메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 149-166

The use of various types of NMR and IR spectroscopy for structural characterization of chitin and chitosan

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84954380860     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/EBK1439816035     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (10)

References (84)
  • 1
    • 85055220709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 13.01: F2260-03
    • American Standard Test Method, ASTM International. 2003. 13.01: F2260-03 (http://www.astm.org).
    • (2003)
  • 2
    • 0026771901 scopus 로고
    • Improved method for IR determination of the degree of N-acetylation of chitosan
    • Baxter, A., M. Dillon, K. D. Taylor, and G. A. F. Roberts. 1992. Improved method for IR determination of the degree of N-acetylation of chitosan. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 14: 166-169.
    • (1992) Int. J. Biol. Macromol , vol.14 , pp. 166-169
    • Baxter, A.1    Dillon, M.2    Taylor, K.D.3    Roberts, G.A.F.4
  • 3
    • 0001118688 scopus 로고
    • Physical methods for the determination of chitin structure and conformation
    • J. N. Abelson and M. I. Simon, vol. 161(Part B), New York: Academic Press, Inc
    • Blackwell, J. 1988. Physical methods for the determination of chitin structure and conformation. In Method in Enzymology, eds. J. N. Abelson and M. I. Simon, vol. 161(Part B), pp. 435-442. New York: Academic Press, Inc.
    • (1988) Method in Enzymology , pp. 435-442
    • Blackwell, J.1
  • 4
    • 0012258758 scopus 로고
    • Determination of the structure of α-and β-chitins by x-ray diffraction
    • R. A. A. Muzzarelli and E. P. Pariser, Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
    • Blackwell, J., R. Minke, and K. H. Gardner. 1978. Determination of the structure of α-and β-chitins by x-ray diffraction. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Chitin/Chitosan, eds. R. A. A. Muzzarelli and E. P. Pariser, pp. 108-123. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
    • (1978) Proceedings of the First International Conference on Chitin/Chitosan , pp. 108-123
    • Blackwell, J.1    Minke, R.2    Gardner, K.H.3
  • 9
    • 0035018918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview on structural characterization of chitosan molecules in relation with their behavior in solution
    • Brugnerotto, J., J. Desbrières, L. Heux, K. Mazeau, and M. Rinaudo. 2001b. Overview on structural characterization of chitosan molecules in relation with their behavior in solution. Macromol. Symp. 168: 1-20.
    • (2001) Macromol. Symp , vol.168 , pp. 1-20
    • Brugnerotto, J.1    Desbrières, J.2    Heux, L.3    Mazeau, K.4    Rinaudo, M.5
  • 10
    • 73849084683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polysaccharides and complex Oligosaccharides
    • D. M. Grant and R. K. Harris, New York: John Wiley & Sons
    • Bush, C. A. 1996. Polysaccharides and complex Oligosaccharides. In Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, eds. D. M. Grant and R. K. Harris, Vol. 6, pp. 3746-3750. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
    • (1996) Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance , vol.6 , pp. 3746-3750
    • Bush, C.A.1
  • 11
    • 85055224330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbohydrate analysis: Introduction
    • R. A. Meyers, Vol, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    • Chaplin, M. F. 2000. Carbohydrate analysis: Introduction. In Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, ed. R. A. Meyers, Vol. 1, pp. 735-765. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    • (2000) Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry , vol.1 , pp. 735-765
    • Chaplin, M.F.1
  • 12
    • 0035255913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of the degree of acetylation on some biological properties of chitosan films
    • Chatelet C., O. Damour, and A. Domard. 2001. Influence of the degree of acetylation on some biological properties of chitosan films. Biomaterials 22: 261-268.
    • (2001) Biomaterials , vol.22 , pp. 261-268
    • Chatelet, C.1    Damour, O.2    Domard, A.3
  • 13
    • 0002205316 scopus 로고
    • Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    • R. H. Wilson, New York: VCH Publisher, Inc
    • Colquhoun, I. J. and B. J. Goodfellow. 1994. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In Spectroscopic Technique for Food Analysis, ed. R. H. Wilson, pp. 87-145. New York: VCH Publisher, Inc.
    • (1994) Spectroscopic Technique for Food Analysis , pp. 87-145
    • Colquhoun, I.J.1    Goodfellow, B.J.2
  • 14
    • 45949127500 scopus 로고
    • Determination of N-acetyl content in chitosan samples by c.D. measurements
    • Domard, A. 1987. Determination of N-acetyl content in chitosan samples by c.d. measurements. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 9: 333-336.
    • (1987) Int. J. Biol. Macromol , vol.9 , pp. 333-336
    • Domard, A.1
  • 15
    • 24044544960 scopus 로고
    • Preparation and characterization of fully deacetylated chitosan
    • Domard, A. and M. Rinaudo. 1983. Preparation and characterization of fully deacetylated chitosan. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 5: 49-52.
    • (1983) Int. J. Biol. Macromol , vol.5 , pp. 49-52
    • Domard, A.1    Rinaudo, M.2
  • 17
    • 0000704968 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of infrared spectroscopic techniques for analysing chitosan
    • Domszy, J. G. and G. A. F. Roberts. 1985. Evaluation of infrared spectroscopic techniques for analysing chitosan. Makromol. Chem. 186: 1671-1677.
    • (1985) Makromol. Chem , vol.186 , pp. 1671-1677
    • Domszy, J.G.1    Roberts, G.A.F.2
  • 18
    • 0037033944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of degree of deacetylation on critical concentration of chitosan/dichlorocatic acid liquid crystalline solution
    • Dong, Y., C. Xu, J. Wang, Y. Wu, M. Wang, and Y. Ruan. 2002. Influence of degree of deacetylation on critical concentration of chitosan/dichlorocatic acid liquid crystalline solution. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 83(6): 1204-1208.
    • (2002) J. Appl. Polym. Sci , vol.83 , Issue.6 , pp. 1204-1208
    • Dong, Y.1    Xu, C.2    Wang, J.3    Wu, Y.4    Wang, M.5    Ruan, Y.6
  • 19
    • 37149001167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chitin and chitosan: An optimized methodology by FTIR spectroscopy
    • T. Uragami, K. Kurita, and T. Fukamizo, Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha Scientific Ltd
    • Duarte, M. L., M. C. Ferreira, M. R. Marvão, and J. Rocha. 2001a. Chitin and chitosan: An optimized methodology by FTIR spectroscopy. In: Chitin and Chitosan in Life Science, eds. T. Uragami, K. Kurita, and T. Fukamizo, pp. 86-89. Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha Scientific Ltd.
    • (2001) Chitin and Chitosan in Life Science , pp. 86-89
    • Duarte, M.L.1    Ferreira, M.C.2    Marvão, M.R.3    Rocha, J.4
  • 20
    • 0035849690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of the degree of acetylation of chitin materials by 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy
    • Duarte, M. L., M. C. Ferreira, M. R. Marvão, and J. Rocha. 2001b. Determination of the degree of acetylation of chitin materials by 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 28: 359-363.
    • (2001) Int. J. Biol. Macromol , vol.28 , pp. 359-363
    • Duarte, M.L.1    Ferreira, M.C.2    Marvão, M.R.3    Rocha, J.4
  • 21
    • 0037147658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An optimized method to determine the degree of acetylation of chitin and chitosan by FTIR spectroscopy
    • Duarte, M. L., M. C. Ferreira, M. R. Marvão, and J. Rocha. 2002. An optimized method to determine the degree of acetylation of chitin and chitosan by FTIR spectroscopy. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 31: 1-8.
    • (2002) Int. J. Biol. Macromol , vol.31 , pp. 1-8
    • Duarte, M.L.1    Ferreira, M.C.2    Marvão, M.R.3    Rocha, J.4
  • 23
    • 22544442811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal routine conditions for the determination of the degree of acetylation of chitosan by 1H-NMR
    • Fernandez-Megia, E., R. Novoa-Carballal, E. Quiñoá, and R. Riguera. 2005. Optimal routine conditions for the determination of the degree of acetylation of chitosan by 1H-NMR. Carbohydr. Polym. 61: 155-161.
    • (2005) Carbohydr. Polym , vol.61 , pp. 155-161
    • Fernandez-Megia, E.1    Novoa-Carballal, R.2    Quiñoá, E.3    Riguera, R.4
  • 25
    • 0025258297 scopus 로고
    • Alkaline N-deacetylation of chitin enhanced by flash treatments. Reaction kinetics and structure modifications
    • Focher, B., P. L. Beltrame, A. Naggi, and G. Torri. 1990. Alkaline N-deacetylation of chitin enhanced by flash treatments. Reaction kinetics and structure modifications. Carbohydr. Polym. 12(4): 405-418.
    • (1990) Carbohydr. Poly , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 405-418
    • Focher, B.1    Beltrame, P.L.2    Naggi, A.3    Torri, G.4
  • 26
    • 0026624521 scopus 로고
    • Structural difference between chitin polymorphs and their precipitates from solutions-evidence from CP/MAS 13C NMR, FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy
    • Focher, B., A. Naggi, G. Torri, A. Cosani, and M. Tebojevich. 1992a. Structural difference between chitin polymorphs and their precipitates from solutions-evidence from CP/MAS 13C NMR, FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Carbohydr. Polym. 17: 97-102.
    • (1992) Carbohydr. Polym , vol.17 , pp. 97-102
    • Focher, B.1    Naggi, A.2    Torri, G.3    Cosani, A.4    Tebojevich, M.5
  • 27
    • 0026714289 scopus 로고
    • Chitosans from Euphausia Superba. 2: Characterization of solid state structure
    • Focher, B., A. Naggi, G. Torri, A. Cosani, and M. Tebojevich. 1992b. Chitosans from Euphausia Superba. 2: Characterization of solid state structure. Carbohydr. Polym. 18(1): 43-49.
    • (1992) Carbohydr. Polym , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-49
    • Focher, B.1    Naggi, A.2    Torri, G.3    Cosani, A.4    Tebojevich, M.5
  • 29
    • 0041763855 scopus 로고
    • β-chitin from deep sea hydrothermal vent worms
    • C. J. Brine, P. A. Sanford, and J. P. Zikaris, London, U.K.: Elsevier Applied Science
    • Gail, F., J. Persson, J. Sugiyama, R. Vuong, S. Tanner, and H. Chanzy. 1991. β-chitin from deep sea hydrothermal vent worms. In Advances in Chitin and Chitosan, eds. C. J. Brine, P. A. Sanford, and J. P. Zikaris, pp. 216-224. London, U.K.: Elsevier Applied Science.
    • (1991) Advances in Chitin and Chitosan , pp. 216-224
    • Gail, F.1    Persson, J.2    Sugiyama, J.3    Vuong, R.4    Tanner, S.5    Chanzy, H.6
  • 30
    • 0016762462 scopus 로고
    • Refinement of the structure of β-chitin
    • Gardner, K. H. and J. Blackwell. 1975. Refinement of the structure of β-chitin. Biopolymers 14: 1581-1585.
    • (1975) Biopolymers , vol.14 , pp. 1581-1585
    • Gardner, K.H.1    Blackwell, J.2
  • 31
    • 0006815237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chitin produced from fungi: Medicine application perspective
    • A. Domard, C. Jeuniaux, R. A. A. Muzzarelli, and G. A. F. Roberts, Lyon, France: Jacques André Publisher
    • Gorovoj, L. and L. Burdukova. 1996. Chitin produced from fungi: medicine application perspective. In Advances in Chitin Science, eds. A. Domard, C. Jeuniaux, R. A. A. Muzzarelli, and G. A. F. Roberts, Vol. 1, pp. 430-439. Lyon, France: Jacques André Publisher.
    • (1996) Advances in Chitin Science , vol.1 , pp. 430-439
    • Gorovoj, L.1    Burdukova, L.2
  • 33
    • 33646560669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of DSC curves to determine the acetylation degree of chitin/chitosan samples
    • Guinesi, L. S. and E. T. G. Cavalheiro. 2006. The use of DSC curves to determine the acetylation degree of chitin/chitosan samples. Thermochim. Acta 444: 128-133.
    • (2006) Thermochim. Acta , vol.444 , pp. 128-133
    • Guinesi, L.S.1    Cavalheiro, E.T.G.2
  • 34
    • 0034570960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solid state NMR for determination of degree of acetylation of chitin and chitosan
    • Heux, L., J. Brugnerotto, J. Desbrières, M.-F. Versali, and M. Rinaudo. 2000. Solid state NMR for determination of degree of acetylation of chitin and chitosan. Macromolecules 1: 746-751.
    • (2000) Macromolecules , vol.1 , pp. 746-751
    • Heux, L.1    Brugnerotto, J.2    Desbrières, J.3    Versali, M.-F.4    Rinaudo, M.5
  • 35
    • 0025957576 scopus 로고
    • Determination of degree of deacetylation of chitosan by 1H NMR spectroscopy
    • Hirai, A., H. Odani, and A. Nakajima. 1991. Determination of degree of deacetylation of chitosan by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Polym. Bull. 26: 87-94.
    • (1991) Polym. Bull , vol.26 , pp. 87-94
    • Hirai, A.1    Odani, H.2    Nakajima, A.3
  • 36
    • 0037681028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure, conformation, and dynamics of bioactive oligosaccharides: Theoretical approaches and experimental validations
    • Imberty, A. and S. Pérez. 2000. Structure, conformation, and dynamics of bioactive oligosaccharides: Theoretical approaches and experimental validations. Chem. Rev. 100: 4567-4588.
    • (2000) Chem. Rev , vol.100 , pp. 4567-4588
    • Imberty, A.1    Pérez, S.2
  • 37
    • 37149029638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of several reported procedures to determine the degree of N-acetylation for chitin and chitosan using infrared spectroscopy
    • Kasaai, M. R. 2008. A review of several reported procedures to determine the degree of N-acetylation for chitin and chitosan using infrared spectroscopy. Carbohydr. Polym. 71: 497-508.
    • (2008) Carbohydr. Polym , vol.71 , pp. 497-508
    • Kasaai, M.R.1
  • 38
    • 73849103183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of the degree of N-acetylation for chitin and chitosan by various NMR spectroscopy techniques: A review
    • Kasaai, M. R. 2010. Determination of the degree of N-acetylation for chitin and chitosan by various NMR spectroscopy techniques: A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 79: 801-810.
    • (2010) Carbohydr. Polym , vol.79 , pp. 801-810
    • Kasaai, M.R.1
  • 39
    • 0038027907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of intense femtosecond laser pulses for the fragmentation of chitosan
    • Kasaai, M. R., J. Arul, S. L. Chin, and G. Charlet. 1999. The use of intense femtosecond laser pulses for the fragmentation of chitosan. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 120: 201-205.
    • (1999) J. Photochem. Photobiol. A , vol.120 , pp. 201-205
    • Kasaai, M.R.1    Arul, J.2    Chin, S.L.3    Charlet, G.4
  • 40
    • 0030270719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preparation, characterization and properties of β-chitin N-acetylated β-chitin
    • Kim, S. S., Kim, S. H., and Lee, Y. M. 1996. Preparation, characterization and properties of β-chitin N-acetylated β-chitin. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 34: 2367-2374.
    • (1996) J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys , vol.34 , pp. 2367-2374
    • Kim, S.S.1    Kim, S.H.2    Lee, Y.M.3
  • 41
    • 0032434020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of deacetylated chitosan and chitosan molecular weight review
    • Knaul, Z., M. R. Kasaai, V. T. Bui, and K. A. M. Creber. 1998. Characterization of deacetylated chitosan and chitosan molecular weight review. Can. J. Chem. 76(11): 1699-1706.
    • (1998) Can. J. Chem , vol.76 , Issue.11 , pp. 1699-1706
    • Knaul, Z.1    Kasaai, M.R.2    Bui, V.T.3    Creber, K.A.M.4
  • 43
    • 76949083536 scopus 로고
    • Characteristic properties of squid chitin
    • C. J. Brine, P.A. Sanford, and J. P. Zikaris, London, U.K.: Elsevier Applied Science
    • Kurita, K., S.-I. Nishimurà, S. Ishii, K. Tomita, T. Tada, and K. Shimoda, 1991. Characteristic properties of squid chitin. In Advances in Chitin and Chitosan, eds. C. J. Brine, P.A. Sanford, and J. P. Zikaris, pp. 188-195. London, U.K.: Elsevier Applied Science.
    • (1991) Advances in Chitin and Chitosan , pp. 188-195
    • Kurita, K.1    Nishimurà, S.-I.2    Ishii, S.3    Tomita, K.4    Tada, T.5    Shimoda, K.6
  • 44
    • 37149040377 scopus 로고
    • Pharmaceutical analysis
    • A. Townshend, New York: Academic Press
    • Lacroix, P. 1995. Pharmaceutical analysis. In Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, ed. A. Townshend, pp. 3798-3813. New York: Academic Press.
    • (1995) Encyclopedia of Analytical Science , pp. 3798-3813
    • Lacroix, P.1
  • 45
    • 2542585363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative study of the first heterogeneous deacetylation of α-and β-chitins in a multi-step process
    • Lamarque, G., C. Viton, and A. Domard. 2004. Comparative study of the first heterogeneous deacetylation of α-and β-chitins in a multi-step process. Biomacromolecules 5(3): 992-1001.
    • (2004) Biomacromolecules , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 992-1001
    • Lamarque, G.1    Viton, C.2    Domard, A.3
  • 46
    • 0042203501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A validated H NMR method for the determination of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan
    • Lavertu, M., Z. Xia, A. N. Serreqi et al. 2003. A validated H NMR method for the determination of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 32: 1149-1158.
    • (2003) J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal , vol.32 , pp. 1149-1158
    • Lavertu, M.1    Xia, Z.2    Serreqi, A.N.3
  • 47
    • 0017838481 scopus 로고
    • The structure of α-chitin
    • Minke, M. and J. Blackwell. 1978. The structure of α-chitin. J. Mol. Biol. 120: 167-181.
    • (1978) J. Mol. Biol , vol.120 , pp. 167-181
    • Minke, M.1    Blackwell, J.2
  • 48
    • 84914798734 scopus 로고
    • I.R spectroscopic determination of CONH content in highly deacetylated chitosan
    • Miya, M., R. Iwamoto, S. Yoshikawa, and S. Mima. 1980. I.R spectroscopic determination of CONH content in highly deacetylated chitosan. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2(5): 323-324.
    • (1980) Int. J. Biol. Macromol , vol.2 , Issue.5 , pp. 323-324
    • Miya, M.1    Iwamoto, R.2    Yoshikawa, S.3    Mima, S.4
  • 49
    • 0004184147 scopus 로고
    • Oxford, U.K.: Pergamon Press Ltd
    • Muzzarelli, R. A. A. 1977. Chitin. Oxford, U.K.: Pergamon Press Ltd.
    • (1977) Chitin
    • Muzzarelli, R.1
  • 50
    • 0019017971 scopus 로고
    • The degree of acetylation of chitins by gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy
    • Muzzarelli, R. A. A., F. Tanfani, G. Scarpini, and G. GLaterza. 1980. The degree of acetylation of chitins by gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 2(5): 299-306.
    • (1980) J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods , vol.2 , Issue.5 , pp. 299-306
    • Muzzarelli, R.A.A.1    Tanfani, F.2    Scarpini, G.3    Glaterza, G.4
  • 51
    • 84953963282 scopus 로고
    • Preparation and characterization of chitosan and chitosan. A Review
    • No, H. K. 1995. Preparation and characterization of chitosan and chitosan. A Review. J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol. 4(2): 27-52.
    • (1995) J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol , vol.4 , Issue.2 , pp. 27-52
    • No, H.K.1
  • 52
    • 0029714993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compositional heterogeneity of heterogeneously deacetylated chitosans
    • Ottøy, M. H., K. M. Värum, and O. Smidsrød. 1996. Compositional heterogeneity of heterogeneously deacetylated chitosans. Carbohydr. Polym. 29(1): 17-24.
    • (1996) Carbohydr. Polym , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 17-24
    • Ottøy, M.H.1    Värum, K.M.2    Smidsrød, O.3
  • 53
    • 0036778962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solid state structure of chitosan prepared under different N-deacetylating conditions
    • Prashanth, K. V. H., F. S. Kittur, and R. N. Tharanathan. 2002. Solid state structure of chitosan prepared under different N-deacetylating conditions. Carbohydr. Polym. 50: 27-33.
    • (2002) Carbohydr. Polym , vol.50 , pp. 27-33
    • Prashanth, K.V.H.1    Kittur, F.S.2    Tharanathan, R.N.3
  • 54
    • 0027558781 scopus 로고
    • Determination of the degree of N-acetylation in chitin and chitosan as well as their monomer sugar ratios by near infrared spectroscopy
    • Rathke, T. D. and S. M. Hudson. 1993. Determination of the degree of N-acetylation in chitin and chitosan as well as their monomer sugar ratios by near infrared spectroscopy. J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem. 31: 749-753.
    • (1993) J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem , vol.31 , pp. 749-753
    • Rathke, T.D.1    Hudson, S.M.2
  • 55
    • 0027641375 scopus 로고
    • Degree of deacetylation of chitosan using conductometric titration and solid state NMR
    • Raymond, L., F. G. Morin, and R. H. Marchessault. 1993. Degree of deacetylation of chitosan using conductometric titration and solid state NMR. Carbohydr. Res. 246: 331-336.
    • (1993) Carbohydr. Res. , vol.246 , pp. 331-336
    • Raymond, L.1    Morin, F.G.2    Marchessault, R.H.3
  • 56
    • 0026766065 scopus 로고
    • Substituent distribution on O, N-carboxymethyl chitosans by H and C NMR
    • Rinaudo, M., P. Le Dung, C. Gey, and M. Milas. 1992. Substituent distribution on O, N-carboxymethyl chitosans by H and C NMR. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 14: 122-128.
    • (1992) Int. J. Biol. Macromol , vol.14 , pp. 122-128
    • Rinaudo, M.1    Le Dung, P.2    Gey, C.3    Milas, M.4
  • 57
    • 0027442188 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of chitosan. Influence of ionic strength and degree of acetylation on chain expansion
    • Rinaudo, M., M. Milas, and P. L. Dung. 1993. Characterization of chitosan. Influence of ionic strength and degree of acetylation on chain expansion. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 15: 281-285.
    • (1993) Int. J. Biol. Macromol , vol.15 , pp. 281-285
    • Rinaudo, M.1    Milas, M.2    Dung, P.L.3
  • 58
    • 73849131418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity enhancement by inverse detection in solids
    • A. Ramamoorthy, Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis
    • Saalwächer, K. and A. Ramamoorthy. 2006. Sensitivity enhancement by inverse detection in solids. In NMR Spectroscopy of Biological Solids, ed. A. Ramamoorthy, pp. 151-175. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.
    • (2006) NMR Spectroscopy of Biological Solids , pp. 151-175
    • Saalwächer, K.1    Ramamoorthy, A.2
  • 59
    • 73849096627 scopus 로고
    • 13C NMR study of chitin, chitosan and N-acylchitosans by cross polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy
    • S. Hirano and S. Tokura, Tottori, Japan: The Japanese Society of Chitin and Chitosan
    • 13C NMR study of chitin, chitosan and N-acylchitosans by cross polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Chitin and Chitosan, eds. S. Hirano and S. Tokura, pp. 77-81. Tottori, Japan: The Japanese Society of Chitin and Chitosan.
    • (1982) Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Chitin and Chitosan , pp. 77-81
    • Saito, H.1    Tabeta, R.2    Hirano, S.3
  • 62
    • 0031164088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural aspects of the swelling of β-chitin in HCl and its conversion into α-chitin
    • Saito, Y., J.-L. Putaux, T. Okano, F. Gaill, and H. Chanzy. 1997. Structural aspects of the swelling of β-chitin in HCl and its conversion into α-chitin. Macromolecules 30: 3867-3873.
    • (1997) Macromolecules , vol.30 , pp. 3867-3873
    • Saito, Y.1    Putaux, J.-L.2    Okano, T.3    Gaill, F.4    Chanzy, H.5
  • 63
    • 0004978372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polysaccharides and biological systems
    • I. Ando and T. Asakura, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier
    • Saitô, H., S. Tuzi, and A. Naito. 1998. Polysaccharides and biological systems. In Solid State NMR of Polymers, eds. I. Ando and T. Asakura, pp. 891-921. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
    • (1998) Solid State NMR of Polymers , pp. 891-921
    • Saitô, H.1    Tuzi, S.2    Naito, A.3
  • 64
    • 0002622237 scopus 로고
    • Chitosan: Commercial uses and potential applications
    • G. Skjak-Braek, T. Anthonsen, and P. A. Sandford, London, U.K.: Elsevier Applied Science
    • Sandford, P. A. 1989. Chitosan: Commercial uses and potential applications. In Chitin and Chitosan: Source, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physical Properties and Applications, eds. G. Skjak-Braek, T. Anthonsen, and P. A. Sandford, pp. 51-69. London, U.K.: Elsevier Applied Science.
    • (1989) Chitin and Chitosan: Source, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physical Properties and Applications , pp. 51-69
    • Sandford, P.A.1
  • 67
    • 0000568015 scopus 로고
    • Studies on chitin, (2) Effect of deacetylation on solubility
    • Sannan, T., K. Kurita, and Y. Iwakura. 1976. Studies on chitin, (2) Effect of deacetylation on solubility. Makromol. Chem. 177: 3589-3600.
    • (1976) Makromol. Chem , vol.177 , pp. 3589-3600
    • Sannan, T.1    Kurita, K.2    Iwakura, Y.3
  • 68
    • 49349124836 scopus 로고
    • Studies on chitin: (7) IR spectroscopic determination of degree of deacetylation
    • Sannan, T., K. Kurita, K. Ogura, and Y. Iwakura. 1978. Studies on chitin: (7) IR spectroscopic determination of degree of deacetylation. Polymer 19: 458-459.
    • (1978) Polymer , vol.19 , pp. 458-459
    • Sannan, T.1    Kurita, K.2    Ogura, K.3    Iwakura, Y.4
  • 69
    • 73849095542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NMR spectroscopy of chito-oligosaccharides
    • R. A. A. Muzzarelli and M. G. Peter, Grottammare, Italy: European Chitin Society
    • Schanzenbach, D. and M. G. Peter. 1997. NMR spectroscopy of chito-oligosaccharides. In Chitin Handbook, eds. R. A. A. Muzzarelli and M. G. Peter, pp. 199-204. Grottammare, Italy: European Chitin Society.
    • (1997) Chitin Handbook , pp. 199-204
    • Schanzenbach, D.1    Peter, M.G.2
  • 71
    • 0029875759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of different absorbance ratios from infrared spectroscopy for analyzing the degree of deacetylation in chitin
    • Shigemasa, Y., H. Matsuura, H. Sashiwa, and H. Saimato. 1996a. Evaluation of different absorbance ratios from infrared spectroscopy for analyzing the degree of deacetylation in chitin. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 18: 237-242.
    • (1996) Int. J. Biol. Macromol , vol.18 , pp. 237-242
    • Shigemasa, Y.1    Matsuura, H.2    Sashiwa, H.3    Saimato, H.4
  • 72
    • 0001237011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An improved IR spectroscopic determination of degree of deacetylation of chitin
    • A. Domard, C. Jeuniaux, R. A. A. Muzzarelli, and G. A. F. Roberts, Lyon, France: Jacques André Publisher
    • Shigemasa, Y., H. Matsuura, H. Sashiwa, and H. Saimato. 1996b. An improved IR spectroscopic determination of degree of deacetylation of chitin, In Advances in Chitin Science, eds. A. Domard, C. Jeuniaux, R. A. A. Muzzarelli, and G. A. F. Roberts, Vol. 1, pp. 204-209. Lyon, France: Jacques André Publisher.
    • (1996) Advances in Chitin Science , vol.1 , pp. 204-209
    • Shigemasa, Y.1    Matsuura, H.2    Sashiwa, H.3    Saimato, H.4
  • 73
    • 0000080262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the preparation and characterization of chitosan hydrochloride
    • Signini, R. and S. P. Campana-Fitho. 1999. On the preparation and characterization of chitosan hydrochloride. Polym. Bull. 42(2): 159-166.
    • (1999) Polym. Bull , vol.42 , Issue.2 , pp. 159-166
    • Signini, R.1    Campana-Fitho, S.P.2
  • 75
    • 0032006591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The degree of deacetylation of chitosan: Advocating the first derivative UV spectro-photometry method of determination
    • Tan, S. C., E. Khor, T. K. Tan, and S. M. Wong. 1998. The degree of deacetylation of chitosan: Advocating the first derivative UV spectro-photometry method of determination. Talanta, 45: 713-719.
    • (1998) Talanta , vol.45 , pp. 713-719
    • Tan, S.C.1    Khor, E.2    Tan, T.K.3    Wong, S.M.4
  • 76
    • 0025464239 scopus 로고
    • High-resolution solid-state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of chin
    • Tanner, S. F., H. Chanzy, M. Vincendon, J. C. Roux, and F. Gaill. 1990. High-resolution solid-state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of chin. Macromolecules 23: 3576-3583.
    • (1990) Macromolecules , vol.23 , pp. 3576-3583
    • Tanner, S.F.1    Chanzy, H.2    Vincendon, M.3    Roux, J.C.4    Gaill, F.5
  • 77
    • 0343049002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the influence of deacetylation process on the physicochemical characteristics of chitosan from squid chitin
    • Tolaimate, A, J. Desbrières, M. Rhazi, A. Alagui, M. Vincendon, and P. Vottero. 2000. On the influence of deacetylation process on the physicochemical characteristics of chitosan from squid chitin. Polymer 41: 2463-2469.
    • (2000) Polymer , vol.41 , pp. 2463-2469
    • Tolaimate, A.1    Desbrières, J.2    Rhazi, M.3    Alagui, A.4    Vincendon, M.5    Vottero, P.6
  • 78
    • 0002557818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High resolution solid state NMR, 1H, 19F
    • J. C. Lindon, G. E. Tranter, and J. L. Holmes, New York: Academic Press
    • Ulrich, A. S. 2000. High resolution solid state NMR, 1H, 19F. In Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry, eds. J. C. Lindon, G. E. Tranter, and J. L. Holmes, Vol. 1, pp. 813-825. New York: Academic Press.
    • (2000) Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry , vol.1 , pp. 813-825
    • Ulrich, A.S.1
  • 80
    • 0001675467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbohydrates and glycoconjugates
    • D. M. Grant and R. K. Harris, New York: John Wiley & Sons
    • van Halbeek, H. 1996. Carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. In Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, eds. D. M. Grant and R. K. Harris, Vol. 2, pp. 1107-1137. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
    • (1996) Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance , vol.2 , pp. 1107-1137
    • Van Halbeek, H.1
  • 81
    • 0026413044 scopus 로고
    • Determination of the degree of N-acetylation and the distribution of N-acetyl groups in partially N-deacetylated chitins (Chitosans) by high-field NMR Spectroscopy
    • Värum, K. M., M. W. Anthonsen, H. Grasdalen, and O. Smidrød. 1991a. Determination of the degree of N-acetylation and the distribution of N-acetyl groups in partially N-deacetylated chitins (chitosans) by high-field NMR Spectroscopy. Carbohydr. Res. 211:17-23.
    • (1991) Carbohydr. Res , vol.211 , pp. 17-23
    • Värum, K.M.1    Anthonsen, M.W.2    Grasdalen, H.3    Smidrød, O.4
  • 82
    • 0025918689 scopus 로고
    • 13C NMR studies of the acetylation sequences in partially N-acetylated chitins (Chitosans)
    • Värum, K. M., M. W. Anthonsen, H. Grasdalen, and O. Smidrød. 1991b. 13C NMR studies of the acetylation sequences in partially N-acetylated chitins (chitosans). Carbohydr. Res. 217: 19-27.
    • (1991) Carbohydr. Res , vol.217 , pp. 19-27
    • Värum, K.M.1    Anthonsen, M.W.2    Grasdalen, H.3    Smidrød, O.4
  • 83
    • 0029407831 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of partially N-acetylated chitosans by near infrared spectroscopy
    • Vårum, K. M., B. Egelandsdal, and M. R. Ellekjaer. 1995. Characterization of partially N-acetylated chitosans by near infrared spectroscopy. Carbohydr. Polym. 28: 187-193.
    • (1995) Carbohydr. Polym , vol.28 , pp. 187-193
    • Vårum, K.M.1    Egelandsdal, B.2    Ellekjaer, M.R.3
  • 84
    • 0032755108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Degree of acetylation of chitin and extent of grafting PHB on chitosan determined by solid state 15N NMR
    • Yu, G., F. G. Morin, G. A. R. Nobes, and R. H. Marchessault. 1999. Degree of acetylation of chitin and extent of grafting PHB on chitosan determined by solid state 15N NMR, Macromolecules 32: 518-520.
    • (1999) Macromolecules , vol.32 , pp. 518-520
    • Yu, G.1    Morin, F.G.2    Nobes, G.A.R.3    Marchessault, R.H.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.