ashgate.
12. Dekker, S., 2014. The Field Guide to Understanding Human Error. 3rd ed. Aldershot:Ashgate.
13. Dekker, S., 2015. “The danger of losing situation awareness.” Cognition, Technology and Work 17 (2):159–161.
14. Dekker, S. W. A., P. A., Hancock, and P., Wilkin. 2013. “Ergonomics and Sustainability:Towards an Embrace of Complexity and Emergence.” Ergonomics 56 (3):357–364.10.1080/00140139.2012.718799
15. Deublein, M., M., Schubert, B. T., Adey, J., Köhler, and M. H., Faber. 2013. “Prediction of Road Accidents:A Bayesian Hierarchical Approach.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 51:274–291.
16. ElBardissi, A. W., D. A., Wiegmann, J. A., Dearani, R. C., Daly, and T. M., Sundt. 2007. “Application of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System Methodology to the Cardiovascular Surgery Operating Room.” The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 83:1412–1419.10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.11.002
17. Endsley, M. R., 1995. “Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems.” Human Factors:The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37:32–64.10.1518/001872095779049543
18. Endsley, M. R., B., Bolte, and D. G., Jones. 2003. Designing for Situation Awareness. London:Taylor & Francis.10.1201/9780203485088
19. European Aviation Safety Authority. 2010. Annual Safety Review 2010. Cologne:EASA.
20. Evans, A. W., 2011. “Fatal Accidents at Railway Level Crossings in Great Britain 1946–2009.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 43 (5):1837–1845
21. Goode, N., P. M., Salmon, M. G., Lenné, and P., Hillard. 2014. “Systems Thinking Applied to Safety during Manual Handling Tasks in the Transport and Storage Industry.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 68:181–191.10.1016/j.aap.2013.09.025
22. Griffin, T. G. C., M. S., Young, and N. A., Stanton. 2010. “Investigating Accident Causation through Information Network Modelling.” Ergonomics 53 (2):198–210.10.1080/00140130903125165
23. Grote, G., J., Weyer, and N. A., Stanton. 2014. “Beyond Human-centred Automation–Concepts for Human-machine Interaction in Multi-layered Networks.” Ergonomics 57 (3):289–294.
24. Hart, S. G., and L. E., Staveland. 1988. “Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index):Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research.” In Human Mental Workload, edited by P. A., Hancock and N., Meshkati, 139–183. Amsterdam:North Holland Press.
25. Heinrich, H. W., 1931. Industrial Accident Prevention:A Scientific Approach. New York, NY:McGraw-Hill.
26. Helton, W. S., G. J., Funke, and B. A., Knott. 2014. “Measuring Workload in Collaborative Contexts:Trait versus State Perspectives.” Human Factors:The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 56 (2):322–332.10.1177/0018720813490727
27. Hollnagel, E., 2004. Barriers and Accident Prevention. Aldershot:Ashgate.
28. Hollnagel, E., 2012. FRAM:The Functional Resonance Analysis Method:Modelling Complex Socio-technical Systems. Aldershot:Ashgate.
29. Hollnagel, E., J., Leonhardt, T., Licu, and S., Shorrock. 2013. “From Safety-I to Safety-II:A White Paper.” Eurocontrol. Accessed July 21, 2015. https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/content/documents/nm/safety/safety_whitepaper_sept_2013-web.pdf
30. Houghton, R. J., C., Baber, R., McMaster, N. A., Stanton, P., Salmon, R., Stewart, and G., Walker. 2006. “Command and Control in Emergency Services Operations:A Social Network Analysis.” Ergonomics 49 (12–13):1204–1225.10.1080/00140130600619528
31. Hutchins, E., 1995. Cognition in the Wild. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
32. Klein, G. A., R., Calderwood, and A., Clinton-Cirocco. 1986. “Rapid Decision Making on the Fireground.” Proceedings of the 30th Annual Human Factors Society conference, 576–580. Dayton, OH:Human Factors Society.
33. Kleiner, B. M., 2006. “Macroergonomics:Analysis and Design of Work Systems.” Applied Ergonomics 37 (1):81–89.10.1016/j.apergo.2005.07.006
34. Lenné, M. G., P. M., Salmon, C. C., Liu, and M., Trotter. 2012. “A Systems Approach to Accident Causation in Mining:An Application of the HFACS Method.” Accident Analysis and Prevention 48:111–117.10.1016/j.aap.2011.05.026
35. Leveson, N. G., 2004. “A New Accident Model for Engineering Safer Systems.” Safety Science 42 (4):237–270.10.1016/S0925-7535(03)00047-X
36. Leveson, N. G., 2011. “Applying Systems Thinking to Analyze and Learn from Events.” Safety Science 49:55–64.10.1016/j.ssci.2009.12.021
37. Moray, N., 2008. “The Good, the Bad, and the Future:On the Archaeology of Ergonomics.” Human Factors:The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 50 (3):411–417.10.1518/001872008X288439
38. Mosaly, P. R, L., Mazur, S. M., Miller, M. J., Eblan, A., Falchook, G. H., Goldin, and L. B, Marks. 2014. “Assessing the Applicability and Reliability of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) to the Analysis of Good Catches in Radiation Oncology.” International Journal of Radiation Oncology 90 (1):Supplement, S750–S751.
39. Norros, L., 2014. “Developing Human Factors/Ergonomics as a Design Discipline.” Applied Ergonomics 45 (1):61–71.10.1016/j.apergo.2013.04.024
40. Perrow, C. 1984. Normal Accidents:Living with High-Risk Technologies New York, NY:Basic Books.
41. Plant, K. L., and N. A., Stanton. 2012. “Why Did the Pilots Shut down the Wrong Engine? Explaining Errors in Context Using Schema Theory and the Perceptual Cycle Model.” Safety Science 50 (2):300–315.10.1016/j.ssci.2011.09.005
42. Qureshi, Z. H. 2007. “A Review of Accident Modelling Approaches for Complex Critical Sociotechnical Systems.”Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series. Vol.336 Paper presented at the 12th Australian Workshop on Safety Related Programmable Systems (SCS'07), University of South Australia, Adelaide.
43. Rasmussen, J., 1997. “Risk Management in a Dynamic Society:A Modelling Problem.” Safety Science 27 (2–3):183–213.10.1016/S0925-7535(97)00052-0
44. Read, G. J. M., P. M., Salmon, M. G., Lenné, and D. P, Jenkins. 2015. “Designing a Ticket to Ride with the Cognitive Work Analysis Design Toolkit.” Ergonomics 58 (8):1266–1286.
45. Reason, J., 1990. Human Error. New York, NY:Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139062367
46. Reason, J. 2008. The Human Contribution–Unsafe Acts, Accidents and Heroic Recoveries. Ashgate.
47. Safework Australia. 2012a. “Australian Work-Related Injury Experience by Sex and Age, 2009–10.” Accessed October 21, 2013. http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/swa/about/publications/pages/austwri_bysexage2009-10
48. Safework Australia. 2012b. “The Cost of Work-Related Injury and Illness for Australian Employers, Workers and the Community:2008–09.” Accessed October 21, 2013. http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/swa/statistics/cost-injury-illness/pages/cost-injury-illness
49. Salmon, P. M., N., Stanton, G., Walker, and D., Green. 2006. “Situation Awareness Measurement:A Review of Applicability for C4i Environments.” Applied Ergonomics 37 (2):225–238.10.1016/j.apergo.2005.02.001
50. Salmon, P. M., N. A., Stanton, M., Lenné, D. P., Jenkins, L. A., Rafferty, and G. H., Walker. 2011. Human Factors Methods and Accident Analysis. Aldershot:Ashgate.
51. Salmon, P. M., M. G., Lenne, G., Read, G. H., Walker, and N. A., Stanton. 2014a. “Pathways to Failure? Using Work Domain Analysis to Predict Accidents in Complex Systems.” In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics AHFE 2014, edited by T., Ahram, W., Karwowski, and T., Marek, 258–266. Kraków, Poland, July 19–23, 2014.
52. Salmon, P. M., M. G., Lenne, G. H., Walker, N. A., Stanton, and A., Filtness. 2014b. “Using the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) to Explore Conflicts between Different Road User Groups When Making Right Hand Turns at Urban Intersections.” Ergonomics 57 (11):1628–1642.10.1080/00140139.2014.945491
53. Salmon, P. M., N., Goode, M. G., Lenné, E., Cassell, and C., Finch. 2014c. “Injury Causation in the Great Outdoors:A Systems Analysis of Led Outdoor Activity Injury Incidents.” Accident Analysis and Prevention 63:111–120.10.1016/j.aap.2013.10.019
54. Salmon, P. M., G. H., Walker, and N. A., Stanton. 2015. “Broken Components versus Broken Systems:Why It is Systems Not People That Lose Situation Awareness.” Cognition, Technology and Work 17:179–183.10.1007/s10111-015-0324-4
55. Salmon, P. M., N., Goode, N., Taylor, C., Dallat, C., Finch, and M. G., Lenne. (Forthcoming). “Rasmussen’s Legacy in the Great Outdoors:A New Incident Reporting and Learning System for Led Outdoor Activities.” Applied Ergonomics. Accepted for publication July 14, 2015
56. Chen, Shih-Tzung, Alan, Wall, Philip, Davies, Zaili, Yang, Jin, Wang, and Yu-Hsin, Chou. 2013. “A Human and Organisational Factors (HOFs) analysis method for marine casualties using HFACS-Maritime Accidents (HFACS-MA).” Safety Science 60:105–114.
57. Shorrock, S., and B., Kirwan. 2002. “Development and Application of a Human Error Identification Tool for Air Traffic Control.” Applied Ergonomics 33 (4):319–336.10.1016/S0003-6870(02)00010-8
58. Siemieniuch, C. E., and M. A., Sinclair. 2014. “Extending Systems Ergonomics Thinking to Accommodate the Socio-technical Issues of Systems of Systems.” Applied Ergonomics 45 (1):85–98.10.1016/j.apergo.2013.03.017
59. Stanton, N. A., 2014. “Representing Distributed Cognition in Complex Systems:How a Submarine Returns to Periscope Depth.” Ergonomics 57 (3):403–418.10.1080/00140139.2013.772244
60. Stanton, N. A., and R. B., Stammers. 2008. “Bartlett and the Future of Ergonomics.” Ergonomics 51 (1):1–13.10.1080/00140130701801116
61. Stanton, N. A., and M., Young. 1999. “What Price Ergonomics?” Nature 399:197–198.10.1038/20298
62. Stanton, N. A., A., Hedge, E., Salas, H., Hendrick, and K., Brookhaus. 2005. Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods. London:Taylor & Francis.
63. Stanton, N. A., R., Stewart, D., Harris, R. J., Houghton, C., Baber, R., McMaster, P. M., Salmon, G., Hoyle, G. H., Walker, M. S., Young, M., Linsell, R., Dymott, and D., Green. 2006. “Distributed Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems:Theoretical Development and Application of an Ergonomics Methodology.” Ergonomics 49:1288–1311.10.1080/00140130600612762
64. Stanton, N. A., P. M., Salmon, D., Harris, J., Demagalski, A., Marshall, M. S., Young, S. W. A., Dekker, and T., Waldmann. 2009. “Predicting Pilot Error:Testing a New Methodology and a Multi-methods and Analysts Approach.” Applied Ergonomics 40 (3):464–471.10.1016/j.apergo.2008.10.005
65. Stanton, N. A., P. M., Salmon, L., Rafferty, C., Baber, G. H., Walker, and D. P., Jenkins. 2013. Human Factors Methods:A Practical Guide for Engineering and Design. 2nd ed. Aldershot:Ashgate.
66. Stanton, N. A., D., Harris, and A, Starr. 2014. “Modelling and Analysis of Single Pilot Operations in Commercial Aviation.” HCI-Aero, International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aerospace, Silicon Valley, California, USA.
67. Svedung, I., and J., Rasmussen. 2002. “Graphic Representation of Accidentscenarios:Mapping System Structure and the Causation of Accidents.” Safety Science 40:397–417.10.1016/S0925-7535(00)00036-9
68. Trapsilawati, F., X., Qu, C. D., Wickens, and C.-H., Chen. 2015. “Human Factors Assessment of Conflict Resolution Aid Reliability and Time Pressure in Future Air Traffic Control.” Ergonomics 58 (6):897–908.10.1080/00140139.2014.997301
69. Trist, E. L., and K. W., Bamforth. 1951. “Some Social and Psychological Consequences of the Longxwall Method of Coal-getting:An Examination of the Psychological Situation and Defences of a Work Group in Relation to the Social Structure and Technological Content of the Work System.” Human Relations 4:3–38.10.1177/001872675100400101
70. Trotter, M., P. M., Salmon, and M. G., Lenné. 2014. “Impromaps:Applying Rasmussen’s Risk Management Framework to Improvisation Incidents.” Safety Science 64:60–70.10.1016/j.ssci.2013.11.021
71. Underwood, P., and P., Waterson. 2013. “Examining the Gap between Research and Practice.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 55:154–164.
72. Underwood, P., and P., Waterson. 2014. “Systems Thinking, the Swiss Cheese Model and Accident Analysis:A Comparative Systemic Analysis of the Grayrigg Train Derailment Using the ATSB.” AcciMap and STAMP Models, Accident Analysis & Prevention 68:75–94.
73. Vicente, K. J., 1999. Cognitive Work Analysis:Toward Safe, Productive, and Healthy Computer-Based Work. Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
74. Walker, G. H., H., Gibson, N. A., Stanton, C., Baber, P. M., Salmon, and D., Green. 2006. “Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST):a Novel Integration of Ergonomics Methods to Analyse C4i Activity.” Ergonomics 49:1345–1369.10.1080/00140130600612846
75. Walker, G. H., N. A., Stanton, P. S., Salmon, and D. P., Jenkins. 2009. Command and Control:The Sociotechnical Perspective. Aldershot:Ashgate.
76. Walker, G. H., N. A., Stanton, P. M., Salmon, D. P., Jenkins, and L., Rafferty. 2010. “Translating concepts of complexity to the field of ergonomics.” Ergonomics 53 (10):1175–1186.
77. Walker, G. H., N. A., Stanton, C., Baber, L., Wells, H., Gibson, P. M., Salmon, and D. P., Jenkins. 2010. “From Ethnography to the EAST Method:A Tractable Approach for Representing Distributed Cognition in Air Traffic Control.” Ergonomics 53 (2):184–197.10.1080/00140130903171672
78. Walker, G. H., P. M., Salmon, M., Bedinger, M., Cornelissen, N. A., Stanton. This issue. “Quantum Ergonomics:New Paradigms Explored to Their Limits.” Ergonomics. Submitted March 23, 2015.
79. Wiegmann, D. A., and S. A., Shappell. 2003. A Human Error Approach to Aviation Accident Analysis. The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System. Burlington, VT:Ashgate.
80. Woods, D. D., and S., Dekker. 2000. “Anticipating the Effects of Technological Change:A New Era of Dynamics for Human Factors.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 1 (3):272–282.10.1080/14639220110037452
81. World Health Organisation. 2014. The Global Burden of Disease from Motorized Road Transport. Accessed July 2, 2015. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTOPGLOROASAF/Resources/IHME_T4H_FINAL_TO_WORLD_BANK-compressed.pdf
82. Young, M. S., K. A., Brookhuis, C. D., Wickens, and P. A., Hancock. 2015. “State of Science:Mental Workload in Ergonomics.” Ergonomics 58 (1):1–17.10.1080/00140139.2014.956151