Survey research

Annual Review of Psychology

Volumn 50, Issue , 1999, Pages 537-567

  Krosnick, Jon A ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Interviewing; Polls; Pretesting; Questionnaires; Surveys

Indexed keywords

EID: 22644451347     PISSN: 00664308     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.537     Document Type: Review

References (233)

1. Abelson RP, Loftus EF, Greenwald AG. 1992. Attempts to improve the accuracy of self-reports of voting. In Questions About Questions, ed. JM Tanur, pp. 138-53. New York: Russell Sage
2. Andrews FM. 1984. Construct validity and error components of survey measures: A structural modeling approach. Public Opin. Q. 48:409-42
3. Atkinson RC, Shiffrin RM. 1968. Human memory: a proposed system and its control processes. In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory, ed. KW Spence, JT Spence, 2:89-195. New York: Academic
4. Ayidiya SA, McClendon M J. 1990. Response effects in mail surveys. Public Opin. Q. 54:229-47
5. Babbie ER. 1990. Survey Research Methods. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 395 pp.
6. Bachman JG, O'Malley PM. 1984. Yea-saying, nay-saying, and going to extremes: black-white differences in response styles. Public Opin. Q. 48:491-509
7. Baddeley AD, Hitch GJ. 1977. Recency reexamined. In Attention and Performance, ed. S Dornic. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Vol. 6.
8. Bass BM. 1956. Development and evaluation of a scale for measuring social acquiescence. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 52: 296-99
9. Bass BM. 1958. Famous sayings test: general manual. Psychol. Rep. 4:479-97
10. Bass BM, Avolio BJ. 1989. Potential biases in leadership measures: How prototypes, leniency, and general satisfaction relate to ratings and rankings of transformational and transactional leadership constructs. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 49:509-27
11. Becker SL. 1954. Why an order effect. Public Opin. Q. 18:271-78
12. Berg IA, Rapaport GM. 1954. Response bias in an unstructured questionnaire. J. Psychol. 38:473-81
13. Berger PK, Sullivan JE. 1970. Instructional set, interview context, and the incidence of "don't know" responses. J. Appl. Psychol. 54:414-16
14. Bickart B, Felcher EM. 1996. Expanding and enhancing the use of verbal protocols in survey research. In Answering Questions, ed. N Schwarz, S Sudman. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
15. Bischoping K. 1989. An evaluation of interviewer debriefing in survey pretests. In New Techniques for Pretesting Survey Questions, ed. CF Cannell, L Oskenberg, FJ Fowler, G Kalton, K Bischoping. Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Res. Cent.
16. Bishop GF. 1987. Experiments with the middle response alternative in survey questions. Public Opin. Q. 51:220-32
17. Bishop GF, Hippler HJ, Schwarz N, Strack F. 1988. A comparison of response effects in self-administered and telephone surveys. In Telephone Survey Methodology, ed. RM Groves, PP Biemer, LE Lyberg, JT Massey, WL Nicholls II, J Waksberg, pp. 321-34. New York: Wiley
18. Bishop GF, Oldendick RW, Tuchfarber AJ. 1980. Experiments in filtering political opinions. Polit. Behav. 2:339-69
19. Bishop GF, Oldendick RW, Tuchfarber AJ. 1986. Opinions on fictitious issues: the pressure to answer survey questions. Public Opin. Q. 50:240-50
20. Bogart L. 1972. Silent Politics: Polls and the Awareness of Public Opinion. New York: Wiley-Interscience
21. Brady HE. 1990. Dimension analysis of ranking data. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 34:1017-48
22. Brehm J. 1993. The Phantom Respondents Ann Arbor: Univ. Mich. Press
23. Briggs CL. 1986. Learning How To Ask: A Sociolinguistic Appraisal of the Role of the Interview in Social Science Research. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 155 pp.
24. Brown P, Levinson SC. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Use. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 345 pp.
25. Butler D, Stokes D. 1969. Political Change in Britain: Forces Shaping Electoral Choice. New York: St. Martin's. 516 pp.
26. Cacioppo JT, Petty RE, Feinstein JA, Jarvis WBG. 1996. Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: the life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition. Psychol. Bull. 119:197-253
27. Calsyn RJ, Roades LA, Calsyn DS. 1992. Acquiescence in needs assessment studies of the elderly. The Gerontol. 32: 246-52
28. Campbell DT, Mohr PJ. 1950. The effect of ordinal position upon responses to items in a checklist. J. Appl. Psychol. 34:62-67
29. Cannell CF, Miller PV, Oksenberg L. 1981. Research on interviewing techniques. In Sociological Methodology, ed. S Leinhardt, pp. 389-437. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
30. Carp FM. 1974. Position effects on interview responses. J. Gerontol. 29:581-87
31. Carpenter PA, Just MA. 1975. Sentence comprehension: a psycholinguistic processing model of verification. Psychol. Rev. 82: 45-73
32. Carr LG. 1971. The srole items and acquiescence. Am. Social. Rev. 36:287-93
33. Chan JC. 1991. Response-order effects in Likert-type scales. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 51:531-40
34. Cialdini RB. 1993. Influence: Science and Practice. New York: Harper Collins. 253 pp. 3rd ed.
35. Clancy KJ, Wachsler RA. 1971. Positional effects in shared-cost surveys. Public Opin. Q. 35:258-65
36. Clare ICH, Gudjonsson GH. 1993. Interrogative suggestibility, confabulation, and acquiescence in people with mild learning disabilities (mental handicap): implications for reliability during police interrogations. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 32:295-301
37. Clark HH. 1996. Using Language. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 432 pp.
38. Clark HH, Chase WG. 1972. On the process of comparing sentences against pictures. Cogn. Psychol. 3:472-517
39. Clark HH, Chase WG. 1974. Perceptual coding strategies in the formation and verification of descriptions. Mem. Cogn. 2: 101-11
40. Clark HH, Clark EV. 1977. Psychology and Language. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 608 pp.
41. Clausen A. 1968. Response validity: vote report. Public Opin. Q. 32:588-606
42. Coker MC, Knowles ES. 1987. Testing alters the test scores: Test-retest improvements in anxiety also occur within a test. Presented at the Midwest. Psychol. Assoc. Annu. Meet., Chicago
43. Converse JM. 1976. Predicting no opinion in the polls. Public Opin. Q. 40:515-30
44. Converse JM. 1987. Survey Research In the United States: Roots and Emergence 1890-1960. Berkeley, Los Angeles: Univ. Calif. Press
45. Converse JM, Presser S. 1986. Survey Questions: Handcrafting the Standardized Questionnaire. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. 80 pp.
46. Converse PE. 1964. The nature of belief systems in the mass public. In Ideology and Discontent, ed. DE Apter, pp. 206-61. New York: Free Press
47. Coombs CH, Coombs LC. 1976. "Don't know": item ambiguity or respondent uncertainty? Public Opin. Q. 40:497-514
48. Costa PT, McCrae RR. 1988. From catalog to classification: Murray's needs and the five-factor model. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 55:258-65
49. Costa PT, McCrae RR. 1995. Solid ground in the wetlands: a reply to Block. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 117:216-20
50. Cronbach LJ. 1941. An experimental comparison of the multiple true-false and multiple-choice tests. J. Educ. Psychol. 32:533-43
51. Cronbach LJ. 1950. Further evidence on response sets and test design. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 10:3-31
52. Culpepper IJ, Smith WR, Kiosnick JA. 1992. The impact of question order on satisficing in surveys. Presented at Midwest. Psychol. Assoc. Annu. Meet., Chicago
53. Davis JA, Smith TW. 1996. General Social Surveys, 1972-1996: Cumulative Code-book. Chicago: Natl. Opin. Res. Cent.
54. DeMaio TJ, Rothgeb JM. 1996. Cognitive interviewing techniques: in the lab and in the field. In Answering Questions, ed. N Schwarz, S Sudman, pp. 177-96. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
55. Dickinson JR, Kirzner E. 1985. Questionnaire item omission as a function of within-group question position. J. Bus. Res. 13: 71-75
56. Dickinson TL, Zellinger PM. 1980. A comparison of the behaviorally anchored rating mixed standard scale formats. J. Appl. Psychol. 65:147-54
57. DuBois B, Burns JA. 1975. An analysis of the meaning of the question mark response category in attitude scales. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 35:869-84
58. Durand RM, Guffey HJ, Planchon JM. 1983. An examination of the random versus non-random nature of item omission. J. Mark. Res. 20:305-13
59. Durand RM, Lambert ZV. 1988. Don't know responses in surveys: analyses and interpretational consequences. J. Bus. Res. 16: 169-88
60. Ehrlich HL, Rinehart JW. 1965. A brief report on the methodology of stereotype research. Soc. Forces 43:564-75
61. Eisenberg P, Wesman AG. 1941. Consistency in response and logical interpretation of psychoneurotic inventory items. J. Educ. Psychol. 32:321-38
62. Elig TW, Frieze IH. 1979. Measuring causal attributions for success and failure. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 37:621-34
63. Falthzik AM, Jolson MA. 1974. Statement polarity in attitude studies. J. Mark. Res. 11:102-5
64. Faulkenbeny GD, Mason R. 1978. Characteristics of nonopinion and no opinion response groups. Public Opin. Q. 42:533-43
65. Ferber R. 1966. Item nonresponse in a consumer survey. Public Opin. Q. 30:399-415
66. Fonda CP. 1951. The nature and meaning of the Rorschach white space response. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 46:367-77
67. Forehand GA. 1962. Relationships among response sets and cognitive behaviors. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 22:287-302
68. Forsyth BH, Lessler JT. 1991. Cognitive laboratory methods: a taxonomy. In Measurement Error in Surveys, ed. P Biemer, R Groves, L Lyberg, N Mathiowetz, S Sudman, pp. 393-418. New York: Wiley
69. Foster RJ. 1961. Acquiescent response set as a measure of acquiescence. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 63:155-60
70. Foster RJ, Grigg AE. 1963. Acquiescent response set as a measure of acquiescence: further evidence. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 67:304-6
71. Fowler FJ, Cannell CF. 1996. Using behavioral coding to identify cognitive problems with survey questions. In Answering Questions, ed. N Schwarz, S Sudman. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
72. Fowler FJ Jr, Mangione TW. 1990. Standardized Survey Interviewing. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 151 pp.
73. Francis JD, Busch L. 1975. What we don't know about "I don't knows." Public Opin. Q. 34:207-18
74. Gage NL, Leavitt GS, Stone GC. 1957. The psychological meaning of acquiescence set for authoritarianism. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 55:98-103
75. Geer JG. 1988. What do open-ended questions measure? Public Opin. Q. 52:365-71
76. Gergen KJ, Back KW. 1965. Communication in the interview and the disengaged respondent. Public Opin. Q. 30:385-98
77. Gilbert DT, Krull DS, Malone PS. 1990. Unbelieving the unbelievable: some problems in the rejection of false information. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 59:601-13
78. Gill SN. 1947. How do you stand on sin? Tide 14:72
79. Gilljam M, Granberg D. 1993. Should we take don't know for an answer? Public Opin. Q. 57:348-57
80. Goldberg LR. 1990. An alternative "description of personality": the big-five factor structure. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 59: 1216-29
81. Goldstein KM, Blackman S. 1976. Cognitive complexity, maternal child rearing, and acquiescence. Soc. Behav. Pers. 4:97-103
82. Gove WR, Geerken MR. 1977. Response bias in surveys of mental health: an empirical investigation. Am. J. Social. 82:1289-317
83. Granberg G, Holmberg S. 1991. Self-reported turnout and voter validation. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 35:448-59
84. Greenwald AG, Carnot CG, Beach R, Young B. 1987. Increasing voting behavior by asking people if they expect to vote. J. Appl. Psychol. 72:315-18
85. Grice HP. 1975. Logic and conversation. In Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, ed. P Cole, JL Morgan, pp. 41-58. New York: Academic
86. Gruber RE, Lehmann DR. 1983. The effect of omitting response tendency variables from regression models. In 1983 AMA Winter Educators Conference: Research Methods Causal Models in Marketing, ed. WR Darden, KB Monroe, WR Dillon, pp. 131-36. Chicago: Am. Mark. Assoc.
87. Gudjonsson GH. 1990. The relationship of intellectual skills to suggestibility, compliance and acquiescence. Pers. Individ. Differ. 11:227-31
88. Hanley C. 1959. Responses to the wording of personality test items. J. Consult. Psychol. 23:261-65
89. Hanley C. 1962. The "difficulty" of a personality inventory item. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 22:577-84
90. Hansen RA. 1980. A self-perception interpretation of the effect of monetary and non-monetary incentives on mail survey respondent behavior. J. Mark. Res. 17: 77-83
91. Hartley EL. 1946. Problems in Prejudice. New York: Kings' Crown. 124 pp.
92. Hathaway SR, McKinley JC. 1940. A multiphasic personality schedule (Minnesota): I. Construction of the schedule. J. Psychol. 10:249-54
93. Hawkins DI, Coney KA. 1981. Uninformed response error in survey research. J. Mark. Res. 18:370-74
94. Heaven PCL. 1983. Authoritarianism or acquiescence? South African findings. J. Soc. Psychol. 119:11-15
95. Henry GT. 1990. Practical Sampling. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
96. Herzog AR, Bachman JG. 1981. Effects of questionnaire length on response quality. Public Opin. Q. 45:549-59
97. Hippler HJ, Schwarz N. 1989. "No-opinion" filters: a cognitive perspective. Int. J. Public Opin. Res. 1:77-87
98. Holmes C. 1974. A statistical evaluation of rating scales. J. Mark. Res. Soc. 16:86-108
99. Houston MJ, Nevin JR. 1977. The effects of source and appeal on mail survey response patterns. J. Mark. Res. 14:374-78
100. Hui CH, Triandis HC. 1985. The instability of response sets. Public Opin. Q. 49: 253-60
101. Hurd AW. 1932. Comparisons of short answer and multiple choice tests covering identical subject content. J. Educ. Psychol. 26: 28-30
102. Husek TR. 1961. Acquiescence as a response set and as a personality characteristic. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 21:295-307
103. Israel GD, Taylor CL. 1990. Can response order bias evaluations? Eval. Program. Plan. 13: 365-71
104. Jackson DN. 1959. Cognitive energy level, acquiescence, and authoritarianism. J. Soc. Psychol. 49:65-69
105. Johanson GA, Gips CJ, Rich CE. 1993. If you can't say something nice: a variation on the social desirability response set. Eval. Rev. 17:116-22
106. Johnson JD. 1981. Effects of the order of presentation of evaluative dimensions for bipolar scales in four societies. J. Soc. Psychol. 113:21-27
107. Jordan LA, Marcus AC, Reeder LG. 1980. Response styles in telephone and household interviewing: a field experiment. Public Opin. Q. 44:210-22
108. Kahn DF, Hadley JM. 1949. Factors related to life insurance selling. J. Appl. Psychol. 33: 132-40
109. Kalton G, Collins M, Brook L. 1978. Experiments in wording opinion questions. Appl. Stat. 27:149-61
110. Kish L. 1965. Survey Sampling. New York: Wiley. 634 pp.
111. Klare GR. 1950. Understandability and indefinite answers to public opinion questions. Int. J. Opin. Attitude Res. 4:91-96
112. Klayman J, Ha Y. 1987. Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesistesting. Psychol. Rev. 94:211-28
113. Klockars AJ, Yamagishi M. 1988. The influence of labels and positions in rating scales. J. Educ. Meas. 25:85-96
114. Klopfer FJ, Madden TM. 1980. The middlemost choice on attitude items: ambivalence, neutrality, or uncertainty. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 6:97-101
115. Knowles ES. 1988. Item context effects on personality scales: measuring changes the measure. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 55: 312-20
116. Knowles ES, Cook DA, Neville JW. 1989a. Assessing adjustment improves subsequent adjustment scores. Presented at the Annu. Meet. Am. Psychol. Assoc., New Orleans, LA
117. Knowles ES, Cook DA, Neville JW. 1989b. Modifiers of context effects on personality tests: Verbal ability and need for cognition. Presented at the Annu. Meet. Midwest. Psychol. Assoc., Chicago
118. Koriat A, Lichtenstein S, Fischhoff B. 1980. Reasons for confidence. J. Exp. Psychol.: Hum. Learn. Mem. 6:107-18
119. Kraut AI, Wolfson AD, Rothenberg A. 1975. Some effects of position on opinion survey items. J. Appl. Psychol. 60:774-76
120. Krosnick JA. 1991. Response strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 5:213-36
121. Krosnick JA. 1992. The impact of cognitive sophistication and attitude importance on response order effects and question order effects. In Order Effects in Social and Psychological Research, ed. N Schwarz, S Sudman, pp. 203-18. New York: Springer
122. Krosnick JA, Alwin DF. 1987. An evaluation of a cognitive theory of response-order effects in survey measurement. Public Opin. Q. 51:201-19
123. Krosnick JA, Alwin DF. 1988. A test of the form-resistant correlation hypothesis: ratings, rankings, and the measurement of values. Public Opin. Q. 52:526-38
124. Krosnick JA, Berent MK. 1990. The impact of verbal labeling of response alternatives and branching on attitude measurement reliability in surveys. Presented at the Annu. Meet. Am. Assoc. Public Opin. Res., Lancaster, PA
125. Krosnick JA, Berent MK. 1993. Comparisons of party identification and policy preferences: the impact of survey question format. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 37:941-64
126. Krosnick JA, Fabrigar LR. 1998. Designing Good Questionnaires: Insights from Psychology. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. In press
127. Krosnick JA, Li F, Lehman DR. 1990. Conversational conventions, order of information acquisition, and the effect of base rates and individuating information on social judgments. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 59: 1140-52
128. Krosnick JA, Milburn MA. 1990. Psychological determinants of political opinionation. Soc. Cogn. 8:49-72
129. Krosnick JA, Narayan S, Smith WR. 1996. Satisficing in surveys: initial evidence. New Direct. Eval. 70:29-44
130. Krosnick JA, Schuman H. 1988. Attitude intensity, importance, and certainty and susceptibility to response effects. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 54:940-52
131. Kuethe JL. 1959. The positive response set as related to task performance. J. Pers. 27: 87-95
132. Kunda Z, Fong GT, Sanitioso R, Reber E. 1993. Directional questions direct self-conceptions. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 29: 63-86
133. Laumann EO, Michael RT, Gagnon JH, Michaels S. 1994. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press. 718 pp.
134. Lavrakas PJ. 1993. Telephone Survey Methods: Sampling, Selection, and Supervision. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 157 pp. 2nd ed.
135. Leech GN. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London/New York: Longman. 250 pp.
136. Leigh JH, Martin CR Jr. 1987. "Don't know" item nonresponse in a telephone survey: effects of question form and respondent characteristics. J. Mark. Res. 24:418-24
137. Lenski GE, Leggett JC. 1960. Caste, class, and deference in the research interview. Am. J. Sociol. 65:463-67
138. Lentz TF. 1934. Reliability of the opinionaire technique studies intensively by the retest method. J. Soc. Psychol. 5:338-64
139. Lorge I. 1937. Gen-like: Halo or reality. Psychol. Bull. 34:545-46
140. Mathews CO. 1927. The effect of position of printed response words upon children's answers to questions in two-response types of tests. J. Educ. Psychol. 18:445-57
141. Mazmanian D, Mendonca JD, Holden RR, Dufton B. 1987, Psychopathology and response styles in the SCL-90 responses of acutely distressed persons. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess. 9:135-48
142. McClendon MJ. 1986a. Response-order effects for dichotomous questions. Soc. Sci. Q. 67:205-11
143. McClendon MJ. 1986b. Unanticipated effects of no opinion filters on attitudes and attitude strength. Soc. Perspect. 29:379-95
144. McClendon MJ. 1991. Acquiescence and recency response-order effects in interview surveys. Soc. Methods Res. 20:60-103
145. McClendon MJ, Alwin DF. 1993. No-opinion filters and attitude measurement reliability. Soc. Methods Res. 21:438-64
146. McDaniel SW, Rao CP. 1980. The effect of monetary inducement on mailed questionnaire response quality. J. Mark. Res. 17: 265-68
147. McIntyre SH, Ryans AB. 1977. Time and accuracy measures for alternative multidimensional scaling data collection methods: some additional results. J. Mark. Res. 14:607-10
148. Messick S, Frederiksen N. 1958. Ability, acquiescence, and "authoritarianism." Psychol. Rep. 4:687-97
149. Miethe TD. 1985. The validity and reliability of value measurements. J. Pers. 119: 441-53
150. Miller N, Campbell DT. 1959. Recency and primacy in persuasion as a function of the timing of speeches and measurement. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 59:1-9
151. Mingay DJ, Greenwell MT. 1989. Memory bias and response-order effects. J. Off. Stat. 5:253-63
152. Mirowsky J, Ross CE. 1991. Eliminating defense and agreement bias from measures of the sense of control: a 2 x 2 index. Soc. Psychol. Q. 54:127-45
153. Mishler EG. 1986. Research Interviewing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press. 189 pp.
154. Mosteller F, Hyman H, McCarthy PJ, Marks ES, Truman DB. 1949. The Pre-Election Polls of 1948: Report to the Committee on Analysis of Pre-Election Polls and Forecasts. New York: Soc. Sci. Res. Counc.
155. Munson JM, McIntyre SH. 1979. Developing practical procedures for the measurement of personal values in cross-cultural marketing. J. Mark. Res. 16:48-52
156. Narayan S, Krosnick JA. 1996. Education moderates some response effects in attitude measurement. Public Opin. Q. 60: 58-88
157. Nathan BR, Alexander RA. 1985. The role of inferential accuracy in performance rating. Acad. Manage. Rev. 10:109-15
158. Neidell LA. 1972. Procedures for obtaining similarities data. J. Mark. Res. 9:335-37
159. Nelson D. 1985. Informal testing as a means of questionnaire development. J. Off. Stat. 1: 79-88
160. Norpoth H, Buchanan B. 1992. Wanted: the education president: issue trespassing by political candidates. Public Opin. Q. 56: 87-99
161. Parten M. 1950. Surveys, Polls, and Samples: Practical Procedures. New York: Harper. 624 pp.
162. Payne JD. 1971. The effects of reversing the order of verbal rating scales in a postal survey. J. Mark. Res. Soc. 14:30-44
163. Payne SL. 1949/1950. Case study in question complexity. Public Opin. Q. 13:653-58
164. Payne SL. 1950. Thoughts about meaningless questions. Public Opin. Q. 14:687-96
165. Peters DL, McCormick EJ. 1966. Comparative reliability of numerically anchored versus job-task anchored rating scales. J. Appl. Psychol. 50:92-96
166. Pew Research Center. 1998. Opinion poll experiment reveals conservative opinions not underestimated, but racial hostility missed. Internet posting, http://www.people-press.org/resprpt.htm, March 27
167. Poe GS, Seeman I, McLaughlin J, Mehl E, Dietz M. 1988. Don't know boxes in factual questions in a mail questionnaire. Public Opin. Q. 52:212-22
168. Presser S. 1977. Survey question wording and attitudes in the general public. PhD thesis. Univ. Mich, Ann Arbor. 370 pp.
169. Presser S. 1990. Measurement issues in the study of social change. Soc. Forces 68: 856-68
170. Presser S, Blair J. 1994. Do different methods produce different results? In Sociological Methodology, ed. PV Marsden, pp. 73-104. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell
171. Presser S, Traugott MW, Traugott S. 1990. Vote "over" reporting in surveys: the records or the respondents? Presented at Int. Conf. Measure. Errors, Tucson, AZ
172. Quinn SB, Belson WA. 1969. The Effects of Reversing the Order of Presentation of Verbal Rating Scales in Survey Interviews. London: Survey Res. Cent.
173. Rankin WL, Grube JW. 1980. A comparison of ranking and rating procedures for value system measurement. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 10:233-46
174. Rapoport RB. 1979. What they don't know can hurt you. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 23:805-15
175. Rapoport RB. 1981. The sex gap in political persuading: Where the "structuring principle" works. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 25:32-48
176. Rapoport RB. 1982. Sex differences in attitude expression: a generational explanation. Public Opin. Q. 46:86-96
177. Remmers HH, Marschat LE, Brown A, Chapman I. 1923. An experimental study of the relative difficulty of true-false, multiple-choice, and incomplete-sentence types of examination questions. J. Educ. Psychol. 14:367-72
178. Reynolds TJ, Jolly JP. 1980. Measuring personal values: an evaluation of alternative methods. J. Mark. Res. 17:531-36
179. Roberts RT, Forthofer RN, Fabrega H. 1976. The Langer items and acquiescence. Soc. Sci. Med. 10:69-75
180. Robinson CE. 1932. Straw Votes. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. 203 pp.
181. Robinson JP, Shaver PR, Wrightsman LS. 1991. Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes. San Diego, CA: Academic. 735 pp.
182. Rosenberg N, Izard CE, Hollander EP. 1955. Middle category response: reliability and relationship to personality and intelligence variables. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 15:281-90
183. Ross CE, Mirowsky J. 1984. Socially-desirable response and acquiescence in a cross-cultural survey of mental health. J. Health Soc. Behav. 25:189-97
184. Ross CK, Steward CA, Sinacore JM. 1995. A comparative study of seven measures of patient satisfaction. Med. Care 33: 392-406
185. Sanchez ME, Morchio G. 1992. Probing "don't know" answers. Public Opin. Q. 56:454-74
186. Schober MF, Conrad FG. 1997. Does conversational interviewing reduce survey measurement error? Public Opin. Q. 61: 576-602
187. Schriesheim CA, Hinkin TR, Podsakoff PM. 1991. Can ipsative and single-item measures produce erroneous results in field studies of French and Raven's 1959 five bases of power? An empirical investigation. J. Appl. Psychol. 76:106-14
188. Schuman H, Ludwig J, Krosnick JA. 1986. The perceived threat of nuclear war, salience, and open questions. Public Opin. Q. 50:519-36
189. Schuman H, Presser S. 1981. Questions and Answers in Attitude Surveys: Experiments on Question Form, Wording, and Context. New York: Academic. 370 pp.
190. Schutz RE, Foster RJ. 1963. A factor analytic study of acquiescent and extreme response set. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 23: 435-47
191. Schwarz N. 1996. Cognition and Communication: Judgmental Biases, Research Methods, and the Logic of Conversation. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
192. Schwarz N, Hippler HJ. 1991. Response alternatives: the impact of their choice and presentation order. In Measurement Error in Surveys, ed. P Biemer, RM Groves, LE Lyberg, NA Mathiowetz, S Sudman, pp. 41-56. New York: Wiley
193. Schwarz N, Hippler HJ, Deutsch B, Strack F. 1985. Response scales: effects of category range on reported behavior and subsequent judgments. Public Opin. Q. 49: 388-95
194. Schwarz N, Hippler HJ, Noelle-Neumann E. 1992. A cognitive model of response-order effects in survey measurement. In Context Effects in Social and Psychological Research, ed. N Schwarz, S Sudman, New York: Springer-Verlag
195. Schwarz N, Knauper B, Hippler HJ, Noelle-Neumann E, Clark LF. 1991. Rating scales: Numeric values may change the meaning of scale labels. Public Opin. Q. 55:570-82
196. Schwarz N, Strack F. 1985. Cognitive and affective processes in judgments of subjective well-being: a preliminary model. In Economic Psychology, ed. H Brandstatter, E Kirchler, pp. 439-47. Linz, Austria: R. Tauner
197. Shaw ME, Wright JM. 1967. Scales for the Measurement of Attitudes. New York: McGraw-Hill. 604 pp.
198. Sherif CW, Sherif M, Nebergall RE. 1965. Attitude and Attitude Change. Philadelphia: Saunders. 264 pp.
199. Sherif M, Hovland CI. 1961. Social Judgment: Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Communication and Attitude Change. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
200. Sigelman CK, Winer JL, Schoenrock CJ. 1982. The responsiveness of mentally retarded persons to questions. Educ. Train. Mental. Retard. 17:120-24
201. Sigelman L. 1981. Question-order effects on presidential popularity. Public Opin. Q. 45:199-207
202. Sigelman L. 1982. The nonvoting voter in voting research. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 26: 47-56
203. Silk AJ. 1971. Response set and the measurement of self-designated opinion leadership. Public Opin. Q. 35:383-97
204. Silver BD, Anderson BA, Abramson RP. 1986. Who overreports voting? Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 80:613-24
205. Simon HA. 1957. Models of Man. New York: Wiley. 287 pp.
206. Singer E, Frankel MR, Glassman MB. 1983. The effect of interviewer characteristics and expectations on response. Public Opin. Q. 47:68-83
207. Small DO, Campbell DT. 1960. The effect of acquiescence response-set upon the relationship of the F scale and conformity. Sociometry 23:69-71
208. Smith TW. 1983. The hidden 25 percent: an analysis of nonresponse in the 1980 General Social Survey. Public Opin. Q. 47: 386-404
209. Smith TW. 1987. That which we call welfare by any other name would smell sweeter: an analysis of the impact of question wording on response patterns. Public Opin. Q. 51:75-83
210. Sniderman P, Grob DB. 1996. Innovations in experimental design in attitude surveys. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 22:377-400
211. Steeh C. 1981. Trends in nonresponse rates. Public Opin. Q. 45:40-57
212. Suchman L, Jordan B. 1990. Interactional troubles in face-to-face survey interviews. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 85:232-53
213. Suchman L, Jordan B. 1992. Validity and the collaborative construction of meaning in face-to-face surveys. In Questions About Questions, ed. J Tanur, pp. 241-67. New York: Russell Sage Found.
214. Sudman S, Bradburn NM, Schwarz N. 1996. Thinking about Answers: The Application of Cognitive Processes to Survey Methodology. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 304 pp.
215. Taylor JR, Kinnear TC. 1971. Empirical comparison of alternative methods for collecting proximity judgments. Am. Market. Assoc. Proc. Fall Conf., pp. 547-50
216. Tourangeau R, Rasinski KA. 1988. Cognitive processes underlying context effects in attitude measurement. Psychol. Bull. 103: 299-314
217. Tourangeau R, Rips L, Rasinski K. 1998. The Psychology of Survey Response. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. In press
218. Traugott MW, Groves RM, Lepkowski JM. 1987. Using dual frame designs to reduce nonresponse in telephone surveys. Public Opin. Q. 51:522-39
219. Traugott MW, Katosh JP. 1979. Response validity in surveys of voting behavior. Public Opin. Q. 43:359-77
220. Trott DM, Jackson DN. 1967. An experimental analysis of acquiescence. J. Exp. Res. Pers. 2:278-88
221. Vaillancourt PM. 1973. Stability of children's survey responses. Public Opin. Q. 37: 373-87
222. Visser PS, Krosnick JA, Marquette J, Curtin M. 1996. Mail surveys for election forecasting? An evaluation of the Columbus Dispatch poll. Public Opin. Q. 60:181-227
223. Visser PS, Krosnick JA, Marquette J, Curtin M. 1999. Improving election forecasting: allocation of undecided respondents, identification of likely voters, and response order effects. In Election Polls, the News Media, and Democracy, ed. P Lavrakas, M Traugott. In press
224. Warwick DP, Lininger CA. 1975. The Sample Survey: Theory and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill. 344 pp.
225. Webster H. 1958. Correcting personality scales for response sets or suppression effects. Psychol. Bull. 55:62-64
226. Weisberg HF, Krosnick JA, Bowen BD. 1996. An Introduction to Survey Research, Polling, and Data Analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 394 pp. 3rd ed.
227. Wotruba TR. 1966. Monetary inducements and mail questionnaire response. J. Mark. Res. 3:398-400
228. Wright JR, Niemi RG. 1983. Perceptions of issue positions. Polit. Behav. 5:209-23
229. Yalch RF. 1976. Pre-election interview effects on voter turnout. Public Opin. Q. 40: 331-36
230. Ying Y. 1989. Nonresponse on the center for epidemiological studies-depression scale in Chinese Americans. Int. J. Soc. Psychol. 35:156-63
231. Yzerbyt VY, Leyens J. 1991. Requesting information to form an impression: the influence of valence and confirmatory status. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 27:337-56
232. Zaller J, Feldman S. 1992. A simple theory of the survey response: answering questions versus revealing preferences. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 36:579-616
233. Zuckerman M, Bernieri F, Koestner R, Rosenthal R. 1989. To predict some of the people some of the time: in search of moderators. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 57:279-93