Margins of Error: A Study of Reliability in Survey Measurement

Margins of Error: A Study of Reliability in Survey Measurement

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-392

  Alwin, Duane F ^a,b  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DATA ACQUISITION; MEASUREMENT ERRORS; MEASUREMENT THEORY; RELIABILITY ANALYSIS; REVIEWS; SOCIAL ASPECTS;

EMPIRICAL APPROACH; GRADUATE SURVEY; PUBLIC OPINIONS; RELIABILITY ESTIMATION; RESPONSE PROCESS; SOURCES OF INFORMATIONS; SURVEY MEASUREMENT; SURVEY RESEARCH;

SURVEYS;

EID: 84954441997     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470146316     Document Type: Book

References (300)

1. Abelson, R.P. (1972). Are attitudes necessary? In B.T. King and E. McGinniew (Eds.), Attitudes, conflict and social change (pp. 19-32). New York: Academic Press.
2. Achen, C.H. (1975). Mass political attitudes and the survey response. American Politicul Science Review, 69, 1218-1231.
3. Allison, P.D. (1987). Estimation of linear models with incomplete data. In C.C. Clogg (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1987 (pp. 71-103). Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.
4. Allport, G. (1968). The historical background of modern social psychology. In G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 1-80). Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley.
5. Althauser, R.P., and Heberlein, T.A. (1970). A causal assessment of validity and the multitrait- multimethod matrix. In E.F. Borgatta and G.W. Bohrnstedt (Eds.), Sociological methodology 1970 (pp. 151-169). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
6. Althauser, R.P., Heberlein, T.A., and Scott, R.A. (1971). A causal assessment of validity: The augmented multitrait-multimethod matrix. In H.M. Blalock, Jr. (Ed.), Causal models in the social sciences. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
7. Alwin, D.F. (1973). Making inferences from attitude-behavior correlations. Sociometry, 36, 253-278.
8. Alwin, D.F. (1974). Approaches to the interpretation of relationships in the multitrait-multimethod matrix. In H.L. Costner (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1973-74 (pp. 79-105). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
9. Alwin, D.F. (1977). Making errors in surveys: An overview. Sociological Methods and Research, 6, 131-150.
10. Alwin, D.F. (1988). Structural equation models in research on human development and aging. In K.W. Schaie, R.T. Campbell, W. Meredith, and S.C. Rawlings (Eds.), Methodological issues in aging research (pp. 71-170). New York: Springer.
11. Alwin, D.F. (1989). Problems in the estimation and interpretation of the reliability of survey data. Quality and Quantity, 23, 277-331.
12. Alwin, D.F. (1991a). Family of origin and cohort differences in verbal ability. American Sociological Review, 56, 625-638.
13. Alwin, D.F. (1991b). Research on survey quality. Sociological Methods and Research, 20, 3-29.
14. Alwin, D.F. (1992). Information transmission in the survey interview: Number of response categories and the reliability of attitude measurement. In P.V. Marsden (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1992 (pp. 83-1 18). Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.
15. Alwin, D.F. (1994). Aging, personality and social change: The stability of individual differences over the adult life-span. In D.L. Featherman, R.M. Lerner, and M. Permutter (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (pp. 136-185), Vol. 12. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.
16. Alwin, D.F. (1995). The reliability of survey data. Paper presented at the International Conference on Measurement Error and Process Quality. Bristol, England. April.
17. Alwin, D.F. (1997). Feeling thermometers vs. seven-point scales: Which are better? Soczological Methods and Research, 25, 318-340.
18. Alwin, D.F. (1999). Aging and errors of measurement: Implications for the study of life-span development. In N. Schwarz, D. Park, B. Knauper, and S. Sudman (Eds.), Cognition, aging, and self reports (pp. 365-385). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
19. Alwin, D.F. (2000). Factor analysis. In E.F. Borgatta and R. Montgomery (Eds.), Encylopedia of sociology. New York: Macmillan.
20. Alwin, D.F. (2005). Reliability. In K. Kempf-Leonard and others (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social measurement (pp. 351-359). New York: Academic Press.
21. Alwin, D.F., and Jackson, D.J. (1979). Measurement models for response errors in surveys: Issues and applications. In K.F. Schuessler (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1980 (pp. 68-1 19). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
22. Alwin, D.F., and Krosnick, J.A. (1985). The measurement of values in surveys: A comparison of ratings and rankings. Public Opinion Quarterly, 49, 535-552.
23. Alwin, D.F., and Krosnick, J.A. (1991a). Aging, cohorts, and the stability of sociopolitical orientations over the life span. American Journal of Sociology, 97, 169-195.
24. Alwin, D.F., and Krosnick, J.A. (1991b). The reliability of survey attitude measurement: The influence of question and respondent attributes. Sociological Methods and Research, 20, 139-181.
25. Alwin, D.F., and Thornton, A. (1984). Family origins and the schooling process: Early vs. late influence of parental characteristics. American Sociological Review, 49, 784-802.
26. Alwin, D.F., Cohen, R.L., and Newcomb, T.M. (1991). Political attitudes over the life span: The Bennington women afterfifty years. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
27. Alwin, D.F., McCammon, R.J., and Rodgers, W.L. (2006). The reliability of measures in the Health and Retirement Study. Paper prepared for presentation at the 59th annual scientific meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Dallas TX, November.
28. Alwin, D.F., McCammon, R.J., Wray, L.A., and Rodgers, W.L. (2007). The aging mind in social and historical context. Unpublished manuscript. Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802.
29. Anderson, T.W. (1960). Some stochastic process models for intelligence test scores. In K.J. Arrow, S. Karlin, and P. Suppes (Eds.), Mathematical models in the social sciences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
30. Andrews, EM. (1984). Construct validity and error components of survey measures: A structural modeling approach. Public Opinion Quarterly, 46,409-42. Reprinted in W.E. Saris and A. van Meurs. (1990). Evaluation of measurement instruments by meta-analysis of multitruit multimethod studies. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
31. Andrews, EM., and Herzog, A.R. (1986). The quality of survey data as related to age of respondent. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 81,403-410.
32. APA (American Psychological Association). (2000). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
33. Arbuckle, J.L., and Wothke, W. (1999). AMOS users guide. Version 4.0. Chicago IL: Smallwaters Corporation.
34. Arbuckle, T.Y., Gold, D., and Andres, D. (1986). Cognitive functioning of older people in relation to social and personality variables. Psychology and Aging, 1, 55-62.
35. Bartholomew, D.J., and Schuessler, K.F. (1991). Reliability of attitude scores based on a latent-trait model. In P.V. Marsden (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1991 (pp. 97-123). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
36. Bassi, F., Hagenaars, J.A., Croon, M.A., and Vermunt, J.K. (2000). Estimating true changes when categorical panel data are affxted by uncorrelated and correlated classification errors: An application to unemployrnent data. Sociological Methods and Research, 29, 230-268.
37. Beatty, P.C. (2003). Answerable questions: Advances in the methods f o r identifying and resolving questionnaire problems in survey research. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.
38. Belson, W.A. (1981). The design and understanding of survey questions. Aldershot, England: Gower.
39. Bentler, P.M., and Bonett, D.G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
40. Bielby, W.T., and Hauser, R.M. (1977). Response error in earnings functions for nonblack males. Sociological Methods and Research, 6, 241-80.
41. Bielby, W.T., Hauser, R.M., and Featherman, D.L. (1977a). Response errors for nonblack males in models of the stratification process. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 72,723-735.
42. Bielby, W.T., Hauser, R.M., and Featherman, D.L. (1977b). Response errors of black and nonblack males in models of status inheritance and mobility. American Journal of Sociology, 82, 1242-1288.
43. Biemer, P.P., and Stokes, S.L. (1991). Approaches to the modeling of measurement error. In P.P. Biemer et al. (Eds.), Measurement Errors in Surveys (pp. 487-516). New York: Wiley.
44. Biemer, P.P., and Trewin, D. (1997). A review of measurement error effects on the analysis of survey data. In L. Lyberg et al. (Eds.), Survey measurement and process quality (pp. 603-632). New York: Wiley.
45. Biemer, P.P., Groves, R.M., Lyberg, L.E., Mathiowetz, N.A., and Sudman, S. (Eds.). (1991). Measurement errors in surveys. New York: Wiley.
46. Bishop, G.F., Oldendick, R.W., and Tuchfarber, A.J. (1983). Effects of filter questions in public opinion surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47, 528-546.
47. Blair, J., Menon, G., and Bickart, B. (1991). Measurement effects in self and proxy responses to survey questions: An information--processing perspective. In P.B. Biemer et al. (Eds.), Measurement errors in surveys (pp. 145-166). New York: Wiley-Interscience.
48. Blalock, H.M., Jr. (1965). Some implications of random measurement error for causal inferences. American Journal of Sociology, 71, 37-47.
49. Blalock, H.M., Jr. (1972). Social statistics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
50. Blau, P.M., and Duncan, O.D. (1967). The American occupational structure. New York: John Wiley and Sons
51. Blumer, H. (1956). Sociological analysis and the "variable." American Sociological Review, 22,683-690.
52. Bohrnstedt, G.W. (1969). A quick method for determining the reliability and validity of multiple item scales. American Sociological Review, 34, 542-548.
53. Bohrnstedt, G.W. (1983). Measurement. In P.H. Rossi, J.D. Wright, and A.B. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of survey research (pp. 70-121). New York: Academic Press.
54. Bohrnstedt, G.W., Mohler, P.P, and Muller, W. (1987). An empirical study of the reliability and stability of survey research items. Sociological Methods and Research, 15, 171-176.
55. Bollen, K.A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
56. Bound, J., Brown, C., Duncan, G.J., and Rodgers, W.L. (1990). Measurement error in crosssectional and longitudinal labor market surveys: Validation study evidence. In J. Hartog, G. Ridder, and J. Theeuwes (Eds.), Panel data and labor market studies. Elsevier Science Publishers.
57. Bradburn, N.M., and Danis, C. (1984). Potential contributions of cognitive research to questionnaire design. In T. Jabine et al. (Eds.), Cognitive aspects of survey methodology: Building a bridge between disciplines. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
58. Bradburn, N.M., and Miles, C. (1979). Vague quantifiers. Public Opinion Quarterly, 43, 92-101.
59. Bradburn, N.M, Sudman, S. (and associates). (1979). Improving interviewing methods and questionnaire design: Response effects to threatening questions in survey researi-h. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
60. Bradburn, N.M., Rips, L.J., and Shevell, S.K. (1987). Answering autobiographical questions: The impact of memory and inference on surveys. Science, 236, 157-161.
61. Brislin, R.W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W.J. Lonner and J.W. Berry (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
62. Browne, M.W. (1984). The Decomposition of Multitrait-multimethod Matrices. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 37, 1-21.
63. Browne, M.W., and Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In (I. Bollen and J.S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 311-359). New York: Plenum Press.
64. Bryk, A.S., and Raudenbush, S.W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
65. Campbell, A., and Converse, P.E. (1980). The Quality ofAmerican Life: 1978 codebook. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research.
66. Campbell, A., Converse, P., Miller, W., and Stokes, D. (1971). American Election Panel Study: 1956, 1958, 1960. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research.
67. Campbell, D.T., and Fiske, D.W. 1959. Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait- multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 6, 81-105.
68. Cannell, C.F., Marquis, K.H., and Laurent, A. (1977). A summary of studies of interviewing methodology. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 2, No. 69, March.
69. Cannell, C.F., Miller, P.V., and Oksenberg, L. (1981). Research on interviewing techniques. In S. Lienhardt (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1980 (pp. 389-437). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
70. Cantril, H., and Fried, E. (1944). The meaning of questions. In H. Cantril, Gauging public opinion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
71. Castelloe, J.M. (2000). Sample size computations and power analysis with the SAS system. Paper 265-25. Paper presented at the 25th annual SAS Users Group International Conference, Indianapolis, IN. April 9-12.
72. Center for Political Studies. (1994). Continuity guide to the American National Election Studies. Institute for Social Research. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan. March.
73. Clark, H.H. (1985). Language use and language users. In G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology, Vol. 2 (pp. 179-232). New York: Random House.
74. Cleary, T.A., Linn, R.L., and Walster, G.W. (1970). Effect of reliability and validity on power of statistical tests. In E.F. Borgatta and G.W. Bohrnstedt (Eds.), Sociological methodology 1970 (pp. 30-38). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
75. Clogg, C.C. (1995). Latent class models. In G. Arminger, C.C. Clogg, and M.E. Sobel (Eds.), Handbook of statistical modeling f o r the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 31 1-359). New York: Plenum.
76. Clogg, C.C., and Goodman, L.A. (1984). Latent structure analysis of a set of multidimensional contingency tables. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 79, 762-71.
77. Clogg, C.C., and Manning, W.D. (1996). Assessing reliability of categorical measurements using latent class models. In A. von Eye and C.C. Clogg (Eds.), Categorical variables in developmental research-methods of analysis (pp. 169-182). New York: Academic Press.
78. Coenders, G., Saris, W.E., Batista-Foguet, J.M., and A. Andreenkova, A. (1999). Stability of three-wave simplex estimates of reliability. Structural Equation Models, 6, 135-157.
79. Coleman, J.S. (1964). Models of change and response uncertainty. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
80. Coleman, J.S. (1968). The mathematical study of change. In H.M. Blalock, Jr. and A.B. Blalock (Eds.) Methodology in social research (pp. 428-478). New York: McGraw-Hill.
81. Collins, L.M. (2001). Reliability for static and dynamic categorical latent variables: Developing measurement instruments based on a model of growth processes. In L.M. Collins and A.G. Sayer (Eds.), New methods for the analysis of change (pp. 271-288). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
82. Collins, L.M., and Flaherty, B.P. (2002). Latent class models for longitudinal data. In J.A. Hagenaars and A.L. McCutcheon (Eds.), Applied latent class analysis (pp. 287-303). New York: Cambridge University Press.
83. Collins, L.M., Flaherty, B.P, Hyatt, S.L., and Schafer, J.L.(1999). WinLTA User's Guide. Version 2.0. The Methodology Center. Pennsylvania State University.
84. Collins, L.M., Fidler. P.L., and Wugalter, S.E. (1996). Some practical issues related to the estimation of latent class and latent transition parameters. In A. von Eye and C.C. Clogg (Eds.), Categorical variables in developmental research-methods of analysis (pp. 133- 146). New York: Academic Press.
85. Conrad, F.G. (1999). Customizing survey procedures to reduce measurement error. In M.G. Sirken, et al. (Eds.), Cognition and survey research (pp. 301-317). New York: Wiley.
86. Converse, J.M. (1976-77). Predicting "No Opinion" in the polls. Public Opinion Quarterly, 40,515-530.
87. Converse, J.M. (1987). Survey research in the United States: Roots and emergence, 1890- 1960. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
88. Converse, J.M., and Presser, S. (1986). Survey questions: Handcrafting the standtrrdized questionnaire. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
89. Converse, P.E. (1964). The nature of belief systems in the mass public. In D.E. Apter (Ed.), Ideology and discontent (pp. 206-261). New York: Free Press.
90. Converse, P.E. (1970). Attitudes and non-attitudes: Continuation of a dialogue. In E.R. Tufte (Ed.), The quantitative analysis of social problems (pp. 168-189). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
91. Converse. P.E. (1974). The status of non-attitudes. American Political Science Review, 68. 650-660.
92. Corcoran, M. (1980). Sex differences in measurement error in status attainment models. Sociological Methods and Research, 9, 199-217.
93. Costner, H.L. (1965). Criteria for measures of association. American Sociological Review, 30, 341-353.
94. Costner, H.L. (1969). Theory, deduction and rules of correspondence. American Journal of Sociology, 75, 245-263.
95. Cox, E.P. (1980). The optimal number of response alternatives for a scale: A review. Journal of Marketing Research, 17,407-22.
96. Cronbach, L.J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychomcwika, 16,297-334.
97. Cronbach, L.J., and Meehl, P.E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psyclzological Bulletin, 52, 281-302.
98. Crouse, J., and Trusheim, D. (1988). The case against the SAT. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
99. Dawes, R.M., and Smith, T.L. (1985). Attitude and opinion measurement. In G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 509-66). New York: Random House.
100. Dex, S. (1991). The reliability of recall data: A literature review. Working Paper No. 11. ESRC Research Centre on Micro-Social Change. Colchester: Essex, England.
101. Diggle, P.J., Liang, K.Y., and Zeger, S.L. (1994). Analysis of longitudinal data. New York: Oxford University Press.
102. Dillman, D.A. (1978). Mail and telephone surveys: The total design method. New York: Wiley.
103. Duncan, G.J., Mathiowetz, N.A., and others. (1985). A validation study of economic survey data. Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
104. Duncan, O.D. (1984a). Notes on social measurement. New York: Academic Press.
105. Duncan, O.D. (1984b). The latent trait approach in survey research: The Rasch measurement model; Rasch measurement: Further examples and discussion. In C.F. Turner and E. Martin (Eds.), Surveying subjective phenomena. Vols. 1 and 2 (pp. 210-229; 367- 440). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
106. Elias, P. (1991). Methodological, statistical and practical issues arising from the collection and analysis of work history information by survey techniques. Bulletin de Methodologie Sociologique, 31, 3-31.
107. Esser, H. (1986). Konnen Befragte liigen? Zum Konzept des "wahren" Wertes im Rahmen der handlungstheoretischen Interpretation des Befragtenverhaltens. Kolner Zeitschrift f u r Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 38, 314-336.
108. Esser, H. (1993). Response set: Habit, frame or rational choice? In D. Krebs and P. Schmidt (Eds.), New directions in attitude measurement (pp. 293-314). New York Walter de Gruyter.
109. Fazio, R.H., Herr, P.M., and Olney, T.J. (1984). Attitude accessibility following a self-perception process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 277-286.
110. Featherman, D.L., and Hauser, R.M. (1975). Design for a replicate study of social mobility in the United States. In K.C. Land and S. Spilerman (Eds.), Social indicators models (pp. 219-252). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
111. Featherman, D.L., and Hauser, R.M. (1978). Opportunity and change. New York: Academic Press.
112. Ferber, R. (1966). Item nonresponse in a consumer survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 30, 399-415.
113. Flaherty, B.P. (2002). Assessing reliability of categorical substance use measures with latent class analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 68, S7-S20.
114. Fowler, F.J. (1992). How unclear terms affect survey data. Public Opinion Quarterly , 56, 218-231.
115. Francis, J.D., and Busch, L. (1975). What we know about "I don't knows." Public Opinion Quarterly, 39, 207-218.
116. Freedman, D., Thornton, A., and Camburn, D. (1980). Maintaining response rates in longitudinal studies. Sociological Methods and Research, 9, 87-98.
117. Freedman, D., Thornton, A., Camburn, D., Alwin, D.F., and Young-DeMarco, L. (1988). The life history calendar: A technique for collecting retrospective data. In C.C. Clogg (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1988 (pp. 37-68). Washington D.C.: American Sociological Association.
118. Garner, W.R. (1960). Rating scales, discriminability, and information transmission. Psychological Review, 67, 343-52.
119. Garner, W.R., and Hake, H.W. (1951). The amount of information in absolute judgments. Psychological Review, 58,446-59.
120. Gergen, K., and Back, K. (1966). Communication in the interview and the disengaged respondent. Public Opinion Quarterly, 30, 385-398.
121. Goldstein, H. (1995). Multilevel statistical models, 2nd edition. London: Arnold.
122. Goodman, L. (2002). Latent class analysis: The empirical study of latent types, latent variables and latent structures. In J.A. Hagenaars and A.L. McCutcheon (Eds.), Applied latent class analysis (pp. 3-55). New York: Cambridge University Press.
123. Greene, V.L., and Carmines, E.G. (1979). Assessing the reliability of linear composites. In K.F. Schuessler (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1980 (pp. 160-175). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
124. Groves, R.M. (1989). Survey errors and survey cosrs. New York: Wiley.
125. Groves, R.M. (1991). Measurement error across the disciplines. In P.P. Biemer et al. (Eds.),Measurement errors in surveys (pp. 1-25). New York: Wiley.
126. Groves, R.M., and Couper, M.P. (1998). Nonresponse in household interview surveys. New York: Wiley.
127. Groves, R.M., Fultz, N.H., and Martin, E. (1992). Direct questioning about comprehension in a survey setting. In J. Tanur (Ed.), Questions about questions: Inquiries into the cognitive buses of surveys (pp. 49-61). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
128. Groves, R.M., Dillman, D.A., Eltinge, J.L., and Little, R.J.A. (Eds.). (2002). Survey nonresponse. New York: Wiley.
129. Guttman, L. (1954). A new approach to factor analysis: The radex. In P.F. Lazarsfeld (Ed.), Mathematical thinking in the social sciences. New York: Columbia University Press.
130. Hadaway, C.K., Marler, P.L., and Chaves, M. (1993). What the polls don't show: A closer look at U.S. church attendance. American Sociological Review, 58, 741-752.
131. Hagenaars, J.A., and McCutcheon, A.L. (Eds.). (2002). Applied latent class analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
132. Hansen, M.H., Hurwitz, W.N., and Bershad, M.A. (1961). Measurement errors in censuses and in surveys. Bulletin of the International Statistical Institute, 38, 359-374.
133. Hansen, M.H., Hurwitz, W.N., and Madow, W. (1953). Sample survey methods and theory. New York: John Wiley.
134. Hauser, R.M., and Featherman, D.L. (1977). The process ofstratification: Trends and analyses. New York: Academic Press.
135. Hauser, R.M., and Goldberger, A S . (1971). The treatment of unobservable variables in path analysis. In H.L. Costner (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1971 (pp. 81-1 17). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
136. Hauser, R.M., and Warren, J.R. (1997). Socioeconomic indexes for occupations: A review, update and critique. In A.E. Raftery (Ed.), Sociological methodology I997 (pp. 177- 298). Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
137. Hauser, R.M., Tsai, S-L., and Sewell, W.H. (1983). A model of stratification with response error in social and psychological variables. Sociology of Education, 56, 20-46.
138. Hedecker, D., and Gibbons, R.D. (1997). Application of random-effects pattern-mixture models for missing data in longitudinal studies. Psychological Methods, 2,64-78.
139. Heise, D.R. (1969). Separating reliability and stability in test-retest correlation. American Sociological Review, 34, 93-191.
140. Heise, D.R., and Bohrnstedt, G.W. (1970). Validity, invalidity, and reliability. In E.F. Borgatta and G.W. Bohrnstedt (Eds.), Sociological methodology 1970 (pp. 104-129). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
141. Herzog, A.R., and Rodgers W.R. (1989). Age differences in memory performance and memory ratings as measured in a sample survey. Psychology and Aging, 4, 173-182.
142. Hippler, H.J., and Schwarz, N. (1989). No opinion filters: A cognitive perspective. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 1, 77-87.
143. Hippler, H.-J., Schwarz, N., and Sudman, S. (1987). Social information processing and survey methodology. New York: Springer-Verlag.
144. Holt, D., McDonald, J.W., and Skinner, C.J. (1991). The effect of measurement error on event history analysis. In P.P. Biemer et al. (Eds.), Measurement errors in surveys (pp. 665- 685). New York: Wiley.
145. House, J. (No date.) Study guide: Americans' changing lives. Survey Research Center. Insti-tute for Social Research. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
146. Humphreys, L.G. (1960). Investigations of the simplex. Psychometrika, 25, 313-323.
147. Hunter, J.E., and Schmidt, F.L. (1990). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
148. Hyman, H.H. (and associates). (1975). Interviewing in social research. (Original publication, 1954). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
149. Jabine, T.B., Straf, M.L., Tanur, J.M., and Tourangeau, R. (1984). Cognitive aspects of survey methodology: Building a bridge between disciplines. Report of the advanced research seminar on cognitive aspects of survey methodology. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences Press.
150. Jackson, D.N. (1969). Multimethod factor analysis in the evaluation of convergent and discriminant validity. Psychological Bulletin, 72, 30-49.
151. Jöreskog, K.G. (1970). Estimating and testing of simplex models. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 23, 121-145.
152. Jöreskog, K.G. (1971a). Statistical analysis of sets of congeneric tests. Psychornetrika, 36, 109-133.
153. Jöreskog, K.G. (1971b). Simultaneous factor analysis in several populations. Psychometrika, 36, 409-426.
154. Jöreskog, K.G. (1974). Analyzing psychological data by structural analysis of covariance matrices. In D.H. Dranz, R.C. Atkinson, R.D. Luce, and P. Suppes (Eds.), Measurement, psychophysics and neural information processing. San Francisco: Freeman.
155. Jöreskog, K.G. (1978). Structural analysis of covariance and correlation matrices. Psychometrika, 43, 443-477.
156. Jöreskog, K.G. (1990). New developments in LISREL: Analysis of ordinal variables using polychoric correlations and weighted least squares. Quality and Quantity, 24, 387-404.
157. Jöreskog, K.G. (1994). On the estimation of polychoric correlations and their asymptotic covariance matrix. Psychometrika, 59, 381-389.
158. Jöreskog, K.G. and D. Sörbom. (1996a). PRELISZ: User's reference guide-a program f o r multivariate data screening and data summarization; a preprocesser f o r LISREL, 2nd edition. Chicago: Scientific Software.
159. Jöreskog, K.G. and D. Sörbom. (1996b). LISREL8: User's reference guide, 2nd edition. Chicago: Scientific Software.
160. Juster, F.T. and Suzman, R. (1995). An overview of the Health and Retirement Study. Journal of Human Resources, 30, S7-S56.
161. Kaase, M. (Ed.). (1999). Quality criteriafor survey research. Berlin: Akademie Verlag CimbH.
162. Kalton, G., and Schuman, H. (1982). The effect of the question on survey responses: A review. Journal of the Royal Statistical Association, 145, 42-73.
163. Kaplan, A. (1964). The conduct of inquiry. San Francisco: Chandler.
164. Kessler, R.C., Mroczek, D.K., and Belli, R.F. (1994). Retrospective adult assessment of childhood psychopathology. In D. Shaffer and J. Richters (Eds.), Assessment in child and adolescent psychopathology. New York: Guilford.
165. Kipling, R. (1899). From sea to sea and otehr sketches. New York: Doubleday & McClure.
166. Kish, L. (1965). Survey sampling. New York: Wiley.
167. Knäuper, B., Belli, R.F., Hill, D.H. and Herzog, A.R. (1997). Question difficulty and respondents' cognitive ability: The impact of on data quality. Unpublished paper. Survey Methods Program, Institute for Social Research. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
168. Krosnick, J.A. (1999). Survey research. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 537-567.
169. Krosnick, J.A. (2002). The causes of no-opinion responses to attitude measures in surveys: They are rarely what they appear to be. In R.M. Groves, D.A. Dillman, J.L. Eltinge, and R.J.A. Little (Eds.), Survey nonresponse (pp. 87-100). New York: Wiley.
170. Krosnick, J.A., and Alwin, D.F. (1987). An evaluation of a cognitive theory of response order effects in survey measurement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51, 201-219.
171. Krosnick, J.A., and Alwin, D.F. (1988). A test of the form-resistant correlation hypothesis: Ratings, rankings, and the measurement of values. Public Opinion Quarterly, 52, 526- 538.
172. Krosnick, J.A., and Alwin, D.F. (1989). Response strategies for coping with the cognitive emands of attitude measures in surveys. Unpublished paper. Institute for Social Research. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan. (Also published as Krosnick, J.A. (1991). Response strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 5, 213-236.)
173. Krosnick, J.A., and Fabrigar, L.R. (1997). Designing rating scales for effective measurement in surveys. In L. Lyberg et al. (Eds.), Survey measurement andprocess quality (pp. 141- 164). New York: Wiley-Interscience.
174. Kuhn, T.S. (1961). The function of measurement in modern physical science. Isis, 52, 161-193.
175. Langeheine, R., and van de Pol., F.J.R. (1990). A unifying framework for Markov modeling in discrete space and discrete time. Sociological Methods and Research, 18, 416-441.
176. Langeheine, R., and van de Pol, F.J.R. (2002). Latent Markov chains. In J.A. Hagenaars and A.L. McCutcheon (Eds.), Applied latent class analysis (pp. 304-341). New York: Cambridge University Press.
177. Lawley, D.N., and Maxwell, A.E. (1971). Factor analysis as a statistical model. New York: American Elsevier.
178. Lazarsfeld, P.F., and Henry, N.W. (1968). Latent structure analysis. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
179. Lee, S.-Y., Poon, W.-Y., and Bentler, P.M. (1990). A three-stage estimation procedure for structural equation models with polytomous variables. Psychometrika, 55, 45-51.
180. Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of General Psychol-ogy, 140,5-55.
181. Little, R.J.A. and Rubin, D.B. (1987). Statistical analysis with missing data. New York: Wiley.
182. Little, R.J.A., and Rubin, D.B. (1989). The analysis of social science data with missing values. Sociological Methods and Research, 18, 292-326.
183. Little, R.J.A., and Schenker, N. (1995). Missing data. In G. Arminger, C.C. Clogg, and M E . Sobel (Eds.), Handbook of statistical modeling for the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 39-75). New York: Plenum.
184. Lord, F.M., and Novick, M.L. (1968). Statistical theories of mental rest scores. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
185. Lyberg, L., Biemer, P., Collins, M., de Leeuw, E., Dippo, C., Schwarz, N., and Trewin, D. (1997). Survey measurement and process quality. New York: Wiley.
186. Mare, R.D., and Mason, W.M. (1980). Children's reports of parental socioeconomic status: A multiple group measurement model. Sociological Methods and Research, 9, 178-198.
187. Marquis, K.H. (1978). Record check validity of survey responses: A reassessment of bias in reports of hospitalizations. Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation.
188. Marquis, K.H., Cannell, C.F., and Lament, A. (1972). Reporting health events in household interviews: Effects of reinforcement, question length, and reinterviews. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 2, No. 45.
189. Marquis, M.S. and Marquis, K.H. (1977). Survey measurement design and evaluation using reliability theory. Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation.
190. Mason, W.M., Hauser, R.M., Kerckhoff, A.C., Poss, S.S., and Manton, K. (1976). Models of response error in student reports of parental socioecnomic characteristics. In W.H. Sewell, R.M. Hauser, and D.L. Featherman (Eds.), Schooling and achievement in American society (pp. 443-494). New York: Academic Press.
191. Maxwell, A.E. (1971). Estimating true scores and their reliabilities in the case of composite psychological tests. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 24, 195-204.
192. McArdle, J.J., and Bell, R.Q. (2000). An introduction to latent growth models for developmental data analysis. In T.D. Little, K.U. Schnabel, and J. Baumert (Eds.), Modeling longitudinal and multilevel data: Practical issues, applied approaches and specific examples (pp. 69-107). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
193. McArdle, J.J., and Hamagami, F. (1992). Modeling incomplete longitudinal and cross-sectional data using latent growth structural models. Experimental Aging Research, 18, 145166.
194. McArdle, J.J., and Nesselroade, J.R. (1994). Using multivariate data to structure developmental change. In S.H. Cohen and H.W. Reese (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
195. McClendon, J.J. (1991). Acquiescence and recency response-order effects in interview surveys. Sociological Methods and Research, 20, 60-103.
196. McClendon, M.J., and Alwin, D.F. (1993). No-opinion filters and attitude measurement reliability. Sociological Methods and Research, 21,438-464.
197. McGuire, W.R. (1969). Suspiciousness of experimenter's intent. In R. Rosenthal and R.1,. Rosnow (Eds.), Artifact in behavioral research. New York: Academic Press.
198. McKeon, R. (Ed.). (1992). Introduction to Aristotle. New York: Modern Library.
199. McNemar, Q. (1946). Opinion-attitude methodology. Psychological Bulletin, 43, 289-374.
200. Merton, R., and Lazarsfeld, P.F. (1950). Continuities in social research: Studies in the scope and method of "The American Soldier." Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
201. Miller, G.A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. The Psychological Review, 63, 81-97.
202. Miller, W.E. and NES (National Election Study) staff. (1993). American National Election Studies: Cumulative data file 1952-1992. Center for Political Studies. Institute for Social Research. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
203. Moore, J.C. (1988). Self/proxy report status and survey response quality. Journal of Official Statistics, 4, 155-172.
204. Moser, C.A., and Kalton, G. (1972). Survey methods in social investigation, 2nd edition. New York: Basic Books.
205. Murphy, K.R. and Myors, B. (2004). Statistical power analysis: A simple and general model for traditional and modern hypothesis tests, 2nd edition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
206. Muthén, B.O. (1984). A general structural equation model with dichotomous, ordered categorical, and continuous latent variable indicators. Psychometrika, 49, 115-132.
207. Muthén, B.O. (1998-2004). Mplus-technical appendices. Los Angeles: Muthén and Muthén.
208. Muthén, L.K., and Muthén, B.O. (2001-2004). Mplus-the comprehensive modelingprogram for applied researchers. User's guide. Version 2.0. Los Angeles: Muthén and Muthén.
209. Oksenberg, L., and Cannell, C.F. (1977). Some factors underlying the validity of response in self report. Proceedings of the 41st Session of the International Statistical Institute, New Delhi, India.
210. O'Muircheartaigh, C.A. (1997). Measurement error in surveys: A historical perspective. In L. Lyberg, et al. (Eds.), Survey measurement and process quality (pp. 1-25). New York: Wiley-Interscience.
211. O'Muircheartaigh, C.A., Gaskell, G.D., and Wright, D.B. (1993). Intensifiers in behavioral frequency questions. Public Opinion Quarterly, 57, 552-565.
212. Palmquist, B., and Green, D.P. (1992). Estimation of models with correlated errors from panel data. In P.V. Marsden (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1992 (pp. 119-146). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
213. Park, D.C., Smith, A.D., Lautenschlager, G., Earles, J.L., Frieske, D., Zwahr, M., and Gaines, C.L. (1996). Mediators of long-term memory performance across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 11, 621-637.
214. Payne, S.L. (1951). The art of asking questions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
215. Perlmutter, M. (1978). What is memory aging the aging of? Developmental Psychology, 14, 330-345.
216. Petersen, T. (1993). Recent advances in longitudinal methodology. Annual Review of Sociol- ogy, 19, 25-54.
217. Pirsig, R.M. (1974). Zen and the art of motorcycle maintenance: An inquiry into values. New York: Perennial Classics. [2nd edition, 20001]
218. Presser, S. (1990). Can change in context reduce overreporting in surveys? Public Opinion Quarterly, 54, 586-93.
219. Presser, S., and Traugott, M. (1992). Little white lies and social science models. Public Opinion Quarterly, 56, 77-86.
220. Rasch, G. (1961). On general laws and the meaning of measuremnt in psychology. In J. Neyman (Ed.), Proceedings of the 4th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Vol. 4. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
221. Rasch, G. (1966a). An individualistic approach to item analysis. In P.F. Lazarsfeld and N.W. Henry (Eds.), Readings in mathematical social science. Chicago: Science Research Associates.
222. Rasch, G. (1966b). An item analysis which takes individual differences into account. British Journal of Mathemetical and Statistical Psychology, 19, 49-57.
223. Rasch, G. (1960). Probabalistic models f o r some intelligence and attainment tests. Copenhagen: Danmarks Paedogogishe Institut.
224. Riley, M.W. (1973). Aging and cohort succession: Interpretations and misinterpretations. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37, 35-47.
225. Rodgers, W.L. (1989). Measurement properties of health and income ratings in a panel study. Presented at the 42nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Minneapolis, November.
226. Rodgers, W.L., and Herzog, A.R. (1987a). Interviewing older adults: The accuracy of factual information. Journal of Gerontology, 42, 387-394.
227. Rodgers, W.L., and Herzog, A.R. (1987b). Covariances of measurement errors in survey responses. Journal of Official Statistics, 3, 403-418.
228. Rodgers, W.L., and Herzog, A.R. (1992). Collecting data about the oldest old: Problems and procedures. In R.M. Suzman, D.P. Willis, and K.G. Manton (Eds.), The oldest old (pp. 135-156). New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
229. Rodgers, W.L., Andrews, F.M., and Herzog, A.R. (1992). Quality of survey measures: A structural modeling approach. Journal of Official Statistics, 3, 251-275.
230. Rodgers, W.L., Herzog, A.R., and Andrews, F.M. (1988). Interviewing older adults: Validity of self-reports of satisfaction. Psychology and Aging, 3, 264-272.
231. Rodgers, W.L., McCammon, R.J., and Alwin, D.F. (2004). Assessing mode effects through analysis of covariances across four waves of data. Health and Retirement Study Conference, Traverse City, MI. August.
232. Rokeach, M. (1970). Beliefs, attitudes and values. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
233. Ross, M. (1988). The relation of implicit theories to the construction of personal histories. Psychological Review, 96, 341-357.
234. Ruckmick, C.A. (1930). The uses and abuses of the questionnaire procedure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 14, 32-41
235. Rugg, D., and Cantril, H. (1944). The wording of questions. In H. Cantril (Ed.), Gauging public opinion (pp. 23-50). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
236. Salthouse, T.A. (1991). Theoretical perspectives on cognitive aging. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
237. Salthouse, T.A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403-428.
238. Saris, W.E. (1988). Variation in response functions: A Source of measurement error in attitude research. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Sociometric Research Foundation.
239. Saris, W.E., and Andrews, F.M. (1991). Evaluation of measurement instruments using a structural modeling approach. In P.B. Biemer et al. (Eds.), Measurement errors in surveys (pp. 575-597). New York: Wiley.
240. Saris, W.E., and van den Putte, B. (1988). True score or factor models: A secondary analysis of the ALLBUS test-retest data. Sociological Methods and Research, 17, 123-157.
241. Saris, W.E., and van Meurs, A. (1990). Evaluation of measurement instruments by metaanalysis of multitruit multimethod studies. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
242. Satorra, A., and Bentler, P.M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66, 507-514.
243. Schaeffer, N.C. (1991a). Hardly ever or constantly? Group comparisons using vague quantifiers. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 395-423.
244. Schaeffer, N.C. (1991b). Conversation with a purpose-or conversation? Interaction in the standardized interview. In P.B. Biemer et al. (Eds.), Measurement error in surveys (pp. 367-391). New York: Wiley.
245. Schaeffer, N.C., and Presser, S. (2003). The science of asking questions. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 65-88.
246. Schaie, K.W. (1996). Intellectual development in adulthood: The Seattle Longitudinal Study. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
247. Schaie, K.W. (2005). Developmental influences on adult intelligence: The Seattle Longitudinal Study. New York: Oxford University Press
248. Scherpenzeel, A.C. (1995). A question of quality: Evaluating survey questions by multitraitrnultirnethod studies. Ph.D. thesis. University of Amsterdam.
249. Scherpenzeel, A.C., and Saris, W.E. (1997). The validity and reliability of survey questions: A meta-analysis of MTMM studies. Sociological Methods and Research, 25, 341-383.
250. Schuman, H., and Kalton, G. (1985). Survey methods. In G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 634-697), 3rd edition. New York: Random House.
251. Schuman, H., and Presser, S. (1981). Questions and answers: E.xperiments in question wording, form and context. New York: Academic Press.
252. Schwarz, N. (1999a). Cognitive research into survey measurement: Its influence on survey methodology and cognitive theory. In M.G. Sirken, et al. (Eds.), Cognition and survey research (pp. 65-75). New York: Wiley.
253. Schwarz, N. (1999b). Self-reports: How the questions shape the answer. American Psychologist, 54, 93-105.
254. Schwarz, N., and Sudman, S. (1994). Autobiographical memory and the validity of retrospective reports. New York: Springer-Verlag Inc.
255. Scott, J., and Alwin, D.F. (1997). Retrospective vs. prospective measurement of life histories in longitudinal research. In J.Z. Giele and G.H. Elder, Jr. (Eds.), Methods oflife course research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (pp. 98-127). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
256. Sears, D.O. (1983). The persistence of early political predispositions: The roles of attitude object and life stage. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 79-116.
257. Sewell, W.H., Hauser, R.M., Springer, K.W., and Hauser, T.S. (2003). As we age: The Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, 1957-2001. In K. Leicht (Ed.), Social stratification and mobility, Vol. 20 (pp. 3-111). London: Elsevier.
258. Shannon, C., and Weaver, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
259. Sherif, M., and Hovland, C.I. (1961). Social judgement: Assimiliation and contrast effects in communication and attitude change. New Haven, C T Yale University Press.
260. Sherif, C.W., Sherif, M., and Nebergall, R.E. (1965). Attitude and attitude change. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
261. Siegel, P.M., and Hodge, R.W. (1968). A causal approach to the study of measurement error. In H.M. Blalock, Jr. and A.B. Blalock (Eds.), Methodology in social research (pp. 28- 59). New York: McGraw-Hill.
262. Simon, H.A. (1957). Models ofman. New York: Wiley.
263. Simon, H.A., and Stedry, A.C. (1968). Psychology and economics. In G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 269-314), Vol. 5, 2nd edition. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
264. Sirken, M.G., Herrmann, D.J., Schechter, S., Schwarz, N., Tanur, J.M., and Tourangeau, R. (1999). Cognition and survey research. New York: Wiley.
265. Skrondal, A., and Rabe-Hesketh, S. (2004). Generalized latent variable modeling: Multilevel, longitudinal, and structural equation models. New York: Chapman and Hall/CRC.
266. Sobel, D. (1999). Galileo's daughter: A historical memoir of science, faith, and love. New York: Penguin Books.
267. Soldo, B.J., Hurd, M.D., Rodgers, W.L., and Wallace, R.B. (1997). Asset and health dynamics among the oldest old: An overview of the AHEAD study. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 52B, 1-20.
268. Steiger, J.H., and Lind, J.M. (1980). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, Iowa.
269. Strack, F., and Martin, L. (1987). Thinking, judging and communicating: A process account of context effects in attitude surveys. In H.-J. Hippler et al. (Eds.), Social information processing and survey methodology (pp. 123-148). New York: Springer-Verlag.
270. Sudman, S., and Bradburn, N.M. (1974). Response effects in surveys. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
271. Sudman, S., and Bradburn, N.M. (1982). Asking questions: A practical guide to questionnaire design. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
272. Sudman, S., Bradburn, N.M., and Schwarz, N. (1996). Thinking about answers: The application of cognitive processes to survey methodology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
273. Thomson, W. (Lord Kelvin). (1883). Electrical units of measurement. Cambridge University, England.
274. Thornton, A., Freedman, D., and Camburn, D. (1982). Obtaining respondent cooperation in family panel studies. Sociological Methods and Research, 11, 33-51.
275. Thornton, A., and Binstock, G. (2001). Reliability of measurement and cross-time stability of individual and family variables. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 881-894.
276. Tourangeau, R. (1984). Cognitive science and survey methods. In T. Jabine et al. (Eds.), Cognitive aspects of survey methodology: Building a bridge between disciplines. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
277. Tourangeau, R. (1987). Attitude measurement: A cognitive perspective. In H.-J. Hippler et al. (Eds.), Social information processing and survey methodology (pp. 149-162). New York: Springer-Verlag.
278. Tourangeau, R. (1999). Context effects to answers to attitude questions. In M.G. Sirken, et al. (Eds.), Cognition and survey research (pp. 111-131). New York: Wiley.
279. Tourangeau, R., and Rasinski, K. (1988). Cognitive processes underlying context effects in attitude measurement. Psychological Bulletin, 103,299-314.
280. Tourangeau, R., Rips, L.J., and Rasinski, K. (2000). The psychology of survey response. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
281. Traugott, M., and Katosh, J.P. (1979). Response validity in surveys of voting behavior. Public Opinion Quarterly, 43, 359-77.
282. Traugott, M., and Katosh, J.P. (1981). The Consequences of validated and self-reported voting measures. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45,519-35.
283. Tuma, N.B., and Hannan, M.T. (1984). Social dynamics: Models and methods. Orlando, FL: Academic.
284. Turner, C.F., and Martin, E. (1984). Surveying subjective phenomena. New York: Russell Sage.
285. van de Pol, F., and Langeheine, R. (1990). Mixed Markov latent class models. In C.C. Clogg (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1990 (pp. 213-247). Oxford: Blackwell.
286. van de Pol, F., and de Leeuw, J. (1986). A latent Markov model to correct for measurement error. Sociological Methods and Research, 15, 118-141.
287. van de Pol, F., Langeheine, R., and de Jong, W. (1991). PANMARK user manual: PANel Analysis using MARKov Chains. Voorburg: Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics.
288. van der Zouwen, J. (1999). An assessment of the difficulty of questions used in the ISSP questionnaires, the clarity of their wording, and the comparability of the responses. ZA-Information, 46, 96-114.
289. van Meurs, A., and Saris, W.E. (1990). Memory effects in MTMM studies. In W.E. Saris and A. van Meurs (Eds.), Evaluation of measurement instruments by meta-analysis of multitrait multimethod matrices (pp. 52-80). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
290. Vermunt, J.K., Langeheine, R., and Bockenholt, U. (1999). Discrete-time discrete-state latent markov models with time-constant and time-varying covariates. Journa/ of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 24, 179-207.
291. Weisberg, H., and Miller, A.H. (No date). Evaluation of the feeling thermometer: A report to the National Election Study Board based on data from the 1979 pilot survey. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies, Institute for Social Research.
292. Werts, C.E., and Linn, R.L. (1970). Path analysis: Psychological examples. Psychological Bulletin, 74, 194-212.
293. Werts, C.E., Joreskog, K.G., and Linn, R.L. (1971). Comment on "The estimation of measurement error in panel data." American Sociological Review, 36, 110-112.
294. Werts, C.E., Linn, R.L., and Joreskog, K.G. (1977). A simplex model for analyzing academic growth. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 31, 745-156.
295. Werts, C.E., Linn, R.L., and Joreskog, K.G. (1978). The reliability of college grades from longitudinal data. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 38, 89-95.
296. Werts, C.E., Breland, H.M., Grandy, J., and Rock, D.R. (1980). Using longitudinal data to estimate reliability in the presence of correlated measurement errors. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40, 19-29.
297. Wicker, A.W. (1969). Attitudes versus actions: The relationship of verbal and overt behavioral responses to attitude objects. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 41-18.
298. Wiggins, L.M. (1973). Panel analysis: Latent probability models for attitude and behavior processes. New York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
299. Wiley, D.E., and Wiley, J.A. (1970). The estimation of measurement error in panel data. American Sociological Review, 35, 112-117.
300. Wothke, W. (2000). Longitudinal and multigroup modeling with missing data. In T.D. Little, K.U. Schnabel, and J. Baumert (Eds.), Modeling longitudinal and multilevel data: Practical issues, applied approaches and specific examples (pp. 219-240). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.